Increased factor XI but not factor XII is associated with enhanced inflammation and impaired fibrin clot properties in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVES: In eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) a prothrombotic state, including formation of denser fibrin networks with reduced lysability has been observed. Little is known about the intrinsic pathway in EGPA. We investigated whether coagulation factors (F)XI and FXII are associated with eosinophil-driven prothrombotic state. METHODS: In 34 consecutive EGPA patients with remission we assessed FXI and FXII levels along with plasma fibrin clot permeability (Ks), fibrin clot morphology using scanning electron microscopy, and efficiency of fibrinolysis, expressed as lysis time (t50%) and maximum rate of increase in D-dimer levels (D-Drate). RESULTS: Increased FXI level (>130%, the upper reference limit) was found in 8 (23.5%) patients. Compared to patients with FXI levels ≤130%, those with increased FXI had higher eosinophil count (+365%) and reduced percentage of neutrophils (-20.4%), along with reduced Ks (-20.5%). In patients with FXI>130% clots were composed of thinner fibrin fibers (-17.5%). FXI was not associated with C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels or anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies titers. There were no correlations between FXI and FXII levels as well as between FXII and eosinophil count (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the first to show association between FXI and a prothrombotic state in EGPA. Given clinical trials on FXI inhibition as an antithrombotic option, our findings suggest that this therapeutic approach could be useful in diseases with hypereosinophilia.

Biomarkers for predicting response to aspirin therapy in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin desensitization followed by daily aspirin use is an effective treatment for aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical features as well as genetic, immune, cytological and biochemical biomarkers that might predict a positive response to high-dose aspirin therapy in AERD. METHODS: We enrolled 34 AERD patients with severe asthma who underwent aspirin desensitization followed by 52-week aspirin treatment (650 mg/d). At baseline and at 52 weeks, clinical assessment was performed; phenotypes based on induced sputum cells were identified; eicosanoid, cytokine and chemokine levels in induced sputum supernatant were determined; and induced sputum expression of 94 genes was assessed. Responders to high-dose aspirin were defined as patients with improvement in 5-item Asthma Control Questionnaire score, 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) score and forced expiratory volume in 1 second at 52 weeks. RESULTS: There were 28 responders (82%). Positive baseline predictors of response included female sex (p = .002), higher SNOT-22 score (p = .03), higher blood eosinophil count (p = .01), lower neutrophil percentage in induced sputum (p = .003), higher expression of the hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase gene, HPGD (p = .004) and lower expression of the proteoglycan 2 gene, PRG2 (p = .01). The best prediction model included Asthma Control Test and SNOT-22 scores, blood eosinophils and total serum immunoglobulin E. Responders showed a marked decrease in sputum eosinophils but no changes in eicosanoid levels. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Female sex, high blood eosinophil count, low sputum neutrophil percentage, severe nasal symptoms, high HPGD expression and low PRG2 expression may predict a positive response to long-term high-dose aspirin therapy in patients with AERD.

Subphenotypes of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory disease-exacerbated respiratory disease identified by latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Induced sputum (IS) allows to measure mediators of asthmatic inflammation in bronchial secretions. NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD) is recognized as a distinct asthma phenotype, usually with a severe course, eosinophilic airway inflammation, and increased production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. A more insightful analysis of NERD patients has shown this phenotype to be nonhomogeneous. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify possible subphenotypes in a cohort of NERD patients with the means of latent class analysis (LCA). METHODS: A total of 95 asthma patients with aspirin hypersensitivity underwent sputum induction. High-performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to profile eicosanoids in induced sputum supernatant (ISS). Sixteen variables covering clinical characteristics, IS inflammatory cells, and eicosanoids were considered in the LCA. RESULTS: Three classes (subphenotypes) were distinguished within the NERD cohort. Class 1 subjects had mild-to-moderate asthma, an almost equal distribution of inflammatory cell patterns, the lowest concentrations of eicosanoids, and logLTE4 /logPGE2 ratio. Class 2 represented severe asthma with impaired lung function despite high doses of steroids. High sputum eosinophilia was in line with higher pro-inflammatory LTE4 in ISS and the highest logLTE4 /logPGE2 ratio. Class 3 subjects had mild-to-moderate asthma and were also characterized by eosinophilic airway inflammation, yet increased production of pro- (LTE4 , PGD2 and 11-dehydro-TBX2 ) was balanced by anti-inflammatory PGE2 . The value of logLTE4 /logPGE2 was between values calculated for classes 1 and 3, similarly to disease control and severity. CONCLUSIONS: LCA revealed three distinct NERD subphenotypes. Our results support a more complex pathobiology of aspirin hypersensitivity. Considering NERD heterogeneity, the relationship between inflammatory pathways and clinical manifestations of asthma may lead to more individualized treatment in difficult to treat patients in the future.

Artificial neural network identifies nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) cohort.

BACKGROUND: To date, there has been no reliable in vitro test to either diagnose or differentiate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of N-ERD in patients with asthma. METHODS: This study used a prospective database of patients with N-ERD (n = 121) and aspirin-tolerant (n = 82) who underwent aspirin challenge from May 2014 to May 2018. Eighteen parameters, including clinical characteristics, inflammatory phenotypes based on sputum cells, as well as eicosanoid levels in induced sputum supernatant (ISS) and urine were extracted for the ANN. RESULTS: The validation sensitivity of ANN was 94.12% (80.32%-99.28%), specificity was 73.08% (52.21%-88.43%), and accuracy was 85.00% (77.43%-92.90%) for the prediction of N-ERD. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.83 (0.71-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The designed ANN model seems to have powerful prediction capabilities to provide diagnosis of N-ERD. Although it cannot replace the gold-standard aspirin challenge test, the implementation of the ANN might provide an added value for identification of patients with N-ERD. External validation in a large cohort is needed to confirm our results.

Prostaglandin E2 decrease in induced sputum of hypersensitive asthmatics during oral challenge with aspirin.

BACKGROUND: A special regulatory role for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) has been postulated in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of systemic aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) administration on airway PGE2 biosynthesis in induced sputum supernatant (ISS) among subjects with NERD or aspirin-tolerant asthma with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (ATA-CRSwNP), as well as healthy controls (HC). METHODS: Induced sputum (IS) was collected from patients with NERD (n = 26), ATA-CRSwNP (n = 17), and HC (n = 21) at baseline and after aspirin challenge. Sputum differential cell count and IS supernatant (ISS) levels of prostanoids, PGE2 , 8-iso-PGE2 , tetranor-PGE-M, 8-iso-PGF2 α, and leukotriene C4 , D4 , and E4 , were determined using mass spectrometry. Urinary excretion of LTE4 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: NERD subjects had elevated sputum eosinophilic count as compared to ATA-CRSwNP and HC (median NERD 9.1%, ATA-CRSwNP 2.1%, and HC 0.4%; P < 0.01). Baseline ISS levels of PGE2 were higher in asthmatics as compared to HC at baseline (NERD vs HC P = 0.04, ATA-CRSwNP vs HC P < 0.05). Post-challenge ISS levels of PGE2 compared to baseline significantly decreased in NERD and HC (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01), but not in ATA-CRSwNP. In NERD, a similar decrease in PGE2 as in HC resulted from 2.8 times lower dose of aspirin. CONCLUSION: Aspirin-precipitated bronchoconstriction is associated with a decrease in airway PGE2 biosynthesis. These results support the mechanism of PGE2 biosynthesis inhibition as a trigger for bronchoconstriction in NERD.

Increased activity of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in non-severe asthma.

BACKGROUND: Given increased risk of cardiovascular events in asthma we hypothesized that lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), an enzyme involved in atherosclerosis, is associated with proinflammatory and prothrombotic blood alterations in this disease. METHODS: In 164 adult asthmatics (63 with severe asthma) we measured plasma Lp-PLA2 activity using the PLAC test. We determined its relations to inflammation and prothrombotic blood alterations. RESULTS: In asthma, Lp-PLA2 was inversely related to the age (ß = -0.1 [-0.18 to -0.02]) and was lower in women (n = 122 [74%], 205 [182-242] vs. 243 [203-262] nmol/min/ml, p = 0.001). Interestingly, Lp-PLA2 correlated negatively with the asthma severity score (ß = -0.15 [-0.23 to -0.07]), being 10.3% higher in those with non-severe (mild or moderate) asthma (n = 101, 62%) as compared to the severe disease subtype (224 [191-261] vs. 203 [181-229], p = 0.006 after adjustment for potential confounders). Lp-PLA2 activity was positively related to the levels of low-density lipoprotein (ß = 0.1 [0.02-0.18]), triglycerides (ß = 0.11 [0.03-0.19]) and glucose (ß = 0.1 [0.02-0.18]) and inversely to the tumor necrosis factor α (ß = -0.27 [-0.35 to -0.2]), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (ß = -0.1 [-0.19 to -0.02]) and fibrinogen (ß = -0.12 [-0.21 to -0.03]), as well as prothrombin (ß = -0.16 [-0.24 to -0.08]), and parameters describing thrombin generation potential, such as endogenous thrombin potential (ß = -0.14 [-0.21 to -0.06]) and peak thrombin generated (ß = -0.2 [-0.28 to -0.12]). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated Lp-PLA2 activity in non-severe asthmatics suggests increased atherosclerotic risk in this group. Lower Lp-PLA2 activity accompanied by its inverse relationship to inflammatory or prothrombotic blood biomarkers observed in turn in severe asthmatics might be related to the pathogenesis of more severe asthma phenotype.

Neutrophil extracellular traps formation in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: association with eosinophilic inflammation.

OBJECTIVES: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is associated with an inflammation and the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Thus, we investigated the impact of ANCAs and eosinophilic inflammation on neutrophil activation and extracellular traps (NETs) formation. METHODS: We recruited 29 patients in the remission of EGPA (17 ANCA-negative and 12 ANCA-positive, including 7 p-ANCA-positive and 5 c-ANCA-positive patients). Healthy donors' neutrophils were stimulated with EGPA patients' serum. NETs formation was assessed by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: EGPA patients presented enhanced ability to generate NETs compared to healthy subjects (20.3±8.2% vs. 2.7±1.5%, p=0.0036). However, there were no differences in NETs formation between ANCA-positive and ANCA-negative patients (23±11.2% vs. 17±6.1%, p=0.15). There was also no correlation between NETs generation and the amount of circulating DNA in EGPA patients. Among ANCA-positive patients, p-ANCA-positives showed the highest percentage of NETs as compared to cANCA-positive and ANCA-negative patients (27.3±10.3% vs. 17.8±10.5% and vs. 17±6.1%, both p<0.01, respectively). Eosinophils number correlated with the percentage of NETs in the whole EGPA group (r=0.53, p=0.039), but we failed to observe the correlation with an eosinophil cationic protein (r=0.49, p=0.058). CONCLUSIONS: EGPA patients' serum has the ability to induce NETosis with no regard to the ANCA status in contrast to other vasculitides, where p-ANCA were considered as the main factor. Interestingly, NETs formation in EGPA patients connected with the number of eosinophils might be of major relevance. Further studies are required to assess which eosinophil-derived factors might be responsible for the neutrophils activation in EGPA patients.

[Induced sputum supernatant prostaglandin E2 during oral aspirin challenge of asthmatic patients with and without aspirin hypersensitivity and healthy controls--pilot study]. / Wplyw dawki prowokacyjnej aspiryny na poziom prostaglandyny E2 w plwocinie indukowanej u chorych na astme z i bez nadwrazliwosci na aspiryne oraz u osób zdrowych--badanie pilotazowe.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate changes in the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in induced sputum supernatant in 3 groups: sub- jects with NSAID-exacerbated respira- tory disease (NERD), aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) and healthy controls (HC), before and after oral aspirin chal- lenge test. The study was conducted in the years 2014-2015 at the Clinical Department of the Pulmonology Clinic at the University Hospital in Cracow. 43 patients were enrolled in the study (NERD - n = 15, ATA - n = 15 and HC - n = 13). All of them underwent a placebo-controlled oral aspirin challenge. Sputum was induced 24 hours before the challenge and immediately after the test. Induced sputum was processed in order to obtain cystospin slides to depict inflammatory cell patterns and supernatants, in which PGE2 was measured. The concentration of PGE2 was determined using mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry - GC/MS). After aspirin challenge, the concentration of PGE2 in induced sputum supernatant decreased in both asthmatics hypersensitive to aspirin (p = 0.01) and those who tolerated aspirin well (p = 0.17). The change in the healthy control group was not statistically significant. These results support the cyclooxygenase theory of PGE2 inhibition by aspirin. However, the mechanism of bronchoconstriction after aspirin administration alone in patients with NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease remains unclear.

Clinical and biochemical factors for response to aspirin desensitization in aspirin-induced asthma patients ­ pilot study.

Aspirin desensitization is considered to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy for patients with Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory(NSAIDs)-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (NERD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of aspirin desensitization on inflammatory cell count in induced sputum and nasal lavage in fifteen NERD individuals subjected to one-year aspirin therapy. The decrease in induced sputum count of eosinophils and macrophages was observed. Clinical efficacy of aspirin therapy in improving nasal symptoms and quality of life in NERD patients was also confirmed.

Aspirin provocation increases 8-iso-PGE2 in exhaled breath condensate of aspirin-hypersensitive asthmatics.

BACKGROUND: Isoprostanes are bioactive compounds formed by non-enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mostly arachidonic, and markers of free radical generation during inflammation. In aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), asthmatic symptoms are precipitated by ingestion of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs capable for pharmacologic inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 isoenzyme. We investigated whether aspirin-provoked bronchoconstriction is accompanied by changes of isoprostanes in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). METHODS: EBC was collected from 28 AERD subjects and 25 aspirin-tolerant asthmatics before and after inhalatory aspirin challenge. Concentrations of 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-iso-PGE2, and prostaglandin E2 were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Leukotriene E4 was measured by immunoassay in urine samples collected before and after the challenge. RESULTS: Before the challenge, exhaled 8-iso-PGF2α, 8-iso-PGE2, and PGE2 levels did not differ between the study groups. 8-iso-PGE2 level increased in AERD group only (p=0.014) as a result of the aspirin challenge. Urinary LTE4 was elevated in AERD, both in baseline and post-challenge samples. Post-challenge airways 8-iso-PGE2 correlated positively with urinary LTE4 level (p=0.046), whereas it correlated negatively with the provocative dose of aspirin (p=0.027). CONCLUSION: A significant increase of exhaled 8-iso-PGE2 after inhalatory challenge with aspirin was selective and not present for the other isoprostane measured. This is a novel finding in AERD, suggesting that inhibition of cyclooxygenase may elicit 8-iso-PGE2 production in a specific mechanism, contributing to bronchoconstriction and systemic overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes.

[Low salicylate diet in hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]. / Dieta ubogosalicylanowa w nadwrazliwosci na niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne.

The article below shows different forms, patomechanisms and diagnostics criteria of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs based on available literature as well as up to date outlook on implementing low salicylate diet as a treatment.

Th2-type cytokine-induced mucus metaplasia decreases susceptibility of human bronchial epithelium to rhinovirus infection.

Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major cause of exacerbations in asthma and other chronic airway diseases. A characteristic feature of asthmatic epithelium is goblet cell metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion. Bronchial epithelium is also an important source of lipid mediators, including pro- and antiinflammatory eicosanoids. By using air-liquid interface cultures of airway epithelium from patients with asthma and nonasthmatic control subjects, we compared RV16 replication-induced changes in mRNA expression of asthma candidate genes and eicosanoid production in the epithelium with or without IL-13-induced mucus metaplasia. Mucus metaplastic epithelium was characterized by a 20-fold less effective replication of RV16 and blunted changes in gene expression; this effect was seen to the same extent in patients with asthma and control subjects. We identified ciliary cells as the main target for RV16 by immunofluorescence imaging and demonstrated that the numbers of ciliary cells decreased in RV16-infected epithelium. RV16 infection of mucociliary epithelium resulted in overexpression of genes associated with bronchial remodeling (e.g., MUC5AC, FGF2, and HBEGF), induction of cyclooxygenase-2, and increased secretion of prostaglandins. These responses were similar in both studied groups. These data indicate that structural changes associated with mucus metaplasia renders airway epithelium less susceptible to RV infection. Thus, exacerbations of the lung disease caused by RV may result from severe impairment in mucociliary clearance or activation of immune defense rather than from preferential infection of mucus metaplastic epithelium. Repeated rhinoviral infections of compromised epithelium may contribute to the remodeling of the airways.

Comparison of IGRA tests and TST in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection and predicting tuberculosis in risk groups in Krakow, Poland.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in risk groups in Krakow, using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test and the tuberculin skin test (TST); we also sought to assess the rate of progression to active disease over 4-5 y of follow-up. METHODS: QFT-GIT tests were performed on 785 subjects and the TST on 701 subjects from the risk groups of homeless persons, close contacts, periodic contacts, and residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs), and subjects from a low risk group. RESULTS: In homeless persons, close contacts, periodic contacts, LTCF residents, and low risk persons, a positive QFT-GIT was found in 36.7%, 27.2%, 27.0%, 21.1%, and 23.7% of subjects, respectively, while a positive TST was found in 55.8%, 47.4%, 47.6%, 43.2%, and 47.9%, respectively. Of 63 homeless subjects, 5 developed active TB over 248 person-y of follow-up (incidence rate (IR) 20 per 1000 person-y, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.4-48.5); of 148 close contacts, 5 developed active TB over 740 person-y of follow-up (IR 7, 95% CI 2.8-16.2); of 145 periodic contacts, 2 developed active TB over 580 person-y of follow-up (IR 4, 95% CI 0.9-13.8). The IR per 1000 person-y (95% CI) among subjects with a positive QFT-GIT was 30 (9.0-86.1) for homeless subjects, 18 (5.7-54.7) for close contacts, and 13 (3.2-51.3) for periodic contacts. In Poland there is no policy for the provision of LTBI treatment to people with a positive QFT or TST; therefore, the estimated rates of disease progression were analysed amongst untreated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of positive QFT-GIT and TST was high in the study risk groups. The best predictor of active TB in the homeless and close contacts groups was a positive QFT-GIT together with a positive TST.

Eicosanoid biosynthesis during mucociliary and mucous metaplastic differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells.

The purpose of this study was to examine the profile of eicosanoids secreted by human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) during their in vitro differentiation toward mucociliary or mucous metaplastic phenotype. Eicosanoids were measured in supernatants by mass spectrometry, and corresponding gene expression by real-time PCR. Primary HBEC produced mainly prostaglandins (PGE2, PGD2) and epoxides (e.g. 14,15-EET), but during further mucociliary differentiation we observed a gradual increase in secretion of lipoxygenase derived HETEs. Treatment with IL-13 and IL-4 induced mucous metaplasia and resulted in downregulation of PG pathway, and potent induction of 15-lipoxygenase (marked release of 15-HETE). The deficiency in PG production sustained during long term culture of mucous metaplastic epithelia. In conclusions, Th2-type cytokines induce changes in eicosanoid metabolism of airway epithelial cells, resulting in an immense induction of 15-lipoxygenase pathway, and inhibition of PG pathways. Deficient production of immunomodulatory PGs may promote chronic inflammation and airway remodeling.

Exacerbation of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) with heart involvement mimicking acute coronary syndrome.

A case of a 49-year-old male with exacerbation of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) with heart involvement mimicking acute coronary syndrome is presented. Institution of intensive immunosupresive treatment resulted in the improvement of clinical condition and systolic left ventricular function. Coronary angiography excluded atherosclerosis as a primary cause of heart damage.

Non-eosinophilic asthma in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug exacerbated respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: The cellular inflammatory pattern of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) is heterogeneous. However, data on the heterogeneity of non-eosinophilic asthma (NEA) with aspirin hypersensitivity are scanty. By examination of N-ERD patients based on clinical data and eicosanoid biomarkers we aimed to identify NEA endotypes potentially guiding clinical management. METHODS: Induced sputum was collected from patients with N-ERD. Sixty six patients (49.6% of 133 N-ERD) with NEA were included in the hierarchical cluster analysis based on clinical and laboratory data. The quality of clustering was evaluated using internal cluster validation with different indices and a practical decision tree was proposed to simplify stratification of patients. RESULTS: The most frequent NEA pattern was paucigranulocytic (PGA; 75.8%), remaining was neutrophilic asthma (NA; 24.2%). Four clusters were identified. Cluster #3 included the highest number of NEA patients (37.9%) with severe asthma and PGA pattern (96.0%). Cluster #1 (24.2%) included severe only asthma, with a higher prevalence of NA (50%). Cluster #2 (25.8%) comprised well-controlled mild or severe asthma (PGA; 76.5%). Cluster #4 contained only 12.1% patients with well-controlled moderate asthma (PGA; 62.5%). Sputum prostaglandin D2 levels distinguished cluster #1 from the remaining clusters with an area under the curve of 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: Among identified four NEA subtypes, clusters #3 and #1 represented N-ERD patients with severe asthma but a different inflammatory signatures. All the clusters were discriminated by sputum PGD2 levels, asthma severity, and age of patients. The heterogeneity of non-eosinophilic N-ERD suggests a need for novel targeted interventions.

Increased production of IL-5 and dominant Th2-type response in airways of Churg-Strauss syndrome patients.

OBJECTIVE: Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare systemic vasculitis associated with eosinophilia and asthma. We assessed the local immune response in airways of CSS patients with different activity of the disease. METHODS: Concentration of IL-5, CCL17, CCL22 and CCL26 (ELISA) together with cell expression of T-helper-related genes (real-time PCR array) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) sampled from 11 patients with active CSS, 11 patients with CSS in remission and 9 control subjects with bronchial asthma. RESULTS: In active CSS, both BALF and blood eosinophil counts were increased (P<0.01). BALF cells in active disease were characterized by an increased expression of Th2 and regulatory-type transcripts: STAT6, STAT3, GATA3, IL4, IL5 and IL10 as compared with asthmatics, and STAT5A, CCR4, FOXP3, IL4, IL5 and IL10 when compared with inactive CSS. There was significant increase in BALF concentration of IL-5 and CCL26 in exacerbation of CSS. CCR4-active chemokines were detected more frequently in active disease. We found a strong positive correlation between clinical parameters of disease activity (BVAS, eosinophilia) and expression of IL4, IL5, IL10 and STAT5A. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that as compared with asthma, active-CSS patients have much stronger local Th2 response in the airways. Airway cells may contribute to lung eosinophilia in CSS by producing IL-5 and eosinophil active chemokines.