The effect of insulin resistance and exercise on the percentage of CD16(+) monocyte subset in obese individuals.

UNLABELLED: Obesity is a low-grade chronic inflammation condition, and macrophages, and possibly monocytes, are involved in the pathological outcomes of obesity. Physical exercise is a low-cost strategy to prevent and treat obesity, probably because of its anti-inflammatory action. We evaluated the percentage of CD16(-) and CD16(+) monocyte subsets in obese insulin-resistant individuals and the effect of an exercise bout on the percentage of these cells. Twenty-seven volunteers were divided into three experimental groups: lean insulin sensitive, obese insulin sensitive and obese insulin resistant. Venous blood samples collected before and 1 h after an aerobic exercise session on a cycle ergometer were used for determination of monocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Insulin-resistant obese individuals have a higher percentage of CD16(+) monocytes (14.8 ± 2.4%) than the lean group (10.0 ± 1.3%). A positive correlation of the percentage of CD16(+) monocytes with body mass index and fasting plasma insulin levels was found. One bout of moderate exercise reduced the percentage of CD16(+) monocytes by 10% in all the groups evaluated. Also, the absolute monocyte count, as well as all other leukocyte populations, in lean and obese individuals, increased after exercise. This fact may partially account for the observed reduction in the percentage of CD16(+) cells in response to exercise. Insulin-resistant, but not insulin-sensitive obese individuals, have an increased percentage of CD16(+) monocytes that can be slightly modulated by a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise. These findings may be clinically relevant to the population studied, considering the involvement of CD16(+) monocytes in the pathophysiology of obesity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Obesity is now considered to be an inflammatory condition associated with many pathological consequences, including insulin resistance. It is proposed that insulin resistance contributes to the aggravation of the inflammatory dysfunction in obesity. The effect of obesity on the percentage of monocytes was previously observed in class II and III obese individuals who presented other alterations in addition to insulin resistance. In this study we observed that insulin-resistant obese individuals, but not insulin-sensitive ones, had an increased percentage of CD14(+) CD16(+) monocytes. This fact shows that a dysfunction of the monocyte percentage in class I obese individuals is only seen when this condition is associated with insulin resistance.

Inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers as determinants of functional capacity in patients with COPD assessed by 6-min walk test-derived outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Reduction in functional capacity is a negative clinical outcome of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies have shown association between inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and functional capacity. However, it is unclear whether these biomarkers are associated with outcomes of functional capacity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether plasma biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress are predictors of the 6-min walking test (6MWT)-derived outcomes. METHODS: Twenty COPD patients were assessed on three consecutive days with different clinical measures, including functional capacity, and blood sampling. Plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-ɑ, IL-10 and soluble TNF-ɑ receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) were determined by immunoassays. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining lipid peroxidation products based on the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and total antioxidant capacity of plasma. Functional capacity was assessed considering the six-minute walking distance (6MWD) and the estimate of six-minute walking work (6MWW). The association between biomarkers (i.e. inflammation and oxidative stress) and functional exercise capacity was investigated through the Pearson's correlation coefficient. To identify the determinants of the 6MWT, multiple linear stepwise regression analyses were performed with adjustment for age, sex and GOLD classification. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male (65%), with mean age of 64 years and moderate airflow obstruction and impaired functional capacity. There were positive correlations between SOD activity and 6MWD (r = 0.520; p = 0.02) and 6MWW (r = 0.554; p = 0.01), as well as a negative correlation between sTNF-R1 and 6MWD (r = -0.437; p = 0.05). SOD was an independent determinant of the functional capacity, explaining 23% of the variability of 6MWD (p = 0.019) and 27% of the variability of 6MWW (p = 0.011). sTNF-R1 levels were associated with 6MWD and, together with SOD explained 40% of variability in 6MWD (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: SOD activity was an independent determinant of performance in the 6MWT, and together with sTNFR1 explained 40% of the variations in walking distance in COPD patients. SOD activity and sTNFR1 levels might be seen as potential biomarkers of the functional capacity in patients with COPD.

Cardiorespiratory responses in different types of squats and frequencies of whole body vibration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study aims to investigate the cardiorespiratory responses to different vibration frequencies to characterize the intensity of exercise, as well as to compare the effect of two types of squatting exercises (static and dynamic) on the whole body vibration (WBV) exercise in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-six subjects were divided and paired into healthy and COPD groups that performed static squatting associated with WBV (frequencies: 30, 35, and 40 Hz; amplitude: 2 mm) and dynamic squatting associated with WBV (frequency: 35 Hz; amplitude 2 mm) on a vertical vibration platform. Oxygen consumption (V̇o2), heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (V̇e), ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen production (V̇e/V̇o2), ratio of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production (V̇e/V̇co2), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rating of perceived exertion were measured. For both groups, there was a decrease in V̇e/V̇o2 and V̇e/V̇co2 ratios during static and dynamic squats, as well as an increase in other cardiorespiratory parameters, and no significant difference existed between them. There was an effect of the type of squat on the HR variation; the values in the static squat were higher than those of the dynamic squat in both groups. There was a significant difference with a reduction in SpO2 at 40 Hz frequency when compared with 30 Hz in the COPD group. The other variables behaved similarly between the frequencies. The WBV exercise, regardless of the frequencies used, represented a mild effort that promoted cardiorespiratory response in COPD, with greater responses in the static squat and no adverse effect. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed that an acute session of light exercise of whole body vibration (WBV) can increase the cardiorespiratory responses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reaching values similar to that of the control group. The results might contribute, therefore, to the elaboration of exercise protocols with WBV for the treatment of patients with COPD during rehabilitation. Thus, future studies referring to training on the vibratory platform could use these exercise parameters and demonstrate possible long-term benefits.

Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Inflammatory Markers in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Pilot Study.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) has gained prominence in the rehabilitation of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because it is a safe and low intensity exercise that promises beneficial effects on physical performance and quality of life. However, its effects on plasma cytokine levels in COPD are still unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the acute effects of WBV on inflammatory biomarkers in people with COPD. Twenty-six participants, COPD people (n=13) and healthy controls (n=13), were included. Both groups performed WBV at amplitude of 2 mm and frequency of vibration of 35 Hz, during six series of 30 seconds. They were assessed for lung function, body composition, 6-minute walking test (6MWT), handgrip strength test, plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) receptors (sTNFR-1 and sTNFR-2). People with COPD had moderate disease [forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) = 58.1%], as well as a worse performance in the 6MWT. The plasma cytokine profile at rest showed that participants with COPD had higher levels of IL-8 and lower levels of IL-10. After one session of WBV, we found an increased plasma IL-10 level in the COPD group, with similar levels for healthy controls. One session of WBV modified the plasma IL-10 level. No effects were found on the other investigated cytokines.

Whole body vibration training increases physical measures and quality of life without altering inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers in patients with moderate COPD.

Whole body vibration training (WBVT) has been identified as an alternative intervention to improve exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the effect of WBVT on inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers remains unknown. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of WBVT on quality of life and physical and inflammatory-oxidative parameters in patients with COPD. Twenty patients were equally divided into 1) an intervention group (IG) that performed the WBVT, and 2) a control group (CG) that did not receive any intervention. Intervention consisted in performing static squatting on a vibrating platform, in six series of 30 s, 3 days/wk, for 12 wk. Patients were evaluated for plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, soluble receptors of TNF-α; white cell count; plasma levels of oxidant and antioxidant markers; 6-min walking distance (6MWD); peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak); handgrip strength; quality of life; timed 5-chair sit-to-stand (5STS); and timed get-up and go test (TUG). After WBVT, patients from IG showed a significant increase in the 6MWD, V̇o2peak, and handgrip strength ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, patients from the IG reached minimal clinically important difference regarding quality of life. No significant differences were found in 5STS, TUG, inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers, and white cell count in the IG. The CG did not show significant improvement in all assessments ( P > 0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrated that the WBVT induced clinically significant benefits regarding exercise capacity, muscle strength, and quality of life in patients with COPD that were not related to inflammatory-oxidative biomarker changes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whole body vibration training is a new option for nonpharmacological treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study showed the potential of this training to improve exercise capacity, quality of life, and muscle strength in patients with COPD. Furthermore, to our knowledge this was the first study showing that vibration exercise does not modify the plasma levels of inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers, suggesting that the beneficial effects on physical measures and quality of life are independent of changes in biomarkers.