RESUMO
Helminth infections are the cause of morbidity in Cambodian cattle but other factors such as nutritional deficiencies and concurrent diseases may enhance the effects of parasites. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of anthelmintic treatment, feed supplementation, or both on gastrointestinal strongyle (GIS) and trematode infections as well as on morbidity parameters in Cambodian village cattle. At the beginning of the dry season, cattle populations in six villages were randomly assigned to a group: (A) receiving anthelmintic treatment (ivermectin+clorsulon) at week 0; (P) feed pellet supplementation during week 0-13 or both (AP). On five visits (week 0-29), faecal and blood samples were obtained for parasitological examination and haematocrit determination, respectively. Body condition (BCS), hind quarter fouling (HQFS), diarrhoea (DS), and conjunctiva colour (FAMACHA©) were scored and heart girth circumference was determined. To investigate the impact of treatment over time (week 0-29), a mixed model was used with treatment, time, and their interaction as fixed effects, and animal and village as random factors. At baseline, the proportion of GIS positive animals was high (67.9%), whereas trematode infections were low (Paramphistomum: 8.8%; Fasciola: 2.6%). Very thin to emaciated cattle (BCS 1-2) were more prevalent (11.4%) and FAMACHA© scores of ≤3 or below (65.8%) less prevalent than in an earlier study in the region. A Time ⨯ Treatment interaction was present for faecal egg counts (FEC) of GIS, GIS prevalence (both p<0.0001), PCV (p=0.0034), DS (p=0.0086) and HQFS (p=0.0241). For GIS FEC, treatment groups differed at a specific time point, with levels of treatment group P being higher than in A at week 6 (p=0.0054). For Paramphistomum prevalence as well as FAMACHA© scoring, heart girth and BCS, the interaction between treatment and time was not significant, yet, time in itself had a significant impact on all (p<0.0001). The beneficial effects of protein supplementation were unclear from the current study.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Camboja/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fasciola/efeitos dos fármacos , Fasciolíase/tratamento farmacológico , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Feminino , Hematócrito/veterinária , Enteropatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Masculino , Morbidade , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Paramphistomatidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Trematódeos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was investigated in five dairy cattle herds in Hokkaido, where 36.1 and 17.0% of cattle were BLV and BIV seropositive, respectively, and 9.9% of dams were co-infected with both BIV and BLV. Twenty six cases of offspring born from dams infected with only BLV (17 cases) or with both BIV and BLV (9 cases) were examined for the presence of BLV and BIV before and after colostrum feeding by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and syncytium assay. After birth, all calves were separated immediately from their dams. The offspring born from BLV-positive dams were BLV-negative before colostrum feeding, suggesting that no transplacental transmission had occurred. Thereafter, these offspring were fed colostrum or milk from their dams, but still remained BLV-negative. The other offspring born from BLV-positive dams were fed with BLV-negative colostrum, or with pasteurized BLV-positive colostrum. All these calves remained negative for BLV infection, suggesting that in utero transmission of BLV is negligible. In the case of offspring born from dams co-infected with BLV and BIV, calves were BIV-positive before colostrum feeding at 1 day after the birth, indicating in utero transmission of BIV. After colostrum feeding from their dams, newborn calves became BLV-positive. In addition, one calf was BLV-positive even before colostrum feeding. These results suggest that BIV can be transmitted to offspring in utero, and that BLV can be transmitted through colostrum or milk if dams are infected with both BIV and BLV.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/transmissão , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/veterinária , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Colostro/virologia , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Feminino , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/imunologia , Japão/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/transmissão , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/imunologia , Leite/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Serological survey of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection was conducted in dairy cattle from 10 different regions of Hokkaido, Japan. Among 390 cattle, 11.0% of cattle were BIV-seropositive and 3.3% were BLV-seropositive. Moreover, in two dairy farms, where bovine leukosis has been reported, prevalence of BIV infections were 6.4 and 9.1%, respectively. In contrast, among 150 beef cattle, 16.6% were BIV-seropositive while none was BLV-seropositive. Dual infections with BLV and BIV in dairy cattle were tested by using 107 BLV-seropositive sera, and 20 sera were found BIV-positive (18.7%). These results indicate that BIV infection was widespread in Hokkaido.
Assuntos
Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/imunologia , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/imunologia , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/virologia , Feminino , Japão , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Masculino , Carne , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
A seroepidemiological study of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections was conducted in four different cattle herds in Turkey. A total of 300 blood samples were analyzed and 12.3% were found to be positive for anti-BIV p26 antibodies by Western blot analysis and 1.6% positive for anti-BLV gp51 antibodies by an immunodiffusion test. BIV infection was confirmed with the detection of BIV-provirus DNA using the nested polymerase chain reaction. This is the first evidence for the presence of BIV in cattle in Turkey.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/imunologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Western Blotting/veterinária , Bovinos , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Imunodifusão/veterinária , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Turquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We report herein on the first evidence for the presence of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Zambia. Serological surveillance of BIV and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was conducted in traditional cattle herds in Zambia. Out of a total of 262 sera analyzed, 11.4% were found positive for anti-BIV p26 antibodies as determined by Western blot analysis, while 5.0% were positive for anti-BLV gp51 antibodies as detected by immunodiffusion test. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BIV seropositive cattle were found to have BIV-provirus DNA, as detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. A nucleotide sequence corresponding to a 298 bp fragment of the BIV pol gene was also analyzed. Amino acid sequences of these Zambian pol gene products showed 98.0 to 100% homology to the American strain BIV R29, 97.0 to 99.0% to Japanese BIV isolates, and divergence ranged from 0.0 to 2.0% among Zambian BIV isolates.
Assuntos
Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Western Blotting/veterinária , Bovinos , DNA Viral/química , DNA Viral/genética , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Genes pol/genética , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/genética , Imunodifusão/veterinária , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Zâmbia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Data on the worldwide distribution of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is limited. A prevalence study of antibodies to BIV and BLV was conducted in six different cattle herds in Brazil. Out of a total of 238 sera analyzed, 11.7% were found positive for anti-BIV p26 antibodies as determined by Western blot analysis, 2.1% were positive for anti-BLV gp51 antibodies as detected by immunodiffusion test. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BIV seropositive cattle were found to have BIV-provirus DNA, as detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. A nucleotide sequence corresponding to a 298 bp fragment of the BIV pol gene was also analyzed. Amino acid sequences of these Brazilian pol gene products showed 98.0 to 100% homology to the American strain BIV R29, 97.0 to 99.0% to Japanese BIV isolates, and divergence ranged from 0 to 4.0% among Brazilian BIV isolates. This evidence of the presence of BIV and BLV infections in Brazil should be considered a health risk to Brazilian cattle populations and a potential causative agent of chronic disease in cattle.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Vírus da Leucemia Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/complicações , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/epidemiologia , Leucose Enzoótica Bovina/virologia , Feminino , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Bovina/genética , Infecções por Lentivirus/complicações , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
Prevalence and seasonal variations of helminth infections and their association with morbidity parameters were studied in traditionally reared Cambodian cattle. Four villages in two provinces of West Cambodia were visited on monthly intervals over a period of 11 months, during which 2391 animals were faecal and blood sampled for parasitological and haematological examinations. The body condition score (BCS), faecal consistency (diarrhoea score, DS), colour of the ocular conjunctivae (FAMACHA(©)) and packed cell volume were determined for each individual animal. The overall proportion of samples that was positive for gastrointestinal nematodes was 52%, 44% and 37% in calves (from 1 to 6 months), young animals (6 to 24 months) and adults (over 24 months), respectively, while geometric mean faecal egg counts (FECs) for each of these age categories were 125, 66 and 15 eggs per gram, respectively. Six genera of strongyles were found in the faecal cultures, i.e. in descending order of occurrence, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Mecistocirrus and Bunostomum. The prevalences of Fasciola and Paramphistomum, estimated by coprological examination, varied between 5-20% and 45-95%, respectively. Logistic mixed models were used to investigate associations of morbidity markers with the presence of parasite infection. A low BCS was associated with gastrointestinal nematode and liver fluke infections, and soft faecal consistency with Paramphistomum infections. However, other factors such as nutritional deficiencies and intercurrent diseases are likely to enhance the effects of parasites and should therefore be considered when using these morbidity parameters as indicators of parasitism.