The carbon footprint of ambulatory gastrointestinal endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopy is considered the third highest generator of waste within healthcare. This is of public importance as approximately 18 million endoscopy procedures are performed yearly in the USA and 2 million in France. However, a precise measure of the carbon footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) is lacking. METHODS: This retrospective study for 2021 was conducted in an ambulatory GIE center in France where 8524 procedures were performed on 6070 patients. The annual carbon footprint of GIE was calculated using "Bilan Carbone" of the French Environment and Energy Management Agency. This multi-criteria method accounts for direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy consumption (gas and electricity), medical gases, medical and non-medical equipment, consumables, freight, travel, and waste. RESULTS: GHG emissions in 2021 were estimated to be 241.4 tonnes CO2 equivalent (CO2e) at the center, giving a carbon footprint for one GIE procedure of 28.4 kg CO2e. The main GHG emission, 45 % of total emissions, was from travel by patients and center staff to and from the center. Other emission sources, in rank order, were medical and non-medical equipment (32 %), energy consumption (12 %), consumables (7 %), waste (3 %), freight (0.4 %), and medical gases (0.005 %). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first multi-criteria analysis assessing the carbon footprint of GIE. It highlights that travel, medical equipment, and energy are major sources of impact, with waste being a minor contributor. This study provides an opportunity to raise awareness among gastroenterologists of the carbon footprint of GIE procedures.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy for acute ischemic stroke in a patient implanted with a left ventricular assist device: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most feared complications of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement and represents a challenge to surgical management because of concomitant anticoagulant therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 39-year-old man presented with cardiogenic shock following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. After a period of stabilization, the patient was referred for LVAD placement. Upon recovery from anesthesia, he presented with acute neurological deficits suggestive of IS. A brain computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis, and an emergency decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) was performed. Anticoagulation was managed empirically. The patient's neurological status progressively improved and he was referred for heart transplantation at five months from DHC. One month later, cranioplasty was performed. CONCLUSIONS: This report suggests an anticoagulation management approach in combination with decompressive craniectomy after IS in a patient with LVAD placement was successful. An optimized anticoagulation management and collaborative team-based practice may contribute to successful outcomes in complex cases.

Early chest tube removal on the 1st postoperative day protocol of an enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery programme is safe.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the safety of early chest tube removal (CTR) protocol on the 1st postoperative day (POD1) of our Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programme by comparing the risk of postoperative pneumothorax, pleural and pericardial effusion requiring intervention and hospital mortality. METHODS: All consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary revascularization and/or valve surgery between 2015 and 2021 were assessed in terms of their perioperative management pathways: conventional standard of care (control group) versus standardized systematic perioperative ERAS programme including an early CTR on POD1 (ERAS group). A propensity score matching was applied. The primary end-point was a composite of postoperative pneumothorax, pleural and pericardial effusion requiring intervention and hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 3153 patients were included. Propensity score analysis resulted in 2 groups well-matched pairs of 1026 patients. CTR on POD1 was significantly increased from 29.5% in the control group to 70.3% in the ERAS group (P < 0.001). The incidence of the primary end-point was 6.4% in the control group and 6.9% in the ERAS group (P = 0.658). Patients in the ERAS group, as compared with control group, had significant lower incidence of bronchopneumonia (9.0% vs 13.5%; P = 0.001) and higher incidence of mechanical ventilation ≤6 h (84.6% vs 65.2%; P < 0.001), length of intensive care unit ≤1 day (61.2% vs 50.8%; P < 0.001) and hospital ≤6 days (67.3% vs.43.2%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CTR on POD1 protocol can be safely incorporated into a standardized systematic ERAS programme, enabling early mobilization, and contributing to the improvement of postoperative outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Ethics committee of the French Society of Thoracic and Cardio-Vascular Surgery (CERC-SFCTCV-2022-09-13_23140).

Enhanced recovery after surgery program for patients undergoing isolated elective coronary artery bypass surgery improves postoperative outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a perioperative systematic standardized enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for patients undergoing isolated elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in terms of mortality, hospital morbidities, and length of stay. METHODS: From January 2015 to September 2020, 1101 patients underwent isolated elective CABG. Our standardized systematic ERAS program was implemented in November 2018. Propensity score matching resulted in well-matched pairs of 362 patients receiving standard perioperative care (control group) and 362 patients on the ERAS program (ERAS group). There were no significant intergroup differences in preoperative and operative data except for the normothermia rate, which was significantly greater in the ERAS group (P < .001). The primary outcome was 3-year mortality. The secondary outcomes were hospital morbidities and length of stay. RESULTS: In-hospital and 3-year mortality did not differ between the 2 groups. The ERAS program was associated with a significant relative risk decrease in mechanical ventilation duration (-53.1%, P = .003), length of intensive care unit stay (-28.0%, P = .015), length of hospital stay (-10.5%, P = .046), bronchopneumonia (-51.5%, P < .001), acute respiratory distress syndrome (-50.8%, P = .050), postoperative delirium (-65.4%, P = .011), moderate-to-severe acute kidney injury (-72.0%, P = .009), 24-hour chest tube output (-26.4%, P < .001), and overall red blood cell transfusion rate (-32.4%, P = .005) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic standardized ERAS program for low-risk patients undergoing isolated elective CABG was associated with a significant improvement in postoperative outcomes, reduction in red blood cell transfusion, shorter lengths of intensive care unit and hospital stays, and comparable long-term mortality.

An enhanced recovery programme significantly improves postoperative outcomes after surgical aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence regarding the benefits of an enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery (ERACS) programme is lacking. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of a systematic standardized ERACS programme for patients undergoing isolated elective surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for aortic stenosis in terms of hospital mortality and morbidity, patient blood management and length of stay. METHODS: Patients undergoing isolated elective SAVR for aortic stenosis between 2015 and 2020 were identified from our database (n = 941). The standardized systematic ERACS programme was implemented in November 2018. Propensity score matching indicated that 259 patients would receive standard perioperative care (control group) and 259 patients would receive the ERACS programme (ERACS group). The primary outcome was hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes were hospital morbidity, patient blood management and length of stay. RESULTS: Both groups had similar hospital mortality rates (0.4%). The ERACS group had a significantly lower troponin I peak level (P < 0.001), a larger proportion of improved perioperative left ventricular ejection fractions (P = 0.001), a lower incidence of bronchopneumonia (P = 0.030), a larger proportion of patients with mechanical ventilation <6 h (P < 0.001), a lower incidence of delirium (P = 0.028) and less acute renal failure (P = 0.013). The ERACS group had a significantly lower rate of red blood cell transfusions (P = 0.002). The intensive care unit stay was significantly shorter in the ERACS group than in the control group (P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: The standardized systematic ERACS programme significantly improved postoperative outcomes and should become the reference for the perioperative care pathway for patients undergoing SAVR.

Impact of a phosphorylcholine-coated cardiac bypass circuit on blood loss and platelet function: a prospective, randomized study.

Platelet dysfunction due to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery increases the risk of bleeding. This study analyzed the effect of a phosphorylcholine (PC)-coated CPB circuit on blood loss, transfusion needs, and platelet function. We performed a prospective, randomized study at Strasbourg University Hospital, which included 40 adults undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) (n = 20) or mitral valve repair (n = 20) using CPB. Patients were randomized either to PC-coated CPB or uncoated CPB (10 CABG patients and 10 mitral valve repair patients in each group). Blood loss and transfusion needs were evaluated intra- and postoperatively. Markers of platelet activation and thrombin generation were measured at anesthesia induction, at the beginning and end of CPB, on skin closure, and on days 0, 1, and 5. Comparisons were made by Student's t test or covariance analysis (significance threshold p < or = .05). Blood loss was significantly lower in the PC group during the first 6 postoperative hours (171 +/- 102 vs. 285 +/- 193 mL, p = .024), at the threshold of significance from 6-24 hours (p = .052), and similar in both groups after 24 hours. During CPB, platelet count decreased by 48% in both groups. There was no difference in markers of platelet activation, thrombin generation, or transfusion needs between the two groups. Norepinephrine use was more frequent in the control group (63% vs. 33%) but not significantly. PC-coating of the CPB surface reduced early postoperative bleeding, especially in CABG patients, but had no significant effect on platelet function because of large interindividual variations that prevented the establishment of a causal relationship.

Guidelines on enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass or off-pump.

OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations for enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery (ERACS) based on a multimodal perioperative medicine approach in adult cardiac surgery patients with the aim of improving patient satisfaction, reducing postoperative mortality and morbidity, and reducing the length of hospital stay. DESIGN: A consensus committee of 20 experts from the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société française d'anesthésie et de réanimation, SFAR) and the French Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (Société française de chirurgie thoracique et cardio-vasculaire, SFCTCV) was convened. A formal conflict-of-interest policy was developed at the onset of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guideline process was conducted independently of any industry funding. The authors were advised to follow the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to guide the assessment of the quality of evidence. METHODS: Six fields were defined: (1) selection of the patient pathway and its information; (2) preoperative management and rehabilitation; (3) anaesthesia and analgesia for cardiac surgery; (4) surgical strategy for cardiac surgery and bypass management; (5) patient blood management; and (6) postoperative enhanced recovery. For each field, the objective of the recommendations was to answer questions formulated according to the PICO model (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome). Based on these questions, an extensive bibliographic search was carried out and analyses were performed using the GRADE approach. The recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology and then voted on by all the experts according to the GRADE grid method. RESULTS: The SFAR/SFCTCV guideline panel provided 33 recommendations on the management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass or off-pump. After three rounds of voting and several amendments, a strong agreement was reached for the 33 recommendations. Of these recommendations, 10 have a high level of evidence (7 GRADE 1+ and 3 GRADE 1-); 19 have a moderate level of evidence (15 GRADE 2+ and 4 GRADE 2-); and 4 are expert opinions. Finally, no recommendations were provided for 3 questions. CONCLUSIONS: Strong agreement existed among the experts to provide recommendations to optimise the complete perioperative management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Left ventricular assist device-associated infections: incidence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-associated infections are major complications that can lead to critical outcomes. The aims of this study were to assess the incidence of and to determine the risk factors for LVAD-associated infections. METHODS: We included all consecutive patients undergoing LVAD implantation between January 1, 2010, and January 1, 2019, in a single institution. Infection-related data were retrospectively collected by review of patient's medical files. LVAD-associated infections were classified into three categories: percutaneous driveline infections, pocket infections and pump and/or cannula infections. RESULTS: We enrolled 72 patients. Twenty-one (29.2%) patients presented a total of 32 LVAD-associated infections. Eight (38.1%) patients had more than one infection. Five (62.5%) pocket infections and one (50.0%) pump and/or cannula infection were preceded by a driveline infection. The median delay between the operation and LVAD-associated infection was 6.5 (1.4-12.4) months. The probability of having a LVAD-associated infection at one year after receiving an implant was 26.6% (95% CI: 17.5-40.5%). Percutaneous driveline infections represented 68.7% of all LVAD-associated infections. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant bacteria in LVAD-associated infections (53.1% and 15.6%, respectively). Hospital length of stay (sdHR =1.22 per 10 days; P=0.001) and postoperative hemodialysis (sdHR =0.17; P=0.004) were statistically associated with infection. Colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria was more frequent in patients with LVAD-associated infections than in others patients (42.9% vs. 15.7%; P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: LVAD-associated infections remain an important complication and are mostly represented by percutaneous driveline infections. Gram-positive cocci are the main pathogens isolated in microbiological samples. Patients with LVAD-associated infections are more frequently colonized with multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Minimally invasive surgery for left ventricular assist device implantation is safe and associated with a decreased risk of right ventricular failure.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular failure (RVF) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to determine pre- and postoperative risk factors associated with the occurrence of RVF after LVAD implantation. METHODS: This retrospective study included 68 patients who received LVADs between 2010 and 2018 either for bridge to transplant (40 patients, 58.8%) or bridge to destination therapy (28 patients, 41.2%). RVF after LVAD implantation was defined according to the INTERMACS classification. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of RVF. The secondary endpoints were hospital mortality and morbidity and long-term survival. RESULTS: The majority of patients (61.8%) had an INTERMACS profile 1 (36.8%) or 2 (25.0%). The LVAD was implanted either by sternotomy (37 patients, 54.4%) or thoracotomy (31 patients, 45.6%). RVF after LVAD implantation was observed in 32 patients (47.1%). In univariate analysis, an elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (P=0.028) and a high preoperative vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) (P=0.028) were significantly associated with an increased risk of RVF, whereas the implantation of LVAD through a thoracotomy approach was associated with a significant reduction in this risk (P=0.006). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that only the thoracotomy approach was significantly associated with decreased risk of RVF (odds ratio =0.33, 95% confidence interval: 0.17-0.96; P=0.042). Hospital mortality was 53.1% and 5.6% in the RVF and control groups, respectively (P<0.0001). The incidence of stroke and postoperative acute renal failure were significantly increased in the RVF group compared with the control group. The survival after LVAD implantation was 33.5%±9.0% and 85.4%±6.0% at 1 year in the RVF and control groups, respectively (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: LVAD implantation by thoracotomy significantly reduced the risk of postoperative RVF. This surgical approach should, therefore, be favored.

The prothrombotic paradox of severe obesity after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is suggested to reduce postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) but perioperative hemostasis variations have not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the effects of severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥35kg/m(2)) on chest tube output (CTO) and hemostasis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively investigated 2799 consecutive patients who underwent coronary and/or valve surgery using CPB between 2008 and 2012. 204 patients (7.3%) presented a severe obesity. RESULTS: In the severe obesity group, the 6-h and 24-h CTO were significantly reduced by -21.8% and -14.8% respectively (P<0.0001) compared with the control group. A significant reduction of the mean number of red blood cell units transfused at 24h was observed in the severe obesity groups (P=0.01). On admission to the intensive care unit, a significant increase of platelet count (+9.2%; P<0.0001), fibrinogen level (+12.2%; P<0.0001) and prothrombin time (+4.1%; P<0.01) and a significant decrease of the activated partial thromboplastin time (-4.2%; P<0.01) were observed in the severe obesity group compared with the control group. In multivariate analysis, severe obesity was significantly associated to a decreased risk of excessive bleeding (24-h CTO >90th percentile; Odds ratio: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.82). No significant differences were observed regarding postoperative thromboembolic events between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Severe obesity is associated with a prothrombotic postoperative state that leads to a reduction of postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.