Chemical biology and pharmacology of histone lysine methylation inhibitors.

Histone lysine methylation is a post-translational modification that plays a key role in the epigenetic regulation of a broad spectrum of biological processes. Moreover, the dysregulation of histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases particularly cancer. Due to their pathobiological importance, KMTs have garnered immense attention over the last decade as attractive therapeutic targets. These endeavors have culminated in tens of chemical probes that have been used to interrogate many aspects of histone lysine methylation. Besides, over a dozen inhibitors have been advanced to clinical trials, including the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat approved for the treatment of follicular lymphoma and advanced epithelioid sarcoma. In this Review, we highlight the chemical biology and pharmacology of KMT inhibitors and targeted protein degraders focusing on the clinical development of EZH1/2, DOT1L, Menin-MLL, and WDR5-MLL inhibitors. We also briefly discuss the pharmacologic targeting of other KMTs.

Functional impact of the long non-coding RNA MEG3 deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 in the human triple negative metastatic Hs578T cancer cell line.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve critical roles in regulating cellular homeostasis, and their deregulated expression/activity is associated with neoplastic transformation. The maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been extensively described as a tumor suppressor gene in different types of cancer, including breast cancer. Interestingly, using a panel of seven different breast cancer cell lines, the present study revealed that MEG3 is highly expressed in the triple negative metastatic human Hs578T breast cancer cell line, which is refractory to different therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the phenotypic impact of MEG3 deletion in this cell line. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, complete knockout (KO) of MEG3 was achieved. Deletion was confirmed by genomic PCR and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The MEG3_KO cell population displaying the highest efficiency of genomic editing was selected for phenotypic in vitro assays, including wound scratch and Transwell assays, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that MEG3 deletion increased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth and cell motility, which was consistent with its well-known tumor suppressor function. However, the present study revealed that MEG3_KO also lead to decreased cell invasiveness ability, supporting previous evidence that MEG3 modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal inducing factors. The present study demonstrated that deletion of MEG3 promoted an increase in transforming growth factor ß and N-cadherin protein levels and significant reduction in matrix metallopeptidase 2, zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and collagen type III α1 chain gene expression levels. Additionally, MEG3_KO cells displayed significant resistance to doxorubicin treatment, demonstrating the role of this lncRNA in cancer cell survival by regulating apoptosis. The present study highlighted the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 for anticancer studies of intergenic lncRNAs and demonstrated that, although Hs578T cells express MEG3 at high levels, these cells display mechanisms to escape the growth suppression effects of this lncRNA. Notably, the detailed pathological mechanisms of MEG3 concerning tumor metastasis remain to be elucidated prior to applying MEG3 expression/activation in future therapeutic approaches for breast cancer treatment.

Role of the CHD7 chromatin remodeler protein in glioblastoma multiformePalavras-chave em inglês Cell motility / Papel do remodelador de cromatina CHD7 em glioblastoma multiforme

Chromatin remodeler proteins exert an important function in promoting dynamic modifications in the chromatin architecture, rendering the transcriptional machinery available to the condensed genomic DNA. Due to this central role in regulating gene transcription, deregulation of these molecular machines may lead to severe perturbations in the normal cell functions. Loss-of-function mutations in the CHD7 gene, a member of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family, are the major cause of the CHARGE syndrome in humans. The disease is characterized by a variety of congenital anomalies, including malformations of the craniofacial structures, peripheral nervous system, ears, eyes and heart. In this context, several studies have already shown the importance of CHD7 for proper function of the neural stem cells (NSCs). Interestingly, we found that CHD7 mRNA levels are upregulated in gliomas, when compared to normal brain tissue, therefore, we hypothesized that CHD7 might have a role in the pathogenesis of these tumors. To investigate the possible oncogenic role of CHD7 in glioblastoma (GBM), we adopted gain- and loss-of-function approaches in adherent GBM cell lines. Using CRISPR_Cas9 genome editing, we found that CHD7 deletion suppresses anchorage-independent growth and reduces spheroid invasion in human LN-229 cells. Moreover, deletion of CHD7 delayed tumor growth and improved overall survival in an orthotopic xenograft glioma mouse model. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of CHD7 in LN-428 and A172 cells was found to increase cell motility and invasiveness in vitro and LN-428 tumor growth in vivo. RNAseq analysis showed that alterations of CHD7 expression levels promote changes in several molecular pathways and modulate critical genes associated with cell adhesion and locomotion. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of CHD7 overexpression in glioma tissue are still not understood. Here, we also generated recombinant plasmid with functional CHD7 promoter activity reported by luciferase assay. This powerful tool should enable future studies to determine the direct targeting relationship between different signal transduction pathways and CHD7 geneexpression. In summary, our findings indicate that GBM cells expressing a high level of CHD7 may exist and contribute to tumor infiltration and recurrence. Further studies should warrant important clinical-translational implications of our findings for GBM treatment

As proteínas remodeladoras de cromatina exercem importante papel, promovendo modificações dinâmicas na arquitetura da cromatina e dando acesso à maquinaria transcricional ao DNA genômico condensado. Devido à esta função central na regulação da transcrição gênica, a desregulação dessas máquinas moleculares pode levar a perturbações graves na função normal das células. Assim, por exemplo, mutações do tipo perda de função no gene CHD7, um membro da família "chromodomain helicase DNA-binding" (CHD), são a principal causa da síndrome de CHARGE em humanos. A doença é caracterizada por uma variedade de anomalias congênitas, incluindo malformações das estruturas craniofaciais, sistema nervoso periférico, orelhas, olhos e coração. Neste contexto, vários estudos já mostraram a importância da proteína CHD7 para o funcionamento normal de células-tronco neurais (NSCs). Curiosamente, descobrimos que os níveis de mRNA de CHD7 estão mais fortemente expressos em gliomas, quando comparados ao tecido cerebral normal, portanto, nós hipotetizamos que CHD7 poderia ter um papel na patogênese desses tumores. Para investigar o possível papel oncogênico de CHD7 em glioblastoma (GBM), utilizamos enfoques de ganho e perda de função em linhagens celulares aderentes de GBM. Utilizando a técnica de CRISPR_Cas9 para edição do genoma, demonstramos que a deleção do gene CHD7 suprime o crescimento independente de ancoragem e reduz a invasão de esferóides em células LN-229 humanas de GBM. Além disso, a deleção de CHD7 reduziu o crescimento do tumor e melhorou a sobrevida em modelo de injeção ortotópica xenográfica em camundongo. Por outro lado, verificou-se que a super-expressão ectópica de CHD7 nas células LN-428 e A172 aumenta não só a motilidade celular e a capacidade de invasão in vitro, mas, também, o crescimento do tumor de LN-428 in vivo. A análise de RNA-seq mostrou que o nocauteamento da sequência codificadora de CHD7 e sua super-expressão promovem alterações em diversas vias moleculares, modulando genes críticosassociados à adesão e locomoção celular. No entanto, os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos da super-expressão de CHD7 em tecidos de glioma ainda não são compreendidos. Neste trabalho, geramos um plasmídeo recombinante contendo um fragmento da região promotora de CHD7, o qual se mostrou funcional em ensaios de luciferase. Esta ferramenta permitirá que estudos futuros possam identificar a relação direta entre as diferentes vias de transdução de sinal e a expressão do gene CHD7. Em resumo, nossos achados indicam que células de GBM expressando um alto nível de CHD7 podem existir e contribuir para a infiltração e recorrência do tumor. Estudos posteriores deverão avaliar as possíveis implicações dos resultados apresentados neste trabalho para a translação clínica no tratamento de pacientes com GBM