Genetic variability in COVID-19-related genes in the Brazilian population.

SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) to infect human lung cells. Previous studies have suggested that different host ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genetic backgrounds might contribute to differences in the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity. Recent studies have also shown that variants in 15 genes related to type I interferon immunity to influenza virus might predispose patients toward life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. Other genes (SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6, XCR1, IL6, CTSL, ABO, and FURIN) and HLA alleles have also been implicated in the response to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, Brazil has recorded the third-highest number of COVID-19 cases worldwide. We aimed to investigate the genetic variation present in COVID-19-related genes in the Brazilian population. We analyzed 27 candidate genes and HLA alleles in 954 admixed Brazilian exomes. We used the information available in two public databases (http://www.bipmed.org and http://abraom.ib.usp.br/) and additional exomes from individuals born in southeast Brazil, the region of the country with the highest number of COVID-19 patients. Variant allele frequencies were compared with the 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 (1KGP) and gnomAD databases. We detected 395 nonsynonymous variants; of these, 325 were also found in the 1KGP and/or gnomAD. Six of these variants were previously reported to influence the rate of infection or clinical prognosis of COVID-19. The remaining 70 variants were identified exclusively in the Brazilian sample, with a mean allele frequency of 0.0025. In silico analysis revealed that seven of these variants are predicted to affect protein function. Furthermore, we identified HLA alleles previously associated with the COVID-19 response at loci DQB1 and DRB1. Our results showed genetic variability common to other populations and rare and ultrarare variants exclusively found in the Brazilian population. These findings might lead to differences in the rate of infection or response to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and should be further investigated in patients with this disease.

Genetic association of the PERIOD3 (PER3) Clock gene with extreme obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, affecting life quality and span. Susceptibility to obesity is partly mediated by genetic differences. Indeed, several genes from the clock gene family have already been shown to be intimately associated with obesity in diverse ethnic groups. In the present study, an association between BMI and the rs707467, rs228697 and rs228729 PER3 (Period Circadian Clock 3) polymorphisms in subjects with class II (BMI ≥ 35.0-39.9 kg/m2) and class III obesity (>40 kg/m2, extreme obesity) were carried out using TaqMan real-time PCR. Overall, 259 Brazilian adults were genotyped, of whom 122 had class II or III obesity (BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2) and 137 were controls having normal weight (BMI > 18.5 and <24.9 kg/m2). RESULTS: PER3 tag SNP (rs228729) shows a significant association with extreme obesity (1000 permutation p = 0.03 and p = 0.04), for genotype and allele frequency respectively) and a haplotype among the three assessed SNPs (alleles G/T/A, rs228697, rs228729, and rs707467, respectively, 1000 permutation p = 0.03) was significantly more prevalent in the group with obesity. CONCLUSION: This exploratory association study suggests that PER3 rs228729 may be associated with extreme obesity in Brazilian adults, however, replication is needed.

Análise retrospectiva dos pés de pacientes diabéticos do ambulatório de diabetes da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, MG / Retrsopective analysis of diabetic feet from patients followed in the diabetic clinic at Santa Casa of Belo Horizonte, MG

O pé diabético é uma das complicaçöes mais comuns do diabetes, causando uma queda significativa da qualidade de vida dos pacientes vulneráveis, além de seu elevado custo econômico. No presente trabalho, analisamos, retrospectivamente, 234 pacientes diabéticos no ambulatório de pé diabético, através de exames clínico-laboratoriais e avaliaçäo dos pés utilizando o monofilamento de l0g Semmes Weinstein, martelo neurológico básico, doppler vascular e pedígrafo. Os pacientes foram catalogados quanto à idade, sexo e duraçäo do diabetes sendo que a média foi de 10 anos de doença. Observamos que, inicialmente, mais de 30 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam perda da sensibilidade protetora, calosidades e lesöes dermatológicas, todas fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de úlcera de pé. Notou-se ainda a desinformaçäo sobre a doença. Em resumo, os dados do trabalho mostram uma grande prevalência de alteraçöes e os autores alertam para a importância do atendimento enfocando os pés dos pacientes visando uma assistência global e preventiva para evitar complicaçöes futuras.

Mecanismos moleculares de açäo hormonal / Molecular mechanisms of hormonal action

A característica principal dos hormônios é a sua habilidade em interagir com receptores altamente seletivos e ativar vias intracelulares do sinalizaçäo nos órgaos específicos. Após a interaçäo dos hormônios com seus receptores, uma seqüência de reaçöes pode levar ao aumento ou diminuiçäo na atividade de determinadas enzimas que, por sua vez, produzem a resposta fisiológica. Os hormônios säo bioquimicamente classificados em esteróides, peptídeos ou aminas e seus receptores diferem, basicamente, por sua localizaçäo, intra ou extracelular. No presente trabalho, o mecanismo molecular de açäo dos hormônios peptídicos (hidrofílicos) e esteróides (lipofílicos) é discutido.

Mecanismos moleculares dos tumores endócrinos / Molecular mechanisms of the endocrine tumors

Uma característica fundamental de todas as células eucariotas superiores é o período definido de vida do organismo, propriedade essa que se estende às células somáticas individuais que possuem o crescimento e a divisao altamente regulados. O estudo dos mecanismos de oncogênese tem permitido um conhecimento mais aprofundado desses processos de diferenciaçao e proliferaçao celulares. Alteraçoes genéticas relacionadas aos oncogenes, genes supressores de tumor e genes de reparo de erros de pareamento do DNA, estao ligadas à origem da formaçao dos tumores. O objetivo desta revisao é apresentar, sumariamente, alguns dos principais mecanismos de oncogênese nos tumores endócrinos.

No evidence for oncogenic mutations in guanine nucleotilde-binding proteins of endocrine tumors

In recent years, the application of DNA technology has led to significant advances in the elucidation of the somatic defects which can occur in several tumors, including oncogene expression, allelic loss and inappropriate gene transcription and translation. Normal cell growth is regulated by many proto-oncogenes encoding proteins and specific mutations can convert these genes in oncogenes, leading to abnormal protein products that are responsible for the growth of malignant cells. Mutations that inhibit GTPase activity of the a subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsa) have been demonstrated in approximately a thrid of GH-secreting tumors, in 10 percent of functionless pituitary tumors, and also in corticotropinomas although with far less frequency. These mutations -gsp mutations - stabilize the Gsa in the active state (GTP-bound state), resulting in the permanent activation of adenylyl cyclase, leading to tumorigenesis. In addition, mutations in the a subunit of the inhibitory GTP-binding protein gene (Gi2a), or gip mutations, have been found in a subset of adrenocortical and ovarian tumors. In the present work, using the polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, we investigated the existence of gsp and gip mutations in twenty three different endocrine tumors.