RESUMO
Fuel subsidies in Nigeria are enormous - around USD 3.9 billion - almost double the health budget. Such subsidies come at great cost: the opportunity costs of such spending on other development objectives are large; the distribution of resources to the state governments is reduced; the vast majority of the subsidy goes to better off Nigerians; and cheaper petrol encourages greater pollution, congestion and climate change. Despite this, most Nigerians oppose the reduction of subsidies. We draw on a new nationally representative household survey that asked Nigerian men and women about their knowledge and attitudes towards subsidies. We construct and test a set of hypotheses about the factors associated with support for subsidy reform. We find that those who pay more or who experience less availability of fuel tend to support reform more. On the other hand, people who believe the Government is corrupt or lacks the capacity to implement compensation programs appear strongly opposed to reform. Finally, being religious and the delivery of reasonable national and local services also improves the acceptance of reform. These results support the idea that building a social contract is key to reform success.
RESUMO
The use of supraphysiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids can have serious side effects. This article reports the case of a young man who suffered potentially life-threatening arterial thromboses following the use of these drugs.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Artéria Femoral , Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Trombose/induzido quimicamente , Artérias da Tíbia , Levantamento de Peso , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Infarto do Baço/etiologia , Trombose/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The accurate diagnosis of dysplasia or carcinoma within ampullary lesions can be difficult, but, when possible, identifies patients who require endoscopic or surgical resection, respectively. The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in diagnosing these lesions and the degree of dysplasia is unclear. METHODS: Patients with lesions of the ampulla were identified over 5 years. Patients who did not undergo EUS were compared with those who did. RESULTS: A total of 27 of 58 (47%) patients were investigated with EUS. Pretreatment diagnoses were correct in 93% of the EUS group vs. 78% of the no-EUS group. Rates of diagnostic accuracy in low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) were 72%, 20% and 96%, respectively, in the no-EUS group, and 93%, 50% and 100%, respectively, in the EUS group. Every diagnosis of LGD in the EUS group was correct, whereas these diagnoses accounted for the majority of errors (eight of 13) in the no-EUS group. High-grade dysplasia was frequently misdiagnosed. More patients were treated by endoscopic resection in the EUS group (12 of 27 vs. five of 31; P= 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasound increases the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of ampullary lesions and is particularly useful in patients with LGD because it permits safe endoscopic management. Patients with HGD must be reviewed carefully and considered for pancreatoduodenectomy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Ampola Hepatopancreática/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/diagnóstico por imagem , Endossonografia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/terapia , Adenoma/patologia , Adenoma/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ampola Hepatopancreática/patologia , Ampola Hepatopancreática/cirurgia , Biópsia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/patologia , Neoplasias do Ducto Colédoco/terapia , Erros de Diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the delivery of HIV prevention and treatment services globally. To mitigate the negative consequences of the pandemic, service providers and communities adapted and accelerated an array of HIV interventions to meet the needs of people living with HIV and people at risk of acquiring HIV in diverse geographical and epidemiological settings. As a result of these adaptations, services such as HIV treatment showed programmatic resilience and remained relatively stable in 2020 and into the first half of 2021. To review lessons learned and suggest which novel approaches to sustain, UNAIDS convened a virtual consultation on Feb 1-2, 2022, which was attended by a range of stakeholders from different areas of global HIV response.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , COVID-19 , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , AceleraçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A dislocation of the temporomandibular joint represents three percent of all reported dislocated joints.The treatment entails reduction of the deformity and this can often be achieved in a ward setting. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 29-year-old Caucasian man with a non-traumatic bilateral anterior temporomandibular joint dislocation. Following several unsuccessful attempts, due to both inadequate patient analgesia and sedation, joint reduction had to be performed in theatre with the patient under general anesthesia. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of providing the patient with adequate analgesia and sedation when attempting the reduction of temporomandibular joint dislocations.