Simultaneous Calibration of the Hand-Eye, Flange-Tool and Robot-Robot Relationship in Dual-Robot Collaboration Systems.

A multi-robot collaboration system can complete more complex tasks than a single robot system. Ensuring the calibration accuracy between robots in the system is a prerequisite for the effective inter-robot cooperation. This paper presents a dual-robot system for orthopedic surgeries, where the relationships between hand-eye, flange-tool, and robot-robot need to be calibrated. This calibration problem can be summarized to the solution of the matrix equation of AXB=YCZ. A combined solution is proposed to solve the unknown parameters in the equation of AXB=YCZ, which consists of the dual quaternion closed-form method and the iterative method based on Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The closed-form method is used to quickly obtain the initial value for the iterative method so as to increase the convergence speed and calibration accuracy of the iterative method. Simulation and experimental analyses are carried out to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Excess sludge biochar facilitates persulfate activation for highly efficient tetracycline removal.

This study proposed a novel advanced oxidation system to treat metal and antibiotic pollution in water simultaneously. Meanwhile, the enhancement effect of absorbed metal pollution on the activation of persulfate in the system was also investigated. As the most widely used and polluting material, tetracycline (TC) and metal Fe were used as the pollutant models. In this study, a carbonaceous material (BC) was prepared from excess sludge and then combined with the persulfate system (Fe/BC/PS). It was found that the best biochar was obtained when the pyrolysis temperature reached 500 °C (BC500), with the specific surface area of 39.712 m2/g. Combining it with 300 mg/L PS, the removal rate of 120 mg/L TC reached 70.6%. Moreover, the sludge biochar itself possessed numerous reaction sites and good defective structure, which provided a perfect reaction site for the variable metals absorbed by BC. They accelerated electron conduction greatly, which led to the activation of PS very active and generating far more active radicals than normal. In addition, it also proposed the rational pathway and potential mechanism of TC degradation based on the degradation intermediates. This study has a high reference value for resource utilization of sewage sludge and antibiotics removal from water.

CRF01_AE and CRF01_AE Cluster 4 Are Associated With Poor Immune Recovery in Chinese Patients Under Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clades and clusters have different epidemic patterns and phenotypic profiles. It is unclear if they also affect patients' immune recovery (IR) in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). METHODS: We conducted a cohort study on 853 patients under cART for evaluating the impacts of viral factor on host IR. We used generalized estimating equations for factors affecting CD4 recovery, Kaplan-Meier curves for probability of achieving IR, and Cox hazards model for factors influencing IR capability. RESULTS: Besides low baseline CD4 and old age, CRF01_AE and its cluster 4 were independently associated with lower CD4 cell level (P ≤ .003), slower IR (P ≤ .022), fewer patients (P < .001), and longer time achieving IR (P < .001), compared with CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE cluster 5. Higher percentage of CXCR4 (X4) viruses in the CRF01_AE and cluster 4-infected patients, compared with their respective counterparts (P < .001), accounted for the poor IR in infected patients (P < .001). Finally, we revealed that greater X4 receptor binding propensity of amino acids was exhibited in CRF01_AE clade (P < .001) and its cluster 4 (P ≤ .004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the CRF01_AE clade and cluster are associated with poor IR in patients under cART, which is ascribed to a high proportion of viruses with X4 tropism. HIV-1 genotyping and phenotyping should be used as a surveillance tool for patients initiating cART. CCR5 inhibitors should be used with caution in regions with high prevalence of X4 viruses.

The effects of extracellular polymeric substances on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stability and the removal of microcystin-LR in aqueous environments.

The behaviors of nanoparticles rely on the aqueous condition such as natural organic matter (NOM). Therefore the presence of NOM would influence the interaction of nanoparticles with other substances possibly. Here, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) adsorption on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) was studied in an aqueous solution with different types of NOM, including extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from cyanobacteria and alginic acid sodium salt (AASS) from brown algae. Results revealed that EPS played an important role in stabilizing IONPs and in the toxin adsorption efficiency. The stability of IONPs was heavily depended on the concentration and type of NOM, which can affect the surface charge of IONPs significantly in solution. The enhanced stability of IONPs was due to the electrostatic interactions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies confirmed that NOM can affect the IONPs' adsorption efficiency, and pseudo-second-order kinetics better explained this process. The removal efficiency for MC-LR decreased in the presence of NOM (Control > EPS-M1 > AASS > EPS-M9), indicating that NOM and MC-LR compete for limited adsorption sites. The presence of NOM in a eutrophic environment stabilized the IONPs while inhibiting the MC-LR removal efficiency. This investigation emphasized the negative effect of cyanobacterial EPS on the removal of microcystins when using magnetic separation technology. And this results could also be used to model the transportation of iron minerals carrying toxic substances in aqueous environment.

Influence of CeO2 NPs on biological phosphorus removal and bacterial community shifts in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor with the differential effects of molecular oxygen.

The effects of CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) on a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) with established biological phosphorus (P) removal were investigated from the processes of anaerobic P release and aerobic P uptake. At low concentration (0.1mg/L), no significant impact was observed on total phosphorus (TP) removal after operating for 8h. However, at a concentration of 20mg/L, TP removal efficiency decreased from 83.68% to 55.88% and 16.76% when the CeO2 NPs were added at the beginning of the anaerobic and aerobic periods, respectively. Further studies illustrated that the inhibition of the specific P release rate was caused by the reversible states of Ce3+ and Ce4+, which inhibited the activity of exopolyphosphatase (PPX) and transformation of poly-ß-hydoxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen, as well as the uptake of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The decrease in the specific P uptake rate was mainly attributed to the significantly suppressed energy generation and decreased abundance of Burkholderia caused by excess reactive oxygen species. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was not influenced by CeO2 NPs under aerobic conditions, due to the increased abundance of Acetobacter and Acidocella after exposure. The inhibitory effects of CeO2 NPs with molecular oxygen were reduced after anaerobic exposure due to the enhanced particle size and the presence of Ce3+.

Effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on sludge aggregation and the role of extracellular polymeric substances - Explanation based on extended DLVO.

The extended DLVO (XDLVO) theory was applied to elucidate the potential effects of CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) on sludge aggregation and the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In this study, seven different concentrations of CeO2 NPs were added to activated sludge cultured in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) and compared with a control test that received no CeO2 NPs. After exposure to 50mg/L CeO2 NPs, a negligible change (p>0.1) occurred in the sludge volume index (SVI), whereas the flocculability and aggregation of the sludge decreased by 18.8% and 11.2%, respectively, resulting in a high effluent turbidity. The XDLVO theory demonstrated that the adverse effects of the CeO2 NPs on sludge aggregation were due to an enhanced barrier energy. Compared to the van der Waals energies (WA) and the electric double layer (WR), the acid-base interaction (WAB) markedly changed for the various concentrations of CeO2 NPs. The EPS played a decisive role in the sludge surface characteristics, as the removal of EPS equals to the negative effects induced by 5-10mg/L CeO2 NPs on the sludge flocculability and aggregation. The presence of CeO2 NPs induced negative contributions to the tight boundary EPS (TB-EPS) and core bacteria while positive contributions to the total interaction energy of the loose boundary EPS (LB-EPS).

Long-term effects of CuO nanoparticles on the surface physicochemical properties of biofilms in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor.

In this study, we examined the long-term effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on the production and properties of EPS and the resulting variations in surface physicochemical characteristics of biofilms in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor. After exposure to 50 mg/L CuO NPs for 45 days, the protein (PRO) and polysaccharide (PS) contents in loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) decreased as the production of LB-EPS decreased from 34.4 to 30 mg TOC/g EPS. However, the production of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) increased by 16.47 % as the PRO and PS contents increased. The content of humic-like substances (HS) increased significantly, becoming the predominant constituent in EPS with the presence of 50 mg/L CuO NPs. Furthermore, the results of three-dimensional excitation-emission fluorescence spectra confirmed the various changes in terms of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS contents after exposure to CuO NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the -OH and -NH2 groups of proteins in EPS were involved in the reaction with CuO NPs. Moreover, the chronic exposure to CuO NPs induced a negative impact on the flocculating efficiency of EPS and on the hydrophobicity and aggregation ability of microbial cells. The PRO/PS ratios of different EPS fractions were consistent with their hydrophobicities (R 2 >0.98) and bioflocculating efficiencies (R 2 >0.95); however, there was no correlation with aggregation ability. Additionally, the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) prevented the physical contact between CuO NPs and EPS as a result of NP aggregation and electrostatic repulsion.

Antioxidant enzyme activities as biomarkers of fluvial biofilm to ZnO NPs ecotoxicity and the Integrated Biomarker Responses (IBR) assessment.

The presence of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in natural waters has raised concerns about their environmental impacts, but the potential influences of ZnO NPs on fluvial biofilm have not been reported. In this study, the utility of antioxidant enzyme activities (AEA) as biomarkers of fluvial biofilm to ZnO NPs toxicity and a method that combines AEA into an index of "Integrated Biomarker Responses (IBR)" were studied. Compared with the absence of ZnO NPs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that a large amount of ZnO NPs were adsorbed onto biofilm and these NPs exerted adverse effects on the viability of bacteria in biofilm. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with high concentrations (30 and 100mg/L) of ZnO NPs exposure reached to 184% and 244% of the control, while no cell leakage and membrane damage were observed. After exposure to ZnO NPs for 0.25 and 3 days, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly increased, respectively. At the end of exposure period (21 days), the AEA with the presence of 1mg/L ZnO NPs exposure were comparable to the control, while most of those in high concentrations of ZnO NPs were decreased. The results of IBR showed that the biofilm can adapt to 1mg/L ZnO NPs exposure, while be seriously damaged by 30 and 100mg/L ZnO NPs after 3 and 0.25 days. IBR can be used as an appropriate evaluation system of the toxicity effects of ZnO NPs on fluvial biofim.

A 2.5-Dimensional biomimetic dual-functional bifacial-evaporator for high efficient evaporation and water purification.

Nowadays, solar-driven interfacial steam generation (SISG) is a sustainable and green technology for mitigating the water shortage crisis. Nevertheless, SISG is suffering from the enrichment of volatile organic compounds in condensate water and non-volatile organic compounds in feed water in practical applications. Herein, taking inspiration from nature, a dual-functional bifacial-CuCoNi (Bi-CuCoNi) evaporator with a special biomimetic urchin-like microstructure was successfully prepared. The unique design with 2.5-Dimensional bifacial working sides and urchin-like light absorption microstructure provided the Bi-CuCoNi evaporator with remarkable evaporation performance (1.91 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 kW m-2). Significantly, due to the urchin-like microstructure, the adequately exposed catalytic active sites enabled the Bi-CuCoNi/peroxydisulfate (PDS) system to degrade non-volatile organic pollutants (removal rate of 99.3 % in feed water, close to 100 % in condensate water) and the volatile organic pollutants (removal rate of 99.1 % in feed water, 98.2 % in condensate water) simultaneously. Moreover, the Bi-CuCoNi evaporator achieved non-radical pathway degradation at whole-stages. The dual-functional evaporator successfully integrated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) into SISG, providing a new idea for high-quality freshwater production from polluted wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Inspired by nature, a dual-functional bifacial CuCoNi evaporator with a special biomimetic urchin-like microstructure formed by CuCoNi oxide nanowires grown on nickel foam by the hydrothermal synthesis method was successfully prepared. The prepared Bi-CuCoNi evaporator can effectively degrade organic pollutants in feed water and condensate water simultaneously during SISG, thus generating high-quality fresh water. Meanwhile, the health risks associated with the accumulation of organic pollutants in water during traditional SISG were reduced via green and sustainable way. The spatial 2.5-Dimensional structural design of Bi-CuCoNi provided new insights for achieving efficient water evaporation and fresh water generation from various polluted wastewater.

Photodegradation and van der Waals Passivation of Violet Phosphorus.

Violet phosphorus (VP), a novel two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, boasts structural anisotropy, a tunable optical bandgap, and superior thermal stability compared with its allotropes. Its multifunctionality has sparked widespread interest in the community. Yet, the VP's air susceptibility impedes both probing its intrinsic features and device integration, thus making it of urgent significance to unveil the degradation mechanism. Herein, we conduct a comprehensive study of photoactivated degradation effects on VP. A nitrogen annealing method is presented for the effective elimination of surface adsorbates from VP, as evidenced by a giant surface-roughness improvement from 65.639 nm to 7.09 nm, enabling direct observation of the intrinsic morphology changes induced by photodegradation. Laser illumination demonstrates a significant thickness-thinning effect on VP, manifested in the remarkable morphological changes and the 73% quenching of PL intensity within 160 s, implying its great potential for the efficient selected-area etching of VP at high resolution. Furthermore, van der Waals passivation of VP using 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) was achieved. The hBN-passivated channel exhibited improved surface roughness (0.512 nm), reduced photocurrent hysteresis, and lower responsivity (0.11 A/W @ 450 nm; 2 µW), effectively excluding adsorbate-induced electrical and optoelectrical effects while disabling photodegradation. Based on our experimental results, we conclude that three possible factors contribute to the photodegradation of VP: illumination with photon energy higher than the bandgap, adsorbed H2O, and adsorbed O2.

Replacement of backfat with vegetable oils or their oleogels in emulsion-type sausage significantly change the digestibility of meat protein.

Replacing animal fat with vegetable oil occurred extensively in the meat products, but whether these replacements will affect the nutrition of meat protein was seldom revealed. Effect of substitution of back fat (BF) by vegetable oils or their oleogels in emulsion-type sausage on the digestion process of meat protein was investigated. Replacement of BF with vegetable oils and their oleogels decreased the G'/G" values of meat paste, and oleogels largely weakened the structure of sausages. The substitution significantly reduced the liberation of -NH2 during the initial gastric and intestinal digestion, and resulted in bigger digests in CLSM images. The reduced gastric digestibility induced by substitution was shown to be related to the reduced stability of gastric digests, which can be attributed to the larger particle size and reduced viscosity of digests. These results highlighted stability of digests as a key point changing the digestion process of meat protein.

Starch in Emulsion-Type Sausage Reduced the Gastric Digestibility of Meat Protein by Reducing the Stability and Increasing the Viscoelasticity of Gastric Digests.

The effect of the addition of native starch (S) and modified starches (distarch phosphate (SP), acetylated distarch phosphate (AP), and starch acetate (SA)) in emulsion-type sausage on the digestion process of meat protein was studied in this work. The addition of native and modified starches reduced the release of -NH2 during the simulated gastric digestion stage, whereas the addition of SA increased the total release of -NH2 after the whole digestion. Peptidomic analysis revealed that the presence of starch decreased the release of peptides in the gastric digestion. The presence of starch reduced the stability of the digests but increased the viscosity of the gastric digestive fluid, which should largely be responsible for the decreased gastric digestibility of meat protein. These results highlighted the physical properties of digests as a key factor affecting the gastric digestion process of meat protein and provided guidance for the application of starches in meat products.

Ankle Moment Estimation Based on A Novel Distributed Plantar Pressure Sensing System.

Ankle moment plays an important role in human gait analysis, patients' rehabilitation process monitoring, and the human-machine interaction control of exoskeleton robots. However, current ankle moment estimation methods mainly rely on inverse dynamics (ID) based on optical motion capture system (OMC) and force plate. These methods rely on fixed instruments in the laboratory, which are difficult to be applied to the control of exoskeleton robots. To solve this problem, this paper developed a new distributed plantar pressure system and proposed an ankle plantar flexion moment estimation method using the plantar pressure system. We integrated eight pressure sensors in each insole to collect the pressure data of the key area of the foot and then used the plantar pressure data to train four neural networks to obtain the ankle moment. The performance of the models was evaluated using normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and cross-correlation coefficient (ρ). During experiments, eight subjects were recruited for the overground walking tests, and OMC and force plate were used as the gold standard. The results indicate that the Genetic algorithm - Gated recurrent unit estimation algorithm (GA-GRU) was the best estimation model which achieved the highest accuracy in generalized ankle moment estimation (NRMSE = 7.23%, ρ = 0.85) compared with the other models. The designed novel distributed plantar pressure system and the proposed method could serve as a joint moment estimation approach in wearable robot control and human motion state monitoring.

Optimization of multistage timeliness transit consolidation problem using adaptive-weighted genetic algorithm.

Cargo consolidation is becoming a crucial part of international transportation and changing the customer consumption patterns of the international community. Poor connections between different operations and the delay of international express have motivated sellers and logistics organizers to put timeliness first in international multimodal transport, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic. However, for cargo with small quality and multiple batches, designing an efficient consolidation network presents a set of unique challenges, including the coupling of multiple origins and destinations (ODs), and fully utilizing the capacity of the container. We defined a multistage timeliness transit consolidation problem to decouple the multiple ODs of the logistics resource. By solving this problem, we can increase the connectivity between different phases and make full use of the container. To make this systematic multistage transit consolidation more flexible, we proposed a two-stage adaptive-weighted genetic algorithm that mainly focuses on the edge area of the Pareto front space and the diversity of the population. Computational experiments indicate that the correlation between parameters has certain regular trends, and appropriate parameter settings can lead to more satisfactory results. We also confirm that the pandemic has a giant influence on the market share of different transportation modes. Moreover, the comparison with other approaches demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

Bifunctional Solar Evaporator with Co/N-Doped Graphene Oxide for Synergistic Steam Generation and Organic Pollutant Degradation.

Solar-driven interfacial steam generation (SISG) is a promising technology for alleviating freshwater shortage. However, when the SISG technology is applied to wastewater treatment, the contaminant would be enriched in residual bulk water. Herein, a dual-functional evaporator was constructed via tactfully decorating Co/N-doped graphene oxide (GO) on melamine foam (MF), which can simultaneously achieve efficient vapor production and source water purification. N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) endowed evaporators with powerful light absorption and water transport performance, guaranteeing an evaporation rate of 2.02 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun irradiation. Meanwhile, the catalytic activity of the carbon layer was adjusted by the N dopant and embedded Co particles, providing abundant active sites to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS). When treating the solution containing sulfamethoxazole (SMX), no SMX residues were detected in the remaining bulk water (up to 100% SMX degradation efficiency within 60 min), demonstrating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated to attack SMX in the source water. The bifunctional evaporator successfully combined SISG and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), providing an ingenious strategy for solving the problem of wastewater enrichment during SISG.

Influence of hydrophilic polysaccharide fat replacers on the in vitro digestibility of protein in emulsion-type sausage.

Hydrophilic polysaccharides have been widely applied as fat replacers in meat products, but their effects on the digestibility of meat proteins has seldom been studied. Replacement of backfat in emulsion-type sausage with konjac gum (KG), sodium alginate (SA) and xanthan gum (XG) were found to reduce the released amino group (-NH2) during simulated gastric digestion and initial intestinal digestion. The suppressed gastric digestibility of protein was verified by the denser structures of protein gastric digests and reduced generation of peptides in gastric digestion when a polysaccharide was added. After the whole gastrointestinal digestion, high level of SA and XG resulted in larger digests and a more obvious SDS-PAGE band between 5 and 15 kDa, and KG and SA significantly reduced the total release of -NH2. Additional of KG, SA and XG were found to the increase the viscosity of the gastric digests mixture, which could account for the reduced hydrolysis efficiency of pepsin during the gastric digestion, as evidenced in the pepsin activity study (decreased by 12.2-39.1%). This work highlights the influence of polysaccharide fat replacer on the digestibility of meat protein by changing the matrix characteristics.

Combined effects of bacteria and antibiotics on surface properties and transport of nanoplastics in porous media.

Currently, research on the individual effects of bacteria and antibiotics on the transport of nanoplastics (NPs) in porous media is in its infancy, while research on their combined effect is absent. It is well known that bacteria and antibiotics also interact with each other, so this synergistic transport of bacteria, antibiotics, and NPs in porous media must be very interesting. For exploring this aspect, we investigated the individual and combined effects of bacteria and antibiotics on the transport of polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) in saturated porous media. Hydrophobicity, roughness, and the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy were measured and calculated. The PS-NPs' transport in porous media was fitted using a mathematical model. Enhanced roughness and size of PS-NPs with increased bacterial concentration dominated and inhibited the PS-NPs' transport in porous media, although the hydrophilicity of PS-NPs and the energy barrier between PS-NPs and porous media were also increased. An increase in antibiotic concentration reduced the energy barrier between PS-NPs and porous media, thereby decreasing the PS-NPs' transport. Combined effects of bacteria and antibiotics on the PS-NPs' transport were complex and distinct from individual effects, but the mechanisms were clear. Roughness and hydrophilicity of PS-NPs and the DLVO interaction energy between PS-NPs and porous media together influenced this process. In the presence of bacteria, antibiotics could alter the bacterial surface roughness by altering bacterial extracellular polymeric substances, and thus alter the PS-NPs' surface roughness, thereby affecting the PS-NPs' transport in porous media. When antibiotics were present, enhanced bacterial concentration increased the PS-NPs' hydrophilicity and the energy barrier between PS-NPs and porous media, thus promoting the PS-NPs' transport. The findings of this study provided a theoretical basis for clarifying the transport of NPs in porous media under complex environments, facilitating a reduction in environmental pollution of NPs.

Elucidation of aniline adsorption-desorption mechanism on various organo-mineral complexes.

Complexes formed by organic matter and clay minerals, which are active components of soil systems, play an important role in the migration and transformation of pollutants in nature. In this study, humic-acid-montmorillonite (HA-MT) and humic-acid-kaolin (HA-KL) complexes were prepared, and their structures before and after the adsorption of aniline were analyzed. The aniline adsorption-desorption characteristics of complexes with different clay minerals and varying HA contents were explored using the static adsorption-desorption equilibrium method. Compared with the pristine clay minerals, the flaky and porous structure of the complexes and the aromaticity were enhanced. The adsorption of aniline on the different clay mineral complexes was nonlinear, and the adsorption capacity increased with increasing HA content. Additionally, the adsorption capacity of HA-MT was higher than that of HA-KL. After adsorption, the specific surface area of the complexes decreased, the surfaces became more complicated, and the aromaticity decreased because aniline is primarily adsorption onto the complexes via aromatic rings. Aniline was adsorbed onto the complexes via spontaneous exothermic physical adsorption. The amount of aniline desorbed from the complexes increased with increasing HA content, and a lag in desorption was observed, with a greater lag for HA-KL than for HA-MT.

A dual-functional hydrogel for efficient water purification: Integrating solar interfacial evaporation with fenton reaction.

Solar interfacial evaporation is a potential technology to produce clean water due to its simplicity and being driven by renewable clean energy, but it still requires further development to break through the bottleneck of removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), especially in wastewater treatment. Herein, we proposed a dual-functional hydrogel evaporator that coupled solar interfacial evaporation with Fenton reaction to simultaneously remove VOCs and non-volatile pollutants from water with low energy consumption and high efficiency. The evaporator was composed with ß-FeOOH and polydopamine (PDA) on an electrospun nanofibrous hydrogel. Arising from the PDA with excellent photothermal properties, the evaporator revealed a high light absorption characteristics (∼90%) and photothermal efficiency (83.4%), which ensured a favorable evaporation rate of 1.70 kg m-2 h-1 under one solar irradiation. More importantly, benefited from the coupled Fenton reaction, the VOCs removal rate of ß-FeOOH@PDA/polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous hydrogel (ß-FeOOH@PPNH) reached 95.8%, which was 6.5 times than that of sole solar interfacial evaporation (14.8%). In addition, the evaporator exhibited an outstanding non-volatile pollutant removal capability and stable removal performance for organic pollutants over a long period of operation. The prepared ß-FeOOH@PPNH evaporator provides a promising idea for simultaneous removal of non-volatile pollutants and volatile pollutants performance in long-term water purification.

Transport of polystyrene nanoplastics in porous media: Combined effects of two co-existing substances.

Both surfactants and natural organic matters (NOMs) are substances commonly found in aqueous environments, and their effects on the transport of nanoplastics that is gradually gaining widespread attention in porous media are currently in their infancy, while their combined effects are absent. We investigated innovatively the combined effect of surfactants and NOMs on the transport of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in saturated porous media. Adsorption tests of surfactants and NOMs onto PS-NPs, adsorption tests of PS-NPs onto quartz sand, and transport tests of PS-NPs in saturated quartz sand were conducted. Hydrophobicity and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy were measured and calculated. A mathematical model was employed to fit the transport of PS-NPs in porous media. It was found that the effects and action mechanisms of cationic cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) on the transport of PS-NPs in porous media were distinct. In the presence of CTAB, 1 mg/L humic acid (HA) and 10 mg/L sodium alginate (SA) could promote aggregation of PS-NPs by decreasing the absolute zeta potential of PS-NPs, and reducing the energy barrier between PS-NPs and porous media and increasing the blocking and straining, thus inhibiting the transport of PS-NPs. In the presence of SDBS, SA and HA could improve the adsorption of SDBS onto PS-NPs by bridging and increasing adsorption sites, thus increasing the hydrophilicity of PS-NPs and improving the transport of PS-NPs. Whether or not NOMs were present, the transport of PS-NPs in porous media was mainly governed by the DLVO interaction energy in the presence of cationic surfactants and by hydrophobicity in the presence of anionic surfactants. This innovative observation has led to an understanding on the environmental behaviour of nanoplastics in porous media under complex environments.