A scan of all coding region variants of the human genome, identifies 13q12.2-rs9579139 and 15q24.1-rs2277598 as novel risk loci for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Coding sequence variants comprise a small fraction of the germline genetic variability of the human genome. However, they often cause deleterious change in protein function and are therefore associated with pathogenic phenotypes. To identify novel pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) risk loci, we carried out a complete scan of all common missense and synonymous SNPs and analysed them in a case-control study comprising four different populations, for a total of 14 538 PDAC cases and 190 657 controls. We observed a statistically significant association between 13q12.2-rs9581957-T and PDAC risk (P = 2.46 × 10-9), that is in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a deleterious missense variant (rs9579139) of the URAD gene. Recent findings suggest that this gene is active in peroxisomes. Considering that peroxisomes have a key role as molecular scavengers, especially in eliminating reactive oxygen species, a malfunctioning URAD protein might expose the cell to a higher load of potentially DNA damaging molecules and therefore increase PDAC risk. The association was observed in individuals of European and Asian ethnicity. We also observed the association of the missense variant 15q24.1-rs2277598-T, that belongs to BBS4 gene, with increased PDAC risk (P = 1.53 × 10-6). rs2277598 is associated with body mass index and is in LD with diabetes susceptibility loci. In conclusion, we identified two missense variants associated with the risk of developing PDAC independently from the ethnicity highlighting the importance of conducting reanalysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in light of functional data.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Weight Loss, Eating Behaviour and Quality of Life after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Background and Objectives: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), declared on 11 March 2020, had an extensive impact on bariatric patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term weight loss outcomes, changes in eating behaviour, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This cohort study included 72 patients (Group S) who underwent RYGB surgery in the Surgery Department of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the years 2020-2022. Data for the control group (Group C) of 87 patients (operated on in 2010-2012) were collected from a prospective study. The data referred to the period before and a year after the RYGB. The information about patients' weight changes, hunger, satiety, fullness sensations, appetite, diet, and eating patterns was queried. Eating behaviour and HRQoL evaluation were conducted by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) and the medical outcomes study Short-Form-36 (SF-36), respectively. Results: One year after the surgery, % excess body mass index loss (%EBMIL) was 77.88 (26.33) in Group S, 76.21 (19.98) in Group C, p = 0.663. Patients in Group S tended more to choose snacks between main meals: 79.2% versus 28.7%, p < 0.0001. Cognitive restraint significantly increased in Group S from 45.93 (13.37) up to 54.48 (13.76), p = 0.001; additionally, significantly worse overall health status was found in Group S compared to Group C, 53.27 (24.61) versus 70.11 (31.63), p < 0.0001. Mental HRQoL (50.76 versus 60.52 score, p < 0.0001) and social functioning (44.79 versus 57.90, p < 0.0001) were worse in Group S. Conclusions: In this study, the COVID-19 pandemic had no impact on short-term weight loss after RYGB. However, one year after, RYGB patients tended to snack more, and mental HRQoL and social functioning were worse in the study group.

Factors associated with quality of life and weight regain 12 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Scarce evidence exists in the literature about the factors influencing the long-term quality of life (QoL) and weight regain (WR) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The aim of the present study was to investigate factors associated with WR and QoL, measured by obesity specific Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II (M-A QoLQ II), 12 years after RYGB. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal cohort study included 74 patients with obesity who had RYGB at the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences hospital Surgery department in 2005. Gastrointestinal and dumping symptoms, hypoglycemia, depression and anxiety disorders, hunger, satiety after meals, portion size, and grazing were assessed in the patients who agreed to participate in the study. General linear models were constructed to estimate the effect of variables on the WR and QoL. RESULTS: 12-year follow-up data were available for 50 patients (38 female, median body mass index (BMI) before surgery 42.4). The mean % excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) after 12 years was 63.1 (24.6) and the average %WR was 32.2 (19.4). The mean M-A QoLQ II score was 1.44 (1.3). Majority of the patients (76.6%) reported good or very good QoL. In multivariable analysis, only grazing (17.41% 95% CI 7.61-27.21; P = 0.001) was found to be a significant independent factor associated with WR. Factors independently associated with worse QoL were grazing (- 0.97 95% CI - 1.72, - 0.22; P = 0.013) and frequency of abdominal pain once or more per month (- 1.82 95% CI - 2.79, - 0.85; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: 12 years after RYGB majority of the patients report good or very good QoL and despite some WR have achieved and maintained significant weight loss. Grazing was associated with both WR and worse QoL, while the frequency of abdominal pain once or more per month was associated with only decreased QoL.

Body size perception, knowledge about obesity and factors associated with lifestyle change among patients, health care professionals and public health experts.

BACKGROUND: The attitudes towards obesity may have an important role on healthier behavior. The goal of the present study was to explore the attitudes towards obesity and to investigate how these attitudes were associated with lifestyle-changing behavior among the patients attending primary care centers, health care professionals and public health experts. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey study was performed in 10 primary care offices in different regions in Lithuania and in 2 public health institutions. Nine hundred thirty-four patients, 97 nurses, 65 physicians and 30 public health experts have filled the questionnaire about attitudes towards obesity and presented data about lifestyle-changing activities during last 12 months. The attitudes were compared between different respondent groups and factors associated with healthier behaviors were analyzed among overweight/obese individuals in our study population. RESULTS: Participants failed to visually recognize correct figure corresponding to male and female with obesity. Majority of respondents' perceived obesity as a risk factor for heart diseases and diabetes but had less knowledge about other diseases associated with weight. About one third of respondents changed their lifestyle during last 12 months. Overweight individuals with age < 45 years (OR 1.64, 1.06-2.55; p = 0.025) were more likely and those who overestimated current weight (OR 0.44, 0.20-0.96; p = 0.036) less likely to change their lifestyle. Disappointment with their current weight (OR 2.57, 1.36-4.84; p = 0.003) was associated with healthier behavior among participants with obesity. CONCLUSION: Participants had similar body size perception and knowledge about obesity. Younger age had significant association with lifestyle changing behavior among overweight individuals and disappointment with current weight among obese participants.

Microbiome Changes after Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: A Systematic Review.

Background and objectives: Although the role of the gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathophysiology is evident, current systematic reviews and meta-analyses analyzing T2D treatment mainly focus on metabolic outcomes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the microbiome and metabolic changes after different types of treatment in T2D patients. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Wiley online library, Science Direct, and Cochrane library electronic databases was performed. Randomized controlled clinical trials published in the last five years that included T2D subjects and evaluated the composition of the gut microbiome alongside metabolic outcomes before and after conventional or alternative glucose lowering therapy were selected. Microbiome changes were evaluated alongside metabolic outcomes in terms of bacteria taxonomic hierarchy, intestinal flora biodiversity, and applied intervention. Results: A total of 16 eligible studies involving 1301 participants were reviewed. Four trials investigated oral glucose-lowering treatment, three studies implemented bariatric surgery, and the rest analyzed probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic effects. The most common alterations were increased abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria parallel to improved glycemic control. Bariatric surgery, especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, led to the highest variety of changed bacteria phyla. Lower diversity post-treatment was the most significant biodiversity result, which was present with improved glycemic control. Conclusions: Anti-diabetic treatment induced the growth of depleted bacteria. A gut microbiome similar to healthy individuals was achieved during some trials. Further research must explore the most effective strategies to promote beneficial bacteria, lower diversity, and eventually reach a non-T2D microbiome.

Mid-Term Outcomes of Laparoscopic Gastric Greater Curvature Plication versus Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Weight Loss, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Health-Related Quality of Life.

Background and Objectives: Laparoscopic gastric greater curvature plication (LGGCP) is considered to be less invasive, technically simpler, and less costly. Few studies have compared LGGCP to gastric bypass. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the mid-term outcomes of LGGCP such as weight loss, gastrointestinal symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in comparison to laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Materials and Methods: Between 2017 April and 2018 December, 112 patients were included in the study. Fifty patients had LGGCP, and sixty-two patients underwent LRYGB. Demographics, comorbidities, complications, percentage of excess body mass index loss (%EBMIL), gastrointestinal symptoms (GSRS questionnaire), and HRQoL (EQ-5D-3L questionnaire) were analysed. Gastrointestinal symptoms and HRQoL data are presented as the mean and median with the interquartile range (25th-75th percentile). Follow-up at 1 year and 3 year was performed. Results: The follow-up rate was 96.4% and 92.9%, 1 year and 3 year after surgery, respectively. Mean (SD) %EBMIL 1 year after surgery was 59.05 (25.34) in the LGGCP group and 82.40 (19.03) in the LRYGB group (p < 0.001) and 3 year after was 41.44 (26.74) and 75.59 (19.14), respectively (p < 0.001). The scores of all gastrointestinal symptoms measured by the GSRS questionnaire significantly decreased 3 year after both procedures, except reflux after LGGCP. Patients 3 year after LGGCP had a significantly lower abdominal pain score as compared to patients after LRYGB (1.01; 1.0 (1.0-1.0) and 1.20; 1.0 (1.0-1.33), respectively (p < 0.001); however, LGGCP resulted in significantly more GERD symptoms (1.79; 1.25 (1.0-2.5) and 1.18; 1.0 (1.0-1.0), respectively (p < 0.001)). Three years after surgery, the quality of life was significantly lower in the LGGCP group (0.762; 0.779 (0.690-0.794) and 0.898; 1.000 (0.783-1.000), respectively (p < 0.001)). Conclusions: Three years after surgery, LGGCP patients lost significantly less weight, had less abdominal pain and more reflux symptoms, and a lower quality of life as compared to LRYGB patients.

Comparison of Postoperative Recovery after Manual and Target-Controlled Infusion of Remifentanil in Bariatric Surgery.

Background and Objectives: Early postoperative recovery after surgery is a key point for patients' safety and comfort. Moreover, operating room turnover depends on recovery time. Our aim was to assess which method of remifentanil administration, manual (MI) or target-controlled infusion (TCI), could reduce patient time in recovery room. In this study, patients' recovery times were registered and compared among the groups. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 31 morbidly obese patients in this prospective study. All of them had undergone bariatric surgery at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos in 2020. Sevoflurane/remifentanil anaesthesia was performed for all patients. The patients were randomly assigned to the manual infusion (MI) (control group) or target-controlled infusion (TCI) group for the method of the administration of remifentanil. While the patients were waking up after the surgery, we recorded spontaneous breathing and airway reflexes recovery time, time of extubation, eye opening, recovery of orientation and beginning of the following oral command. For the TCI group, we also documented remifentanil concentrations in the blood (automatic infusion pump). Results: Patients did not differ in demographic values and duration of remifentanil infusion. We found that remifentanil consumption in the TCI group was lower, p = 0.02. Despite lower remifentanil consumption in the TCI group patients, they demonstrated longer total recovery time than the control group patiens: 14 (12-20) vs. 10 (6-16), p = 0.001. Conclusions: The study showed that, upon comparing the TCI method with MI, manual infusion produced better results in postoperative patient recovery. Additionally, higher doses of remifentanil were consumed using MI. In conclusion, the dosage recommended by highly qualified anaesthesiologists is favourable for morbidly obesity patients when compared to the TCI method.

Role of Ketamine in Multimodal Analgesia Protocol for Bariatric Surgery.

Background and Objectives: Acute postoperative pain is one of the most undesirable experiences for a patient in the postoperative period. Many options are available for the treatment of postoperative pain. One of the methods of multimodal analgesia is a combination of opioids and adjuvant agents, such as ketamine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a pre-incisional single injection of low-dose ketamine on postoperative pain after remifentanil infusion in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass or gastric plication surgery. Materials and Methods: The prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled trial took place at the Hospital of the Lithuanian University of Health sciences KaunoKlinikos in 2015-2017. A total of 32 bariatric patients (9 men and 23 women) were randomly assigned to receive a single pre-incisional injection of ketamine (0.15 mg/kg (LBM)) (ketamine, K group) or saline (placebo, S group). Standardized protocol of anesthesia and postoperative pain management was followed for all patients. Postoperative pain intensity, postoperative morphine requirements, incidence of side effects and patients' satisfaction with postoperative analgesia were recorded. Results: Thirty-two patients undergoing bariatric surgery: 18 (56.25%; gastric bypass) and 14 (43.75%; gastric plication) were examined. Both groups did not differ in demographic values, duration of surgery and anesthesia and intraoperative drug consumption. Postoperative pain scores were similar in both groups (p = 0.105-0.941). Morphine consumption was 10.0 (7.0-12.5 mg) in group S and 9.0 (3.0-15.0 mg) in group K (p = 0.022). The incidence of side effects was similar in both groups (p = 0.412). Both groups demonstrated very high satisfaction with postoperative analgesia. Conclusions: Pre-incisional single dose ketamine reduces postoperative opioids consumption, but does not have an effect of postoperative pain intensity and side effects after remifentanil infusions. Very high patient satisfaction is achieved if standard multimodal analgesia protocol with an individual assessment of pain and dosage of medications is followed.

Predictors of 30-Day In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing Urgent Abdominal Surgery Due to Acute Peritonitis Complicated with Sepsis.

BACKGROUND Sepsis is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality rate. Identifying early prediction factors of critical situations in intra-abdominal sepsis patients can help reduce mortality rates. This prospective study was carried out to evaluate the association of technically available factors with 30-day in-hospital mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS There were 67 intra-abdominal sepsis patients included in the study; patients were observed for 30 days postoperatively. The data was processed using SPSS24.0 statistical analysis package. All tests that had a significance level of 0.05 were selected. RESULTS Septic shock in association with increase in age per year showed increase the odds of mortality and prognosed 30-days in hospital mortality correctly in 79% of cases. The observed OR was 12.24 (P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression model 2 for the 30-day mortality identified a combination of septic shock, age (≥70 years), time from peritonitis symptoms to surgery prognose mortality with accuracy of 82%. The most accurate model to prognose 30-day in-hospital mortality included the presents of septic shock, age, time from peritonitis symptoms to surgery, drop of MAP <65 mmHg) post-induction, the odds of mortality 8.86 (P=0.001). Severe hypotension post-induction was more frequent in patients who were not diagnosed with sepsis (P=0.035). CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed a simple indicator for the risk for death under diffuse peritonitis patients complicated with sepsis. Septic shock, increase in age per year, peritonitis symptoms lasting more than 30 hours, and severe hypotension post-induction had a negative prognostic value for mortality in patients with intra-abdominal sepsis, and might be a high risk for 30-day mortality.

European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Surgery in the obese patient.

: A systematic literature search was performed and patients were selected as obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery or obese patients undergoing nonbariatric surgical procedures. In addition, patients were stratified according to low risk of venous thromboembolism and high risk of venous thromboembolism (age >55 years, BMI >55 kg m, history of venous thromboembolism, venous disease, sleep apnoea, hypercoagulability or pulmonary hypertension). Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism was analysed depending on the type of modality: compression devices of the lower extremities (including intermittent pneumatic compression and graduated compression stockings), pharmacological prophylaxis or inferior vena cava filters. Two prospective studies compared mechanical devices and pharmacological prophylaxis vs. a mechanical device alone without significant differences. A few randomised controlled studies and most of the prospective nonrandomised studies showed that low-dose low molecular weight heparin (3000 to 4000 anti-Xa IU 12 h subcutaneously) was acceptable for obese patients with a lower risk of venous thromboembolism, but a higher dose of low molecular weight heparin (4000 to 6000 anti-Xa IU 12 h subcutaneously) should be proposed for obese patients with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism. Extended prophylaxis for 10 to 15 days was well tolerated for obese patients with a high risk of venous thromboembolism in the postdischarge period. The safety and efficacy of inferior vena cava filters in bariatric surgical patients is highly heterogeneous. There were no randomised trials that analysed prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in obese patients undergoing nonbariatric surgery. Higher doses of anticoagulants could be proposed for obese patients with a BMI more than 40 kg m. The lack of good quality randomised trials with a low risk of bias did not allow us to propose strong recommendations.

Comparison of the Different Treatment Strategies for Patients with Rectus Sheath Haematoma.

Background and objective: Rectus sheath haematoma (RSH) is an uncommon condition that may vary from contained haematoma to life-threatening bleeding. Timely diagnosis and treatment is crucial in this patient population. The aim of the current study was to investigate the results of the different RSH treatment strategies among patients admitted to a surgery department. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 29 patients treated for RSH in surgery departments of two medical centres from 1 January 2007 to 30 September 2017 was conducted. The patient's age, sex, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists; physical status classification system), use of anticoagulants, cause of haematoma, radiological data, vital signs, blood investigations, and type of treatment were extracted. The results were analysed according to the type of treatment. Results: The patients' mean age was 67.6 ± 14.3 years, and the mean duration of in-hospital stay was 10.7 ± 6.7 days. All patients were on anticoagulant treatment, and 82.8% of them had spontaneous haematoma. Nine patients (31%) needed transfusion of packed red blood cells with an average of 2.6 units (range: 1⁻4). Five patients (17.2%) presented with symptoms and signs of hypovolemic shock, and four of them underwent embolisation. Embolisation was successful in all cases. Open surgery was performed in 6 patients, 8 patients underwent percutaneous drainage, and 10 patients were treated conservatively. Two patients (6.7%) died in our series. Both of these patients had type III RSH. Patients in the conservatively treated group had the shortest hospital stay. There were no readmissions due to repeated haematoma or infection. Conclusions: Embolisation of epigastric arteries is a useful tool to stop bleeding into RSH in patients with unstable haemodynamics. Conservative treatment is comparable to ultrasound (US) drainage of RSH but results in a shorter hospital stay. Type III RSH is associated with a higher death rate.

Monitoring of Hypercoagulability by Thromboelastography in Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND Obesity is known as a major risk factor for postoperative vein thrombosis. Thromboelastography (TEG) is used to monitor viscoelastic features of blood clots. The aim of this study was to determine hypercoagulable states in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to assess dynamics of coagulation parameters in the perioperative setting using TEG. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 60 consecutive patients undergoing bariatric surgery. TEG alterations were assessed at 4 time points: at baseline, after the surgery, and on postoperative day 1 (POD1) and 2 (POD2). Hypercoagulable state was defined when patients showed clot strength (G) of ≥11 dynes/cm² or maximum amplitude (MA) ≥68 mm. RESULTS Fourteen patients (23.3%) out of 60 showed hypercoagulability prior to surgery on TEG. Fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in the G ≥11 group compared to the G <11 group, at 4.2 and 3.8 g/l, respectively (p=0.02). Seventeen patients (28.3%) had MA ≥68 mm at baseline. Fibrinogen levels increased significantly from 3.90 at baseline to 4.16 g/l in POD2 (p<0.001). There was an increase in mean reaction time from baseline (6.74 s) to POD2 (7.43 s, p=0.022). We found a correlation between baseline fibrinogen levels and MA (R=0.431, p=0.001) or G (R=0.387, p=0.003). ROC curve analysis showed that fibrinogen levels can predict clot strength (G) ≥11 dynes/cm² with AUC=0.680 (p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS A considerable proportion of patients referred to bariatric surgery show a trend towards hypercoagulability on TEG. This study shows the potential of hypercoagulation monitoring by TEG in the perioperative setting of bariatric surgery.

Maternal obesity and obstetric outcomes in a tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Obese women are at an increased risk of various adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of obesity on maternal and neonatal outcomes in a tertiary referral center and to compare obstetric outcomes by the level of maternal obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort study included 3247 women with singleton gestations who gave birth at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, in 2010. Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes were identified using the hospital Birth Registry database in normal weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9kg/m2, n=3107) and prepregnancy obese (BMI ≥30kg/m2, n=140) women. Pregnancy outcomes were compared according to the level of obesity (BMI 30-34.9kg/m2, n=94 and BMI ≥35kg/m2, n=46). RESULTS: Obese women were significantly more likely to have gestational hypertension (OR=8.59; 95% CI, 5.23-14.14; P<0.0001), preeclampsia (OR=2.06; 95% CI, 1.14-3.73; P<0.0001), gestational diabetes (OR=5.56; 95% CI, 3.66-8.49; P<0.0001), dystocia (OR=2.14; 95% CI, 1.36-3.38; P<0.0001), induced labor (OR=2.64; 95% CI, 1.83-3.80; P<0.0001), failed induction of labor (OR=18.06; 95% CI, 8.85-36.84; P<0.0001), cesarean delivery (OR=1.76; 95% CI, 1.25-2.49; P=0.001), large-for-gestational-age newborns (OR=3.68; 95% CI, 2.51-5.39; P<0.0001). Significantly increased risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, dystocia and newborns with Apgar score ≤7 after 5min was only observed in women with BMI ≥35kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal obesity is significantly associated with an increased risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, dystocia, labor induction, failed induction of labor, large-for-gestational-age newborns and cesarean delivery.

Gastric greater curvature plication combined with Nissen fundoplication in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Established anti-reflux procedures such as fundoplications are less efficient in obese patients. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical effectiveness of the fundoplication combined with gastric greater curvature plication in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in obese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period from June 2010 to September 2014, patients operated for GERD with BMI from 30 to 39.9kg/m2 were included into the prospective study. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF, n=58) was performed until February 2013 and later laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was combined with gastric greater curvature plication (LNFGP, n=56). The groups were compared according to the control of GERD and weight loss. RESULTS: In LNF group there were significantly more males, patients had lower BMI and longer duration of GERD symptoms. Duration of surgery was significantly longer in LNFGP group, 96.5 (17.3)min vs. 59.8 (16.1)min (P<0.0001). Postoperative morbidity was similar, 3.6% and 3.4% in LNFGP and LNF groups, respectively (P=0.9539). The average percentage of excess BMI loss after 12 months was 45.3 (5.8) in LNFGP group as compared to 18.4 (4.6) in LNF group (P<0.0001). Significantly more patients experienced remission or improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus (P=0.03) and hypercholesterolemia (P=0.0001) in LNFGP group. No significant differences between the groups in postoperative DeMeester score, GERD-HRQL mean score, overall satisfaction and healing of esophagitis were observed. CONCLUSIONS: LNFGP took significantly longer time to perform, but resulted in significantly higher weight reduction and remission/improvement of comorbidities. Both procedures produced similar anti-reflux effect.

Trends and results in treatment of gastric cancer over last two decades at single East European centre: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: A steady decline in gastric cancer mortality rate over the last few decades is observed in Western Europe. However it is still not clear if this trend applies to Eastern Europe where high incidence rate of gastric cancer is observed. METHODS: This was a retrospective non-randomized, single center, cohort study. During the study period 557 consecutive patients diagnosed with gastric cancer in which curative operation was performed met the inclusion criteria. The study population was divided into two groups according to two equal time periods: 01-01-1994 - 31-12-2000 (Group I - 273 patients) and 01-01-2001 - 31-12-2007 (Group II - 284 patients). Primary (five-year survival rate) and secondary (postoperative complications, 30-day mortality rate and length of hospital stay) endpoints were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Rate of postoperative complications was similar between the groups, except for Grade III (Clavien-Dindo grading system for the classification of surgical complications) complications that were observed at significantly lower rates in Group II (26 (9.5%) vs. 11 (3.9%), p = 0.02). Length of hospital stay was significantly (p = 0.001) shorter (22.6 ± 28.9 vs. 16.2 ± 17.01 days) and 30-day mortality was significantly (p = 0.02) lower (15 (5.5%) vs. 4 (1.4%)) in Group II. Similar rates of gastric cancer related mortality were observed in both groups (92.3% vs. 90.7%). However survival analysis revealed significantly (p = 0.02) better overall 5-year survival rate in Group II (35.6%, 101 of 284) than in Group I (23.4%, 64 of 273). There was no difference in 5-year survival rate when comparing different TNM stages. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric cancer treatment results remain poor despite decreasing early postoperative mortality rates, shortening hospital stay and improved overall survival over the time. Prognosis of treatment of gastric cancer depends mainly on the stage of the disease. Absence of screening programs and lack of clinical symptoms in early stages of gastric cancer lead to circumstances when most of the patients presenting with advanced stage of the disease can expect a median survival of less than 30 months even after surgery with curative intent.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and eating behavior among morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) changes anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, and is followed by gastrointestinal side effects, changes in bowel function and eating behavior. The aim of the present study was to investigate the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in eating behavior preoperatively and one year after RYGB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180 morbidly obese patients who underwent RYGB were included into the prospective study. Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Health Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQL) questionnaire and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), eating behavior with Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire before and one year after RYGB. For all patients routine gastroscopy before surgery was performed. RESULTS: A total of 99 patients (55%) completed one-year follow-up; 79 (43.9%) patients had no pathological findings on preoperative gastroscopy. GERD-HRQL score and GSRS scores of indigestion, constipation, abdominal pain and reflux decreased significantly after surgery. Male gender (OR=2.47, 95% CI 1.11-5.50, P=0.026), GERD-HRQL score (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.16-1.41, P<0.001) and GSRS diarrhea score (OR=1.89, 95% CI 1.10-3.17, P=0.020) were significant predictors of pathological findings on gastroscopy. Eating behavior one year after RYGB changed significantly as compared to baseline. Cognitive Restraint postoperatively has increased from 42.6 to 55.9 (P<0.001). Uncontrolled Eating and Emotional Eating one year after surgery significantly decreased (59.1 vs. 20.6, P<0.001 and 28.2 vs. 17.2, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In morbidly obese patients endoscopic findings correlate well with gastrointestinal complain. RYGB significantly improves gastrointestinal complains and eating behavior one year postoperatively.

Influence of wrap length on the effectiveness of Nissen and Toupet fundoplications: 5-year results of prospective, randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Long-term results in antireflux surgery may depend on fundoplication type and wrap length. We compared the outcome of two different wrap lengths among the patients undergoing partial or total fundoplications. This study is the next part of a prospective 5-year follow-up assessment. METHODS: A total of 153 patients were randomized to Nissen or Toupet 1.5- or 3-cm wrap laparoscopic fundoplication. The primary endpoint--treatment failure rate was defined as a recurrent GERD or persistent dysphagia. Intensity of heartburn, dysphagia, gas-bloating, presence of esophagitis were assessed as a secondary outcome at 1-year and 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: At 5-year follow-up, data were collected from 129 (85 %) patients. At 1-year follow-up, 17 (11 %) treatment failures were detected. At the end of the fifth year, the numbers reached 23 (15 %). The failures were more common in the 1.5-cm Toupet (25 %) and the 3-cm Nissen group (18.2 %). The significant difference in failure rates was found between 1.5-cm and 3-cm Toupet groups (P < 0.05). Dysphagia remained low during the follow-up in all of the groups. The prevalence of higher scores of heartburn after 5 years was detected in Nissen 1.5-cm group (20.8 %). The lowest scores were observed in Toupet 3-cm group. Bloating symptoms were more prevalent among Nissen and Toupet 3-cm group patients at 5-year follow-up. At the end of the fifth year, the prevalence of esophagitis was lower in Nissen 1.5-cm (19.3 %) and Toupet 3-cm (13.3 %) groups. The highest prevalence of esophagitis-32.4 %-was found in Toupet 1.5-cm group. CONCLUSIONS: Nissen and Toupet fundoplication achieved sufficient control of reflux with success rate of 85 % at 5-year follow-up. There were no significant differences in the postoperative dysphagia, esophagitis, and bloating rates. However, the distribution of treatment failures leads us to conclude that 1.5-cm wrap length is insufficient in cases of posterior partial fundoplication.

The influence of operation technique on long-term results of achalasia treatment.

UNLABELLED: Currently, the most effective therapy for achalasia is laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term results between 2 different laparoscopic operation techniques in achalasia treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study, where 46 achalasia patients were examined: 23 patients underwent laparoscopic Heller myotomy followed by the full gastric fundus mobilization, total hiatal dissection, and posterior Toupet (270°) fundoplication (group 1); other 23 patients underwent laparoscopic Heller myotomy with limited surgical cardia region dissection, not dividing the short gastric vessels and performing anterior partial Dor fundoplication (group 2). Long-term findings included the evaluation of postoperative dysphagia according Vantrappen and Hellemans and intensity of heartburn according the standard grading system. RESULTS: The patients in these 2 groups were similar in terms of age, weight, height, and postoperative hospital stay. The median follow-up was 66 months in the group 1 and 39 months in the group 2 (P<0.05). Laparoscopic operation was effective in 82.6% of patients (excellent and good results) in the group 1; treatment was effective in 78.3% of patients in the group 2 (P>0.05). Clinically significant heartburn was documented in 39% of patients in the group 1 and only in 13% of patients in the group 2 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According our study results, both laparoscopic techniques were similarly effective (82.6% vs. 78.3%) in achalasia treatment. Postoperative heartburn was significantly more common (39% vs. 13%) after laparoscopic myotomy, followed by the full gastric fundus mobilization, total hiatal dissection, and posterior Toupet (270°) fundoplication.

Resolution of diabetes, gastrointestinal symptoms, and self-reported dietary intake after gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of randomized studies examining diabetes remission and dietary intake between patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) versus sleeve gastrectomy (SG). OBJECTIVE: To examine longitudinal differences in diabetes resolution, dietary intake, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) randomized to either RYGB or SG and according to remission of T2D. SETTING: Four hospitals in Sweden, 2 of which are university hospitals. METHODS: Dietary intake and GI symptoms were calculated from questionnaires and morphometric differences between surgical methods and T2D remission were compared using the Student t test, effect size (ES) for parametric parameters, and Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric parameters. RESULTS: Five years after RYGB or SG there was no significant difference in the rate of remission of T2D between RYGB and SG (43% versus 20%, P = .176). RYGB (n = 19) patients had greater weight loss than SG patients (n = 14) (26.4 [9.5] versus 13.1 [9.6] kg, P < .001), despite reporting higher daily caloric intake (Δ 669 kcal, P = .059, ES .67) and food weight (Δ 1029 g/d, P = .003, ES 1.11). RYGB patients, compared with SG patients, also ate 1 more fruit per day (P = .023). Pooled data showed no differences between patients with and without T2D remission regarding weight loss, but those in remission drank more nonalcoholic drinks and milk. CONCLUSIONS: Five years postoperatively, patients randomized to RYGB reported considerably higher food intake compared with SG despite lower body weight. The reason and importance of the higher food intake after RYGB compared with SG needs to be further studied.