Influence of strain on the kinetics of phase transitions in solids.

We consider a sharp interface kinetic model of phase transitions accompanied by elastic strain, together with its phase-field realization. Quantitative results for the steady-state growth of a new phase in a strip geometry are obtained, and different pattern formation processes in this system are investigated.

[Changes in lipid metabolism and hemostasis in intravenous and intrahepatic transplantation of neonatal allogenic hepatocytes in conditions of experimental hypercholesterolemia].

We studied effects of neonatal hepatocytes transplantation (NHT) on lipid metabolism and hemostasis in experimental hypercholesterolemia. A positive NHT influence on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and hemostasis was established. The experimental data evidence for preferential influence of intrahepatic NHT on lipid metabolism and hemostasis compared to intravenous NHT.

Interferon-producing capacity of human tonsil cells and properties of interferon produced by these cells.

Tonsils excised from human beings for chronic tonsillitis have been shown to be an accessible and sufficiently rich source of human lymphocytes. Tonsil cells produced interferon as intensively as blood leukocytes and the properties of this interferon were similar to those of leukocyte interferon. The optimal conditions for interferon production by tonsil cells were established.

[Study of antiinfectious potential of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha]. / Izucheniie antiinfekstionnogo potentiala rekombinantnogo faktora nekroza opukholi alpha.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) was shown to have an antiinfectious effect on murine and rat models of viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. The effective antiinfectious dose of TNF was determined to be 10(2)-10(3) U/kg body weight. TNF, interferon, and antibiotics were demonstrated to potentiate the antibacterial effect of each. Clinical trials of TNF in the treatment of slowly progressive, latent, and chronic infections and in the emergency prevention of acute infections are advisable.

[Cryomethod of concentrating interferon (author's transl)]. / Kriometod kontsentratsii interferona

The fact of non-simultaneous thawing of protein and water was used for concentration of interferon from pre-frozen preparations. As thawing proceeded, 5 sequential fractions equal in a volume were removed from preparations of human leucocyte, mouse macrophage and tissue chick interferons; the titers of their antiveral activity in the first fraction were 4--8-fold higher than the initial titer, and this activity decreased gradually to a titer which was 2-fold lower than the initial in the fifth fraction. The total amount of interferon units in all the fractions was 1.8--3.8-fold higher than in the initial preparation taken in a volume corresponding to the total volume of all the fractions. As addition of the Vth fraction to the Ist fraction reduced the titer of interferon in it to the initial level, it is suggested that in interferon preparations there is an inhibitor of its effect, "anti-interferon".

[Differences in the properties of the interferons produced by the leukocytes of healthy persons and of cancer and leukemia patients]. / Razlichiia v svoistvakh interferonov, produtsiruemykh leikotsitami krovi zdorovykh liudei, bol'nykh rakom i leikozom.

In vitro production of interferon by blood leukocytes from patients with lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis, leukemia, cancer tumours, pneumonia, as well as by leukocytes of mice with Rauscher leukemia, and mice in the condition of hyporeactivity to interferon inducer was studied. Alongside with quantitative differences in interferon production, biological differences in the properties of interferons produced of normal and sick humans and animals were revealed. The biological differences consist in that the interferon produced by leukocytes from cancer and leukemia patients interacting with homologous cell culture is conducive to more rapid formation of resistance to the indicator virus than the interferon produced by normal leukocytes. Thus, resistance of the homologous cell culture to the infection with the indicator vesicular stomatitis virus developed within 1--2 hours after contact with leukocyte interferon from patients and only within 5--6 hours after contact with that of normal subjects. This finding is not specific for cancer and leukemia, as the same was observed with specimens from patients with pneumonia and from mice hyporeactive to interferon inducer. It is suggested that patients with cancer and leukemia have a state of interferon hyporeactivity.

[Relationship between manifestation of hyporeactivity (tolerance) in interferon production and the presence of a viral interferon inductor in the cells of the tolerant animal]. / Izuchenie sviazi mezhdu proiavleniem giporeaktivnosti (tolerantnosti) v interferonogeneze i nalichiem v kletkakh tolerantnogo zhivotnogo virusnogo induktora interferona.

Experiments revealed parallelism between the duration of the main manifestations of the hyporeactivity phenomenon (tolerance) in interferon induction and the duration of detection of a masked infection with the inducer virus (Newcastle disease virus) in peritoneal exudate cells of tolerant mice. It was also shown that after contact of chick fibroblasts with a dose of interferon which completely inhibited replication of vesicular stomatitis virus infecting the cells this virus was found in the cells in the masked form. Persistence of a virus interferon inducer in the masked form appears to play a significant role in the mechanism of tolerance as well as creation in the interferon-treated cells of conditions for masking viruses infecting these cells.

[Study of the safety, reactogenicity, and allergenicity of swine leukocyte interferon in experiments on animals and observations of volunteers]. / Izuchenie bezvrednosti, reaktogennosti i allergennosti svinogo leikotsitarnogo interferona v éksperimentakh na zhivotnykh i v nabliudeniiakh na dobrovol'tsakh.

The results of comparative experiments in guinea pigs sensitized with human and porcine leukocyte interferon are presented. The animals were inoculated either intracardially or intradermally with the appropriate interferon 18-24 days after a single intramuscular or a single subcutaneous interferon injection, the latter with Freund adjuvant. The results of anaphylaxy reaction and dermal reaction permit a conclusion of lower allergenicity of porcine interferon than of human one. Daily intranasal inoculation of both porcine and human interferon for 5 days did not produce sensitization of guinea pigs, and three daily intranasal inoculations for 5 days of porcine interferon to 22 human volunteers produced no untoward systemic or local reactions nor allergic reaction to intradermal inoculation of these volunteers with porcine interferon 24 hours after termination of intranasal administration. These results justify limited clinical trials of therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of porcine interferon in viral ARD, using the intranasal route of interferon administration.

[Interferon production in suspensions of swine and human leukocytes on media containing aminopeptide, hemohydrolysate and bovine amniotic fluid]. / Poluchenie interferona v suspenzii svinykh i chelovecheskikh leikotsitov na sredakh s aminopeptidom, gemogidrolizatom i amnioticheskoi zhidkost'iu korov.

Production of different kinds of interferon in imported media (medium 199, Eagle's medium) greatly impedes the organization of large-scale interferon production in this country. The search for national substitutes of these media is important therefore. This paper deals with a comparative study of the use of national aminopeptide and hemohydrolysate preparations for interferon production. It was shown that substitution of serum with BAF in preparations of human and swine interferon increased their activity 2- and 4-fold, respectively, and the amount of protein was reduced 10-fold. Specimens of interferons produced with the addition of AP were less effective because the amount of protein increased 4-20-fold while the antiviral activity increased insignificantly. The most effective were interferon preparations obtained with hemohydrolysate medium. Their activity being similar, the amount of protein in interferon samples increased 11/2-2-fold only. Thus, aminopeptide and hemohydrolysate can effectively substitute medium 199 for production of leukocyte human and swine interferon.

[Swine blood leukocytes--new source of production of inferferon active in human cells]. / Leikotsity krovi svinei--novyi istochnik polucheniia interferona, aktivnogo v kletkakh cheloveka.

Swine blood leukocytes have first been found capable of producing interferon the antiviral activity in human cells of which is comparable to that of native human leukocyte interferon. The influence of various factors on production of porcine leukocyte interferon active in human cells were studied. Thus, when serum was substituted with MAF in the medium used for leukocyte cultivation the titer of the produced interferon increased 4--16-fold and the content of protein impurities in the preparation decreased 10-fold or more. Marked individual interferon-producing capacity of blood leukocytes from different swine and seasonal variations in the level of this capacity were established. The optimal conditions for porcine leukocyte interferon production are: the use of leukocytes in the first few hours after bleeding of the animals; leukocyte concentration in the medium 10 million cells per 1 ml; medium 199 with 10% MAF; New-castle disease virus as interferon inducer in a dose of 10--100 CPD50 per cell. Priming of leukocytes with interferon enhanced their interferon-synthesizing capacity 2--8-fold. This new source of interferon production is readily available, and interferon is useful for public health and veterinary needs.

[Reasons for lowered resistance to Krebs 2 ascitic carcinoma in mice in a state of hyporeactivity (tolerance) to a viral interferon inducer]. / Prichiny snizheniia rezistentnosti k astsitnoi kartsinome Krebs-2 u myshei v sostoianii giporeaktivnosti (tolerantnosti) k virusnomu induktoru interferona

Decreased resistance to Krebs-2 ascitic carcinoma was demonstrated in mice which were in the state of hyporesponsiveness (tolerance) to virus interferon inducer (NDV) and increased resistance of the control mice to transplantation of tolerant carcinoma cells. Manifestations of tolerance in peritoneal and carcinoma cells were shown to be identical: interferon production and reproduction of vesicular stomatitis virus were inhibited, the number of viable cells was reduced, masked infection with NDV was detected, and the activity of cell enzymes was similarly changed. It is assumed that cellular manifestations of tolerance are the cause of reduced resistance of tolerant mice to ascitic carcinoma.

[Stimulation of the inhibiting effect of interferon on the growth of ascitic carcinoma in relation to host responsiveness and cells]. / Stimuliruiushchee ili ingibiruiushchee vliianie interferona na razvitie astsitnoi kartsinomy v zavismosti ot reaktivnosti organizma i kletok

When Krebs-2 ascitic carcinoma is transplanted to mice, administration of interferon may produce either a stimulating or an inhibiting effect on replication of carcinoma cells in the peritoneal cavity depending on the responsiveness of mice (intact or vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus) and the state of the transplanted cells ("common" or "tolerant"). Parallelism was observed in changes of the intensity of cell multiplications and indices of their enzymatic activity under the influence of exogenic interferon.

[Differences in the antiviral and antioncogenic action of interferons produced in murine peritoneal cells and in Krebs-2 ascitic carcinoma cells]. / Razlichiia v protivovirusnom i antionkogennom deistvii interferonov, poluchennykh v peritoneal'nykh kletkakh myshei i v kletkakh astsitnoi kartsinomy Krebs-2.

Comparisons of native preparation of mouse interferons, "macrophage" and "Krebs" revealed some differences, Thus, the minimal time necessary for the development of resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in L cells treated with "macrophage" and "Krebs" interferon was 5 and 2 hours, respectively. The activity of the lysosomal enzyme of acid phosphatase was considerably higher in the cells treated with "Krebs" interferon and infected with VSV than with "macrophage" interferon. Differences in the antiviral and antioncogenic properties of fractions No. 1 and No. 5 of these interferons obtained in fractionation of native interferon preparations by the cryomethod were demonstrated. In particular, fraction No. 5 of "Krebs" interferon, in contrast to that of "macrophage" interferon, had no antioncogenic properties but did have antiviral properties. It is suggested that these differences are due to the presence in native preparations of different substances capable of exerting an effect on interferon.

[The seroepidemiological aspects of respiratory diseases and the prospects for their prevention in organized children's sanatorium-type collectives]. / Seroépidemiologicheskie aspekty respiratornykh zabolevanii i perspektivy ikh profilaktiki v detskikh organizovannykh kollektivakh sanatornogo tipa.

68 children aged 3-7 years, undergoing general sanative treatment in a bronchopulmonary sanatorium in the vicinity of Moscow between November 10 and December 29, 1990, were examined. During the stay of these children in the sanatorium cases of respiratory diseases, mainly of parainfluenza etiology, were registered, which was confirmed by serological laboratory studies. At this season no cases of Legionella and Mycoplasma infections were detected. The necessity of taking prophylactic measures with the use of reaferon and lysozyme in sanative groups of children in due time, starting from the first day of the formation of such group, was substantiated.

[The results of clinical trials and the prospects of using the Soviet preparation of human recombinant interferon alpha-2 (reaferon) in medical practice]. / Rezul'taty klinicheskikh ispytanii i perspektivy primeneniia v meditsinskoi praktike otechestvennogo rekombinantnogo preparata chelovecheskogo interferona al'fa-2 (reaferona).

The results of the clinical trials of human recombinant interferon alpha-2 (reaferon) make it possible to come to the conclusion that the preparation is well-tolerated and produces a pronounced therapeutic effect in a number of viral and oncological diseases. The Pharmacological Committee of the USSR has recommended reaferon for use in acute hepatitis B, hairy cell leukemia, renal cancer at stage IV, disseminated sclerosis, ocular herpes. The use of reaferon has been found to be promising in the treatment of papillomatosis of the larynx, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycosis fungoides, chronic myeloleukemia.

[Recombinant alpha-interferon (reaferon) in the treatment of patients with chronic myeloleukemia]. / Rekombinantnyi al'fa-interferon (reaferon) v lechenii bol'nykh khronicheskim mieloleikozom.

The authors relate the results of a clinical study of the Soviet recombination alpha-interferon (reaferon) in 46 patients with chronic myeloleukemia at different stages of the disease. Reaferon is shown to be tolerated well, to have a low percentage of side effects in particular high temperature and allergic reactions, to possess no hepato-, nephro- and cardiotoxicity. It has been proved that in patients with chronic myeloleukemia reaferon produces an independent antiproliferative effect and is capable of controlling the leukemic process without chemotherapeutic drug (in the stable chronic phase of the disease). Doses and administration of reaferon for a long time are suggested in order to prolong the disease course.

[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of acute diseases of the abdominal organs]. / Laparoskopiia v diagnostike i lechenii ostrykh zabolevanii organov briushnoi polosti.

An analysis of 534 patients has shown that laparoscopy is a method of high diagnostic informative value. The correct diagnosis was made in 515 patients (96.4%). Diagnostic errors were noted in 19 patients (3.6%). The greatest problems appeared in diagnosing thrombosis of mesenterial vessels and acute appendicitis in cases with the retrocecal disposition of the vermiform process. Surgical operations under control of a laparoscope were fulfilled by strict indications. Good immediate results were obtained in 81.9% of the patients.

Model of plasticity of amorphous materials.

Starting from a classical Kröener-Rieder kinematic picture for plasticity, we derive a set of dynamical equations describing plastic flow in a Lagrangian formulation. Our derivation is a natural and straightforward extension of simple fluids, elastic, and viscous solids theories. These equations contain the Maxwell model as a special limit. This paper is inspired by the particularly important work of Langer and coworkers. We shall show that our equations bear some resemblance with the shear-transformation zones model developed by Langer and coworkers. We shall point out some important differences. We discuss some results of plasticity, which can be described by the present model. We exploit the model equations for the simple examples: straining of a slab and a rod. We find that necking manifests always itself (not as a result of instability), except if the very special constant-velocity stretching process is imposed.