Stub1 promotes degradation of the activated Diaph3: A negative feedback regulatory mechanism of the actin nucleator.

The formin protein Diaph3 is an actin nucleator that regulates numerous cytoskeleton-dependent cellular processes through the activation of actin polymerization. Expression and activity of Diaph3 is tightly regulated: lack of Diaph3 results in developmental defects and embryonic lethality in mice, while overexpression of Diaph3 causes auditory neuropathy. It is known that Diaph3 homophilic interactions include the intramolecular interaction of its Dia-inhibitory domain (DID)-diaphanous autoregulatory domain (DAD) domains and the intermolecular interactions of DD-DD domains or FH2-FH2 domains. However, the physiological significance of these interactions in Diaph3 protein stability and activity is not fully understood. In this study, we show that FH2-FH2 interaction promotes Diaph3 activity, while DID-DAD and DD-DD interactions inhibit Diaph3 activity through distinct mechanisms. DID-DAD interaction is responsible for the autoinhibition of Diaph3 protein, which is disrupted by binding of Rho GTPases. Interestingly, we find that DID-DAD interaction stabilizes the expression of each DID or DAD domain against proteasomal-mediated degradation. Disruption of DID-DAD interaction by RhoA binding or M1041A mutation causes increased Diaph3 activity and accelerated degradation of the activated Diaph3 protein. Further, the activated Diaph3 is ubiquitinated at K1142/1143/1144 lysine residues by the E3 ligase Stub1. Expression of Stub1 is causally related to the stability and activity of Diaph3. Knockdown of Stub1 in mouse cochlea results in hair cell stereocilia defects, neuronal degeneration, and hearing loss, resembling the phenotypes of mice overexpressing Diaph3. Thus, our study reports a novel regulatory mechanism of Diaph3 protein expression and activity whereby the active but not inactive Diaph3 is readily degraded to prevent excessive actin polymerization.

Genetic Basis and Evolutionary Forces of Sexually Dimorphic Color Variation in a Toad-Headed Agamid Lizard.

In the animal kingdom, sexually dimorphic color variation is a widespread phenomenon that significantly influences survival and reproductive success. However, the genetic underpinnings of this variation remain inadequately understood. Our investigation into sexually dimorphic color variation in the desert-dwelling Guinan population of the toad-headed agamid lizard (Phrynocephalus putjatai) utilized a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing phenotypic, ultrastructural, biochemical, genomic analyses, and behavioral experiments. Our findings unveil the association between distinct skin colorations and varying levels of carotenoid and pteridine pigments. The red coloration in males is determined by a genomic region on chromosome 14, housing four pigmentation genes: BCO2 and three 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthases. A Guinan population-specific nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in BCO2 is predicted to alter the electrostatic potential within the binding domain of the BCO2-ß-carotene complex, influencing their interaction. Additionally, the gene MAP7 on chromosome 2 emerges as a potential contributor to the blue coloration in subadults and adult females. Sex-specific expression patterns point to steroid hormone-associated genes (SULT2B1 and SRD5A2) as potential upstream regulators influencing sexually dimorphic coloration. Visual modeling and field experiments support the potential selective advantages of vibrant coloration in desert environments. This implies that natural selection, potentially coupled with assortative mating, might have played a role in fixing color alleles, contributing to prevalence in the local desert habitat. This study provides novel insights into the genetic basis of carotenoid and pteridine-based color variation, shedding light on the evolution of sexually dimorphic coloration in animals. Moreover, it advances our understanding of the driving forces behind such intricate coloration patterns.

Obese mice have decreased uterine contractility and altered energy metabolism in the uterus at term gestation†.

Over 35% of reproductive-age women in the USA have obesity, putting them at increased risk for numerous obstetric complications due to abnormal labor. While the association between maternal obesity and abnormal labor has been well documented, the mechanisms responsible for this remain understudied. The uterine smooth muscle, myometrium, has high energy needs in order to fuel regular uterine contractions during parturition. However, the precise mechanisms by which the myometrium meets its energy demands has not been defined. Here, our objective was to define the effects of obesity on energy utilization in the myometrium during labor. We generated a mouse model of maternal diet-induced obesity and found that these mice had a higher rate of dystocia than control chow-fed mice. Moreover, compared to control chow-fed mice, DIO mice at term, both before and during labor had lower in vivo spontaneous uterine contractility. Untargeted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses suggest that diet-induced obesity is associated with elevated long-chain fatty acid uptake and utilization in the uterus, but also an accumulation of medium-chain fatty acids. Diet-induced obesity uteri also had an increase in the abundance of long chain-specific beta-oxidation enzymes, which may be responsible for the observed increase in long-chain fatty acid utilization. This altered energy substrate utilization may be a contributor to the observed contractile dysfunction.

BKCa channels are involved in spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated uterine contraction in late gestation mice†.

The large-conductance, voltage-gated, calcium (Ca2+)-activated potassium channel (BKCa) is one of the most abundant potassium channels in the myometrium. Previous work conducted by our group has identified a link between inflammation, BKCa channels and excitability of myometrial smooth muscle cells. Here, we investigate the role of BKCa channels in spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated uterine contraction to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the BKCa channel and uterine contraction in basal and inflammatory states. Uteri of C57BL/6 J mice on gestational day 18.5 (GD18.5) were obtained and either fixed in formalin or used immediately for tension recording or isolation of primary myocytes for patch-clamp. Paraffin sections were used for immunofluorescenctdetection of BKCa and Toll-like receptor (TLR4). For tension recordings, LPS was administered to determine its effect on uterine contractions. Paxilline, a BKCa inhibitor, was used to dissect the role of BKCa in uterine contraction in basal and inflammatory states. Finally, patch-clamp recordings were performed to investigate the relationship between LPS, the BKCa channel and membrane currents in mouse myometrial smooth muscle cells (mMSMCs). We confirmed the expression of BKCa and TLR4 in the myometrium of GD18.5 mice and found that inhibiting BKCa channels with paxilline suppressed both spontaneous and LPS-stimulated uterine contractions. Furthermore, application of BKCa inhibitors (paxilline or iberiotoxin) after LPS inhibited BKCa channel activity in mMSMCs. Moreover, pretreatment with BKCa inhibitor or the TLR4 inhibitor suppressed LPS-activated BKCa currents. Our study demonstrates that BKCa channels are involved in both basal and LPS-stimulated uterine contraction in pregnant mice.

Ultra-Tough and Highly Stretchable Dual-Crosslinked Eutectogel Based on Coordinated and Non-Coordinated Two Types Deep Eutectic Solvent Mixture.

Eutectogels are gaining attention in flexible device applications for their superior ionic conductivity, stability, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, most existing eutectogels suffer from low strength and toughness. Herein, ultra-tough and highly stretchable polyacrylamide (PAM) eutectogels featuring a dual-crosslinked network comprising chemical cross-linking and physical cross-linking facilitated by metal coordination bonds and hydrogen bonds are developed. This is achieved through a controlled strategy involving polymerization of acrylamide in a coordinated metal salt-type deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with a non-coordinated choline chloride (ChCl)-type DES mixture. By varying the molar ratio of these two types of DES, exceptional and adjustable mechanical properties of the resulting eutectogel are achieved, including a high tensile strength ranging from 2.9 to 8.2 MPa and elongation at break ranging from 1725 to 747%, at a 70 wt% DES content. Furthermore, the reversible non-covalent crosslinking in these eutectogels enables self-recovery and self-healing capabilities of eutectogels. The prepared eutectogels also exhibit outstanding ionic conductivity (3.56 mS cm-1 ), making them well-suited for use as strain sensors in human motion detection. The toughening strategy is universally effective for creating tough eutectogels using coordinated metal salt-type DES with various metal ions, as well as a diverse range of coordinatable polymers.

Strategies to increase the coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccination in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: It is urgent to implement interventions to increase vaccination rates of influenza/pneumonia vaccines in older adults, yet the effectiveness of different intervention strategies has not been thoroughly evaluated. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies for increasing the coverage of influenza/pneumonia vaccination in older adults. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang were searched from 1 January 2000 to 1 October 2022. RCTs that assessed any intervention strategies for increasing influenza/pneumonia vaccination coverage or willingness in older adults were included. A series of random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted by using frequentist frameworks. RESULTS: Twenty-two RCTs involving 385,182 older participants were eligible for further analysis. Eight types of intervention strategies were evaluated. Compared with routine notification, health education (odds ratio [OR], 1.85 [95%CI, 1.19 to 2.88]), centralised reminder (OR, 1.63 [95%CI, 1.07 to 2.47]), health education + onsite vaccination (OR, 2.89 [95%CI, 1.30 to 6.39]), and health education + centralised reminder + onsite vaccination (OR, 20.76 [95%CI, 7.33 to 58.74]) could effectively improve the vaccination rate. The evidence grade was low or very low due to the substantial heterogeneity among studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that health education + centralised reminder + onsite vaccination may potentially be an effective strategy regardless of cost, but the evidence level was low. More rigorous trials are needed to identify the association between strategies and vaccination rates among older adults and to integrate such evidence into clinical care to improve vaccination rates.

Spike timing-dependent plasticity alters electrosensory neuron synaptic strength in vitro but does not consistently predict changes in sensory tuning in vivo.

How do sensory systems optimize detection of behaviorally relevant stimuli when the sensory environment is constantly changing? We addressed the role of spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) in driving changes in synaptic strength in a sensory pathway and whether those changes in synaptic strength could alter sensory tuning. It is challenging to precisely control temporal patterns of synaptic activity in vivo and replicate those patterns in vitro in behaviorally relevant ways. This makes it difficult to make connections between STDP-induced changes in synaptic physiology and plasticity in sensory systems. Using the mormyrid species Brevimyrus niger and Brienomyrus brachyistius, which produce electric organ discharges for electrolocation and communication, we can precisely control the timing of synaptic input in vivo and replicate these same temporal patterns of synaptic input in vitro. In central electrosensory neurons in the electric communication pathway, using whole cell intracellular recordings in vitro, we paired presynaptic input with postsynaptic spiking at different delays. Using whole cell intracellular recordings in awake, behaving fish, we paired sensory stimulation with postsynaptic spiking using the same delays. We found that Hebbian STDP predictably alters sensory tuning in vitro and is mediated by NMDA receptors. However, the change in synaptic responses induced by sensory stimulation in vivo did not adhere to the direction predicted by the STDP observed in vitro. Further analysis suggests that this difference is influenced by polysynaptic activity, including inhibitory interneurons. Our findings suggest that STDP rules operating at identified synapses may not drive predictable changes in sensory responses at the circuit level.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We replicated behaviorally relevant temporal patterns of synaptic activity in vitro and used the same patterns during sensory stimulation in vivo. There was a Hebbian spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) pattern in vitro, but sensory responses in vivo did not shift according to STDP predictions. Analysis suggests that this disparity is influenced by differences in polysynaptic activity, including inhibitory interneurons. These results suggest that STDP rules at synapses in vitro do not necessarily apply to circuits in vivo.

One-pot cascade synthesis of dibenzothiophene-based heterobiaryls from dibenzothiophene-5-oxide.

A sulfoxide directed C-H metalation/boration/B2Pin2 mediated reduction/Suzuki coupling process to synthesize 4-substituted dibenzothiophene (DBT) in one-pot from dibenzothiophene-5-oxide (DBTO) was developed. A variety of DBT-based heterobiaryls were prepared in satisfactory to good yields. A mechanism was proposed. The application of this methodology was demonstrated by synthesizing a luminescent material.

Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies on erianin analogues as pyruvate carboxylase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

A series of novel erianin analogues were designed and synthesized based on the bioisosterism principle by altering the two aromatic rings of erianin, the substituents on the rings and the linker between them. The analogues were evaluated as pyruvate carboxylase (PC) inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It was found that compounds 35 and 36, where fluorine replaces a hydroxyl group, exhibited higher activity than erianin (IC50 value of 17.30 nM) in liver cancer cells with IC50 values of 15.15 nM and 10.05 nM, respectively. Additionally, at a concentration of 10 nM, compounds 35 and 36 inhibited PC with inhibitory rates of 39.10% and 40.15%, respectively, exhibiting nearly identical inhibitory activity to erianin (inhibitory rate of 40.07%). Additionally, a computer simulation docking study demonstrated the basis for better interactions between the receptors and ligands. The fluorine atom of 35 can not only form hydrogen bonds with Lys-1043 (NH⋯F, 2.04 Å), but also form fluorine bonds with the carbonyl groups of Lys-1043 (3.67 Å) and Glu-1046 (3.70 Å), due to the different orientations of the halogens on the B ring warhead. Conversely, the chlorine atom of 34 can only form alkyl hydrophobic interactions with the alkane chain in Lys-1043. Fluorinated compounds 35 and 36 also show better chemical stability and higher log P (clog P = 3.89 for 35 and 36) values than that of erianin (clog P = 3.07), and may be used as candidate compounds for further drug development.

Association of adiposity with risk of obstructive sleep apnea: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a crucial risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but the association between adiposity deposition and OSA risk has not reached a consistent conclusion. This study sought to reveal the association of multiple adiposity indicators with OSA risk. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 9,733 participants aged 35-74 years, recruited from an ongoing population-based cohort. OSA was assessed by the Berlin Questionnaire. Six adiposity indicators, including neck circumference (NC), body fat percentage (BF%), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and resting metabolic rate (RMR), were selected. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association of adiposity indicators with OSA risk. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred twenty-six participants (16.71%) were classified into the OSA group. NC, BF%, WHR, VAI, LAP, and RMR were all positively associated with the risk of OSA after adjusting for confounders, regardless of age, sex, and history of dyslipidemia. Every 1-unit increment of NC, BF%, and VAI was associated with a 13%, 9%, and 14% increased risk of OSA, respectively; every 0.01-unit increment of WHR was associated with a 3% increased risk of OSA; every 10-unit increment of LAP and RMR was associated with 2% and 4% increased risk of OSA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: NC, BF%, WHR, VAI, LAP, and RMR were all independently and positively associated with OSA risk, regardless of age, sex, history of dyslipidemia, and menopausal status. Application of these new indicators could help to more comprehensively reflect and predict the risk of OSA in the general population.

Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Amino Sugars.

Amino sugars are a kind of carbohydrates with one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by an amino group. They play crucial roles in a broad range of biological activities. Over the past few decades, there have been continuing efforts on the stereoselective glycosylation of amino sugars. However, the introduction of glycoside bearing basic nitrogen is challenging using conventional Lewis acid-promoted pathways owing to competitive coordination of the amine to the Lewis acid promoter. Additionally, diastereomeric mixtures of O-glycoside are often produced if aminoglycoside lack a C2 substituent. This review focuses on the updated overview of the way to stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis-aminoglycoside. The scope, mechanism, and the applications in the synthesis of complex glycoconjugates for the representative methodologies were also included.

Sentiment Analysis on Online Videos by Time-Sync Comments.

Video highlights are welcomed by audiences, and are composed of interesting or meaningful shots, such as funny shots. However, video shots of highlights are currently edited manually by video editors, which is inconvenient and consumes an enormous amount of time. A way to help video editors locate video highlights more efficiently is essential. Since interesting or meaningful highlights in videos usually imply strong sentiments, a sentiment analysis model is proposed to automatically recognize sentiments of video highlights by time-sync comments. As the comments are synchronized with video playback time, the model detects sentiment information in time series of user comments. Moreover, in the model, a sentimental intensity calculation method is designed to compute sentiments of shots quantitatively. The experiments show that our approach improves the F1 score by 12.8% and overlapped number by 8.0% compared with the best existing method in extracting sentiments of highlights and obtaining sentimental intensities, which provides assistance for video editors in editing video highlights efficiently.

Efficient incorporation of p-azido-l-phenylalanine into the protein using organic solvents.

Azide, the most used photo-crosslinking group, facilitates the analysis of protein structure and function. This group is particularly useful when photochemically label antibodies and examine protein-protein interactions. The use of the expanded genetic code technique allows the special labeling of the functional azide group in proteins by adding the unnatural amino acid (UAA), p-azido-l-phenylalanine (AzF), in response to the amber codon during translation. However, a low UAA uptake rate due to mass transfer resistance in the cell membrane may lead to the early termination of the full-length protein. This study reports a general method for the efficient in vivo incorporation of AzF into the target protein by improving cell permeability using organic solvents. As expected, the yield of the full-length protein was significantly increased, which indicated that the AzF uptake was greatly improved due to the addition of organic solvents. Our method can serve as a good reference for improving the genetic incorporation of other kinds of UAAs into proteins.

One-Pot Synthesis of 2-C-Branched Glycosyl Triazoles by Integrating 1,2-Cyclopropanated Sugar Ring-Opening Azidation and CuAAC Reaction.

A series of 2-C-branched glycosyl triazoles including triazole-tethered oligosaccharides and glycopeptides were synthesized in one pot from 1,2-cyclopropanated sugars or 2'-acetonyl-2-O-Ts-C-furanosides, NaN3, and alkynes using PEG-400 as a single solvent. Nucleophilic ring-opening azidation of 1,2-cyclopropanated sugars (or 2'-acetonyl group 1,2-migration-azidation of C-furanosides) obtained glycosyl azides, which upon reaction with alkynes under CuAAC conditions achieved glycosyl triazoles in good yields and high stereoselectivity without the need to change the solvent and isolate any intermediates.

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin as the Therapeutic Target of Vascular Proliferative Diseases: Past, Present, and Future.

ABSTRACT: The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key pathological characteristic of vascular proliferative diseases. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, motility, proliferation, and survival, as well as gene expression in response to hypoxia, growth factors, and nutrients. Increasing evidence shows that mTOR also regulates VSMC proliferation in vascular proliferative diseases and that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, effectively restrain VSMC proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms linking mTOR to vascular proliferative diseases remain elusive. In our review, we summarize the key roles of the mTOR and the recent discoveries in vascular proliferative diseases, focusing on the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitors to target the mTOR signaling pathway for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases. In this study, we discuss mTOR inhibitors as promising candidates to prevent VSMC-associated vascular proliferative diseases.

Controllable transformation of indoles using iodine(III) reagent.

Herein, an efficient and highly functional group-compatible procedure for controllable transformation of indoles by the combination of phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) with n-Bu4NCl·H2O (TBAC) was exploited. Through controlling the amount of PIFA and TBAC from one to three equivalents, 3-chloro-indoles, 3-chloro-2-oxindoles, and 3,3-dichloro-2-oxindoles were obtained, respectively, in satisfactory to excellent yields. The advantages of the protocol include mild conditions, facile process with short reaction time, high yields, satisfactory functional group tolerance, and the use of PIFA, which is an air- and moisture-stable promoter. The mechanism studies showed that the reaction may proceed through a halonium ion species-mediated halogenation-elimination-halogenation stepwise process.

Time series study on the effects of daily average temperature on the mortality from respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases: a case study in Mianyang City.

BACKGROUND: Climate change caused by environmental pollution is the most important one of many environmental health hazards currently faced by human beings. In particular, the extreme temperature is an important risk factor for death from respiratory and circulatory diseases. This study aims to explore the meteorological-health effect and find out the vulnerable individuals of extreme temperature events in a less developed city in western China. METHOD: We collected the meteorological data and data of death caused by respiratory and circulatory diseases in Mianyang City from 2013 to 2019. The nonlinear distributed lag model and the generalized additive models were combined to study the influence of daily average temperature (DAT) on mortality from respiratory and circulatory diseases in different genders, ages. RESULTS: The exposure-response curves between DAT and mortality from respiratory and circulatory diseases presented a nonlinear characteristic of the "V" type. Cumulative Relative Risk of 30 days (CRR30) of deaths from respiratory diseases with 4.48 (2.98, 6.73) was higher than that from circulatory diseases with 2.77 (1.96, 3.92) at extremely low temperature, while there was no obvious difference at extremely high temperature. The health effects of low temperatures on the respiratory system of people of all ages and genders were persistent, while that of high temperatures were acute and short-term. The circulatory systems of people aged < 65 years were more susceptible to acute effects of cold temperatures, while the effects were delayed in females and people aged ≥65 years. CONCLUSION: Both low and high temperatures increased the risk of mortality from respiratory and circulatory diseases. Cold effects seemed to last longer than heat did.

Prevalence of congenital heart disease among school children in Qinghai Province.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) among school children in Qinghai province, a high-altitude region in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children in 2019. All subjects completed a survey with a structure questionnaire and underwent CHD screening. CHD was screened by standard physical examination and further confirmed by echocardiography. Multivariate logistic regression were used to estimate the association of CHD prevalence with gender, nationality, and altitude. RESULTS: A total of 43,562 children aged 3-19 years participated in the study. The mean (SD) age was 11.2 (3.3) years. 49.7% were boys, and 80.0% were of Tibetan. CHD was identified in 293 children, with an overall prevalence of 6.73 ‰. Among them, 239 were unrecognized CHD, yielding a prevalence of 5.49 ‰. Atrial septal defect accounted for 51.9% of the CHD, followed by patent ductus arteriosus (31.1%), ventricular septal defect (9.9%). The CHD prevalence was significantly higher in female (8 ‰), Han race (18 ‰), children lived in Qumalai county (13 ‰), and children lived in a higher altitude (13 ‰). Female had greater prevalence of total CHD, atrial septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus, but insignificant difference was observed in ventricular septal defect prvalence than male. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, female (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.17-1.87, P = 0.001), Han population (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.67-6.42, P = 0.001), and higher altitudes (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.74-3.00, P < 0.001) were shown to be independently association with CHD prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CHD in Qinghai province was 6.73 ‰. Altitude elevation, female, and Han population were independently association with CHD prevalence.

Inhibitory Effect of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Coat Extract on Fatty Acid Synthase, Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Acer truncatum Bunge is now widely cultivated throughout the world. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a potential target in the treatment of both obesity and cancer. Only a few FAS inhibitors have been reported. In this study, the inhibitory effect of A. truncatum seed coat (ESA) on FAS and the inhibition mechanisms were investigated using a FAS activity assay and an enzyme kinetics study. The main chemicals of ESA were analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS. The effects of ESA on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation were investigated using Oil red O staining. We first identified seven main compounds (quinic acid, malic acid, gentisic acid, procyanidin dimer, procyanidin trimer, catechin, and quercetin) from 50% ethanol extracts of seed coats of A. truncatum (ESAs), which were then found to inhibit 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation at the concentration of 50 µg/mL. ESA obviously reduced the visible triglyceride droplets accumulation, and dramatically decreased the number of the adipocytes at a comparatively high concentration. It is suggested that the effects are due to the inhibition of FAS by ESA; FAS activity is inhibited by ESA at a half inhibition concentration (IC50) of 0.57 µg/mL, which is lower than that of classically known FAS inhibitors. Meanwhile, ESA displayed different inhibition kinetics and reacting sites for FAS. These results provide new clues for the development of novel products for obesity treatment and a scientific basis for the full use of byproducts for future industrial production of vegetable oil.

Advances in Atroposelectively De Novo Synthesis of Axially Chiral Heterobiaryl Scaffolds.

Axially chiral heterobiaryl frameworks are privileged structures in many natural products, pharmaceutically active molecules, and chiral ligands. Therefore, a variety of approaches for constructing these skeletons have been developed. Among them, de novo synthesis, due to its highly convergent and superior atom economy, serves as a promising strategy to access these challenging scaffolds including C-N, C-C, and N-N chiral axes. So far, several elegant reviews on the synthesis of axially chiral heterobiaryl skeletons have been disclosed, however, atroposelective construction of the heterobiaryl subunits by de novo synthesis was rarely covered. Herein, we summarized the recent advances in the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the axially chiral heterobiaryl scaffold via de novo synthetic strategies. The related mechanism, scope, and applications were also included.