[Prevalence of rectosigmoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas in patients younger than 50 years old referred for proctorrhagia]. / Prevalencia de adenomas y adenocarcinomas de recto-sigma en pacientes menores de 50 años que consultan por proctorragia.

BACKGROUND: Rectal bleeding is a sign of colorectal cancer (CRC). Its early diagnosis decreases mortality and improves survival. In young population with no risk factors for the disease, CRC is infrequent. Moreover, benign anorectal disorders are most frequent causes of bleeding and generally, when anal pathology is identified, it is assumed as the origin of the sign. For all these reasons, rectal bleeding sometimes is sub-assessed in young patients. OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas in sigmoid and rectum in patients younger than 50 years old referred for proctorrhagia. METHODS: The study design was descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional. Procedures were performed under sedation and Olympus CF 160 y CF 180 scopes were used. Proctorrhagia was considered as rectal bleeding registered as indication of the procedure. Histology was established according to Vienna classification. Informed consent was signed before the procedures. Colonoscopy reports were reviewed. The study took place in an outpatient clinic in Buenos Aires city, between October 2010 and October 2011. High risk patients for CRC were excluded RESULTS: We included 1,203 from 1,257 reviewed VCC, 49% were female and the median age was 38 years old (range: 18-49 years old). The prevalence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas in sigmoid and rectum was 67% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 5.4-8.3] and 1.6% (95% CI 1-2.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adenocarcinomas and adenomas are infrequent in a young population without risk factors for CRC. However, even when benign anal disorders are the most frequent cause for rectal bleeding, miss evaluation of this sign could have a serious impact in almost 10 of 100 individuals.

[Endoscopic treatment of cicatricial pyloric stenosis of peptic origin in a 4-year-old boy]. / Tratamiento endoscópico de la obstrucción del tracto de salida gástrico de origen péptico-cicatricial en un niño de 4 años.

Gastric outlet obstruction is an uncommon condition in children. Traditionally, surgery has been the standard mode of treatment, but it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic treatment has emerged as an alternative to conventional treatment. We present the case of a 4-year-old patient with refractory prepyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulcer disease. The picture begins with vomiting and abdominal pain of 2 months of evolution. Pre-pyloric stenosis was confirmed. Faced with the lack of response to medical treatment and balloon dilation, radiated incisions were made with electrocautery and steroid injections. When medical treatment is not sufficient, endoscopic balloon therapy should be the first therapeutic gesture in this type of stenosis; given its refractoriness, we believe it is important to highlight the usefulness of endoscopic treatment, which could prevent surgery and associated morbidity and mortality.

La obstrucción de la salida gástrica es una afección infrecuente en la edad pediátrica. Tradicionalmente, la cirugía ha sido el modo de tratamiento estándar, pero está asociada a mayor morbimortalidad. El tratamiento endoscópico ha surgido como una alternativa al tratamiento convencional. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 4 años con estenosis prepilórica secundaria a enfermedad ulceropéptica. El cuadro clínico empezó con vómitos y dolor abdominal de 2 meses de evolución. Frente a la falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico y a la dilatación endoscópica con balón, se realizaron incisiones radiadas con electrocauterio e inyecciones de esteroides. La terapéutica endoscópica con balón debería ser el primer gesto terapéutico en este tipo de estenosis refractarias al tratamiento médico.

Prótesis colónicas en el tratamiento paliativo del cáncer colónico. Nuestra evaluación tras 10 años de experiencia / Self-expanding metal stents in the palliative treatmentof coloncancer. Results of 10 years of experience

Introducción: la colocación de prótesis metálicas autoexpansibles (PAE) por vía endoscópica surge como opción terapéutica para la obstrucción colónica neoplásica en dos situaciones: como tratamiento paliativo y como puente a la cirugía curativa. Este procedimiento evita cirugías en dos tiempos y disminuye la probabilidad de colostomía definitiva y sus complicaciones con el consecuente deterioro de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: comunicar nuestra experiencia en la colocación de PAE para el tratamiento paliativo de la obstrucción colorrectal neoplásica. Diseño: retrospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo y observacional. Material y métodos: se incluyeron todos los pacientes a quienes el mismo grupo de endoscopistas les colocó PAE con intención paliativa por cáncer colorrectal avanzado entre agosto de 2008 y diciembre de 2019. Fueron analizadas las variables demográficas y clínicas, el éxito técnico y clínico, las complicaciones tempranas y tardías y la supervivencia. Resultados: se colocó PAE en 54 pacientes. La media de edad fue 71 años. El 85% de las lesiones se localizó en el colon izquierdo. En el 57% de los pacientes se realizó en forma ambulatoria. El éxito técnico y clínico fue del 92 y 90%, respectivamente y la supervivencia media de 209 días. La tasa de complicaciones fue del 29,6%, incluyendo un 14,8% de obstrucción y un 5,6% de migración. La mortalidad tardía atribuible al procedimiento fue del 5,6%, ocasionada por 3 perforaciones tardías: 2 abiertas y 1 microperforación con formación de absceso localizado. Conclusiones: la colocación de PAE como tratamiento paliativo de la obstrucción neoplásica colónica es factible, eficaz y segura. Permitió el manejo ambulatorio o con internación breve y la realimentación temprana, mejorando las condiciones para afrontar un eventual tratamiento quimioterápico paliativo. Las mayoría de las complicaciones fueron tardías y resueltas endoscópicamente en forma ambulatoria. (AU)

Introduction: endoscopic placement of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) emerges as a therapeutic option for neoplastic obstruction of the colon in two situations: as palliative treatment and as a bridge to curative surgery. This procedure avoids two-stage surgeries and reduces the probability of permanent colostomy and its complications with the consequent deterioration in quality of life. Objective: to report our experience in the placement of SEMS as palliative treatment in neoplastic colorectal obstruction. Design: retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive and observational study. Methods: all patients in whom the same group of endoscopists performed SEMS placement with palliative intent for advanced colorectal cancer between August 2008 and December 2019 were analyzed. Data collected were demographic and clinical variables, technical and clinical success, early and late complications, and survival. Results: SEMS were placed in 54 patients. The average age was 71 years. Eighty-five percent were left-sided tumors. In 57% of the patients the procedure was performed on an outpatient basis. Technical and clinical success was 92 and 90%, respectively, and median survival was 209 days. The complication rate was 29.6%, including 14.8% obstruction and 5.6% migration. Late mortality attributable to the procedure was 5.6%, caused by 3 late perforations: 2 open and 1 microperforation with localized abscess formation. Conclusions: The placement of SEMS as a palliative treatment for neoplastic colonic obstruction is feasible, effective and safe. It allowed outpa-tient management or brief hospitalization and early refeeding, improving the conditions to face an eventual palliative chemotherapy treatment. Most complications were late and resolved endoscopically on an outpatient basis. (AU)

Tratamiento endoscópico de la obstrucción del tracto de salida gástrico de origen péptico-cicatricial en un niño de 4 años / Endoscopic treatment of cicatricial pyloric stenosis of peptic origin in a 4-year-old boy

La obstrucción de la salida gástrica es una afección infrecuente en la edad pediátrica. Tradicionalmente, la cirugía ha sido el modo de tratamiento estándar, pero está asociada a mayor morbimortalidad. El tratamiento endoscópico ha surgido como una alternativa al tratamiento convencional. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 4 años con estenosis prepilórica secundaria a enfermedad ulceropéptica. El cuadro clínico empezó con vómitos y dolor abdominal de 2 meses de evolución. Frente a la falta de respuesta al tratamiento médico y a la dilatación endoscópica con balón, se realizaron incisiones radiadas con electrocauterio e inyecciones de esteroides. La terapéutica endoscópica con balón debería ser el primer gesto terapéutico en este tipo de estenosis refractarias al tratamiento médico

Gastric outlet obstruction is an uncommon condition in children. Traditionally, surgery has been the standard mode of treatment, but it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic treatment has emerged as an alternative to conventional treatment. We present the case of a 4-year-old patient with refractory prepyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulcer disease. The picture begins with vomiting and abdominal pain of 2 months of evolution. Pre-pyloric stenosis was confirmed. Faced with the lack of response to medical treatment and balloon dilation, radiated incisions were made with electrocautery and steroid injections. When medical treatment is not sufficient, endoscopic balloon therapy should be the first therapeutic gesture in this type of stenosis; given its refractoriness, we believe it is important to highlight the usefulness of endoscopic treatment, which could prevent surgery and associated morbidity and mortality.

El ultrasonido en la patología prostática benigna: actualización bibliográfica / Ultrasound in benign prostate pathology: bibliographic update

La evaluación de la próstata a través del ultrasonido puede realizarse vía transabdominal o transrectal. Esta revisión se centra en el uso de distintas técnicas para evaluar la hiperplasia prostática benigna, la presencia de quistes prostáticos y de las vesículas seminales, y la inflamación de la próstata.

Prevalencia de adenomas y adenocarcinomas de recto-sigma en pacientes menores de 50 años que consultan por proctorragia / [Prevalence of rectosigmoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas in patients younger than 50 years old referred for proctorrhagia].

BACKGROUND: Rectal bleeding is a sign of colorectal cancer (CRC). Its early diagnosis decreases mortality and improves survival. In young population with no risk factors for the disease, CRC is infrequent. Moreover, benign anorectal disorders are most frequent causes of bleeding and generally, when anal pathology is identified, it is assumed as the origin of the sign. For all these reasons, rectal bleeding sometimes is sub-assessed in young patients. OBJECTIVE: Estimate the prevalence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas in sigmoid and rectum in patients younger than 50 years old referred for proctorrhagia. METHODS: The study design was descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional. Procedures were performed under sedation and Olympus CF 160 y CF 180 scopes were used. Proctorrhagia was considered as rectal bleeding registered as indication of the procedure. Histology was established according to Vienna classification. Informed consent was signed before the procedures. Colonoscopy reports were reviewed. The study took place in an outpatient clinic in Buenos Aires city, between October 2010 and October 2011. High risk patients for CRC were excluded RESULTS: We included 1,203 from 1,257 reviewed VCC, 49

were female and the median age was 38 years old (range: 18-49 years old). The prevalence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas in sigmoid and rectum was 67

CI): 5.4-8.3] and 1.6

CI 1-2.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adenocarcinomas and adenomas are infrequent in a young population without risk factors for CRC. However, even when benign anal disorders are the most frequent cause for rectal bleeding, miss evaluation of this sign could have a serious impact in almost 10 of 100 individuals.