Managing Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions: A 10-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common global issue in pediatrics. Most of the ingested FBs pass through the gastrointestinal tract, but up to 20% of cases require endoscopic removal. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed all pediatric cases of FB ingestion requiring endoscopic removal over a 10-year period in a tertiary hospital to compare the symptoms at presentation and outcomes with those reported in previous studies and to assess the association of the outcomes with patient and FB characteristics. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of children 16 years or younger who underwent upper endoscopy for FB ingestion from 2008 to 2018 in a tertiary hospital was included. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, characteristics of FBs, endoscopic findings, and outcomes were reviewed. The clinical data were further evaluated to determine the circumstances surrounding FB ingestion, FB management, and patient outcomes. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed using medians, frequencies, and percentage; χ2 or Fisher exact test was used to assess the dependence between categorical variables. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients (median age, 5.1 years; 67% males) underwent endoscopy for suspected FB ingestion, with a confirmation rate of 91%. Coins were the most commonly ingested FBs (n = 49, 57%). Most patients were symptomatic (84%); 97% of patients in whom the FB had an esophageal location and all patients in whom the FB was not detected by endoscopy were symptomatic (P = 0.007). The most frequent symptoms were drooling (70%) and unexplained crying (48%). Unexplained crying was more common in younger than in older patients (P < 0.001). The FB was more likely to be located in the esophagus in patients with drooling (P < 0.001) and dysphagia (P < 0.001). The distribution of FB location differed according to the FB type, with coins most frequently located in the esophagus and sharp and other FBs in the stomach (P = 0.023). Only 7 patients (8%) developed mild FB-related mucosal injury. No complications occurred during FB removal. All patients had an uneventful outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign body ingestion is common among younger children, and the clinical presentation can be variable. The presence or absence of symptoms, as well as the type of symptom, could aid clinicians in implementing diagnosis and proper management approaches in patients who ingest FBs requiring endoscopy.

The management of colonic polyps in children: a 13-year retrospective study.

The aim of this study was to describe the frequency, major symptoms, and characteristics of colonic polyps in a cohort of children. A retrospective chart review of patients aged ≤ 18 years who were diagnosed with colonic polyp(s) from 2006 to 2019 in a tertiary hospital was included. Data collected included demographics, clinical presentation, interval of time between the onset of symptoms and the endoscopic diagnosis of colonic polyps, family history, characteristics of the polyp, and associated lesions. Over the study period, 35 Caucasian children were diagnosed with juvenile colonic polyps. Twenty-three patients (65.7%) were males. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding of a mean duration of 5.3 ± 4.9 months was the presenting symptom in nearly all cases (n = 34, 97%), and it was isolated in 17 patients. Clinical presentation did not significantly vary according to the age or the location or size of the polyp (p = 0.262, p = 1.000, and p = 0.149, respectively). The polyps were mainly located in the left colon (n = 29, 83%). Right colonic polyps were significantly larger than left colonic polyps (p = 0.037).Conclusion: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding represents the most common presentation of colonic polyps in children. Right-sided colonic polyps occur and may be even larger than left-sided ones. A total colonoscopy is therefore mandatory for all cases of suspected colonic polyps. This study represents a real-life contribution, and it can help improve the management strategies of this condition in childhood. What is Known: • Colonic polyps are quite common in children. • The majority of pediatric colonic polyps are solitary, benign, and located in the left colon. What is New: • Right-sided colonic polyps occur and may be even larger than left-sided ones. • A total colonoscopy is mandatory for all cases of suspected colonic polyps.

Green endoscopy, one step toward a sustainable future: Literature review.

Rapid climate change or climate crisis is one of the most serious emergencies of the 21st century, accounting for highly impactful and irreversible changes worldwide. Climate crisis can also affect the epidemiology and disease burden of gastrointestinal diseases because they have a connection with environmental factors and nutrition. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a highly intensive procedure with a significant contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, endoscopy is the third highest generator of waste in healthcare facilities with significant contributions to carbon footprint. The main sources of direct carbon emission in endoscopy are use of high-powered consumption devices (e.g. computers, anesthesia machines, wash machines for reprocessing, scope processors, and lighting) and waste production derived mainly from use of disposable devices. Indirect sources of emissions are those derived from heating and cooling of facilities, processing of histological samples, and transportation of patients and materials. Consequently, sustainable endoscopy and climate change have been the focus of discussions between endoscopy providers and professional societies with the aim of taking action to reduce environmental impact. The term "green endoscopy" refers to the practice of gastroenterology that aims to raise awareness, assess, and reduce endoscopy´s environmental impact. Nevertheless, while awareness has been growing, guidance about practical interventions to reduce the carbon footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy are lacking. This review aims to summarize current data regarding the impact of endoscopy on GHG emissions and possible strategies to mitigate this phenomenon. Further, we aim to promote the evolution of a more sustainable "green endoscopy".

Correction: Green endoscopy, one step toward a sustainable future: Literature review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1055/a-2303-8621.].

Moderate Sedation or Deep Sedation for ERCP: What Are the Preferences in the Literature?

One of the most essential procedures for individuals with biliopancreatic disorders is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is based on the combination of endoscopy and radiology to study the biliopancreatic ducts and apply therapeutic solutions. ERCP is currently used to treat choledocholithiasis with or without cholangitis, as well as pancreatic duct stones, benign bile, and pancreatic leaks. On the other hand, ERCP is an unpleasant procedure that must be conducted under anesthetic (moderate sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia). With procedures becoming more challenging, the role of anesthesia in ERCP has become even more relevant, and the use of general anesthesia has become better defined. In the last decades, many drugs have been used and some new drugs, like dexmedetomidine, have been recently introduced for sedation or anesthesia during ERCP. Moreover, the scientific community is still divided on the level of sedation to be applied, as well as on appropriate airway management. We therefore performed a narrative review of the literature to assess currently available anesthetic medications for elective ERCP and evidence supporting their effectiveness.

Efficacy of 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbate versus 4 L polyethylene glycol in split-dose for colonoscopy cleansing in out and inpatient: A multicentre, randomized trial (OVER 2019).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adequate bowel cleansing is essential for colonoscopy quality. A novel 1 L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbate (1 L PEG+ASC) solution has been recently introduced. Nevertheless, the efficacy of 1 L PEG+ASC as compared to that of high-volume bowel preparation in both inpatients and outpatients is still unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This single-blinded, non-inferiority study randomized patients undergoing colonoscopy to receive split-dose 1 L PEG+ASC or 4 L PEG. The primary endpoint was the overall cleansing success. Secondary endpoints were excellent cleansing and high-quality cleansing of the right colon, as well as lesions detection rate, patient compliance, tolerability and safety. RESULTS: Overall, 478 patients were randomized to 1 L PEG+ASC (N = 236) or 4 L PEG (N = 242). The 1 L PEG+ASC showed higher cleansing success rate (91.8% vs 83.6%; P=0.01) and a high-quality cleansing of the right colon (52.3% and 38.5%; P=0.004) compared to 4 L PEG. Moreover, 1 L PEG+ASC achieved a higher cleansing success in out-patients (96.3%% vs 88.6%; P=0.018), and a similar success rate in the in-patients (84.7% vs 76.7%; P=0.18). Adenoma detection rate, tolerability and incidence of adverse events were comparable between preparations. CONCLUSIONS: The 1 L PEG+ASC showed higher efficacy in achieving adequate colon cleansing compared with 4 L PEG, particularly in the right colon. No differences in the tolerability and safety were detected.

Diagnosis and Management of Esophagogastric Varices.

Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a potentially fatal complication of clinically significant portal hypertension and is one of the most common causes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Thus, esophagogastric varices represent a major economic and population health issue. Patients with advanced chronic liver disease typically undergo an upper endoscopy to screen for esophagogastric varices. However, upper endoscopy is not recommended for patients with liver stiffness < 20 KPa and platelet count > 150 × 109/L as there is a low probability of high-risk varices. Patients with high-risk varices should receive primary prophylaxis with either nonselective beta-blockers or endoscopic band ligation. In cases of AVB, patients should receive upper endoscopy within 12 h after resuscitation and hemodynamic stability, whereas endoscopy should be performed as soon as possible if patients are unstable. In cases of suspected variceal bleeding, starting vasoactive therapy as soon as possible in combination with endoscopic treatment is recommended. On the other hand, in cases of uncontrolled bleeding, balloon tamponade or self-expandable metal stents can be used as a bridge to more definitive therapy such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. This article aims to offer a comprehensive review of recommendations from international guidelines as well as recent updates on the management of esophagogastric varices.

Endoscopic Ultrasound Advanced Techniques for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) are subepithelial lesions (SELs) that commonly develop in the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs, unlike other SELs, can exhibit malignant behavior, so differential diagnosis is critical to the decision-making process. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is considered the most accurate imaging method for diagnosing and differentiating SELs in the gastrointestinal tract by assessing the lesions precisely and evaluating their malignant risk. Due to their overlapping imaging characteristics, endosonographers may have difficulty distinguishing GISTs from other SELs using conventional EUS alone, and the collection of tissue samples from these lesions may be technically challenging. Even though it appears to be less effective in the case of smaller lesions, histology is now the gold standard for achieving a final diagnosis and avoiding unnecessary and invasive treatment for benign SELs. The use of enhanced EUS modalities and elastography has improved the diagnostic ability of EUS. Furthermore, recent advancements in artificial intelligence systems that use EUS images have allowed them to distinguish GISTs from other SELs, thereby improving their diagnostic accuracy.

Use of catheter-based cholangioscopy in the diagnosis of indeterminate stenosis: a multi-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Direct bile ducts visualization through cholangioscopy has gained popularity due to its better diagnostic accuracy than a standard ERCP in indeterminate biliary stricture. AIM: We aimed to review our catheter-based cholangioscopy interventions in patients with indeterminate biliary stenosis, using the SpyGlass Direct Visualization System (SDVS) and summarize our experience in terms of procedures and results. RESULTS: we collected 25 consecutive patients with indeterminate biliary stricture over 3 years. The overall procedural success in our cohort amounted to 96% (24/25). If we focus on the diagnostic procedures, the ability to merely visualize the region of interest/lesion and perform biopsy of the lesion was possible in 96 % (24/25) In our cohort localization in the common bile duct (P = 0.03; 95 % CI 0.27-0.96) was found as positive determining factor for diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for visual diagnosis by SDVS in our cohort were 100, 83.3 and 96 %, respectively. The use of biopsy or obtaining a histological diagnosis to assist in identifying patients with malignant stenosis, to exclude malignancy and to correctly classify diagnosed patients resulted in a sensitivity of 100 %, a specificity of 73% % with an overall accuracy of 94.4 %. Only a mild adverse event (cholangitis, treated conservatively) occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Today, the SDVS should be considered essential in diagnosing indeterminate biliary strictures, since the procedure is associated with high procedural success in terms of diagnostic accuracy, alters clinical outcome in over 80 % of considered insolvable cases, with an acceptable safety profile.

Recognizing the Emergent and Submerged Iceberg of the Celiac Disease: ITAMA Project-Global Strategy Protocol.

Coeliac disease (CD) is frequently underdiagnosed with a consequent heavy burden in terms of morbidity and health care costs. Diagnosis of CD is based on the evaluation of symptoms and anti-transglutaminase antibodies IgA (TGA-IgA) levels, with values above a tenfold increase being the basis of the biopsy-free diagnostic approach suggested by present guidelines. This study showcased the largest screening project for CD carried out to date in school children (n=20,000) aimed at assessing the diagnostic accuracy of minimally invasive finger prick point-of-care tests (POCT) which, combined with conventional celiac serology and the aid of an artificial intelligence-based system, may eliminate the need for intestinal biopsy. Moreover, this study delves deeper into the "coeliac iceberg" in an attempt to identify people with disorders who may benefit from a gluten-free diet, even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, abnormal serology and histology. This was achieved by looking for TGA-IgA mucosal deposits in duodenal biopsy. This large European multidisciplinary health project paves the way to an improved quality of life for patients by reducing the costs for diagnosis due to delayed findings of CD and to offer business opportunities in terms of diagnostic tools and support.

Diagnostic and Interventional Role of Endoscopic Ultrasonography for the Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are relatively rare, but their incidence has increased significantly in the last decades. Precise diagnosis and prognostic stratification are crucial for proper patient management. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is the modality of choice for diagnosis of solid pancreatic tumors, showing a higher tumor detection rate than other imaging modalities, especially for small size lesions. EUS also serves as a guide for preoperative sampling and other interventions. EUS-tissue acquisition is a safe and highly accurate technique for cyto/histological diagnosis of PanNENs with a well-demonstrated correlation between Ki-67 proliferation index values and tumor grading on EUS and surgical specimens according to the WHO 2017 classification. Furthermore, the possibility of a preoperative EUS-guided fine needle tattooing or fiducial markers placement may help the surgeon to locate small and deep tumors, thus avoiding formal pancreatic resections in favor of parenchymal-sparing surgery. Finally, locoregional ablative treatments using either ethanol injection or radiofrequency ablation have been proposed in recent studies with promising results in order to control symptoms or reduce tumor burden in selected patients unfit for surgery with functioning or non-functioning PanNENs. This article review highlights the current role of EUS in PanNENs management, focusing on the present and future applications of EUS-guided interventions.

Expression of VAChT and 5-HT in Ulcerative colitis dendritic cells.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that can affect people of worldwide. In contrast with Crohn's disease, that can relate the entire thickness of the bowel wall, the inflammation of ulcerative colitis is limited to the colonic mucosa. Immune cells including activated T cells, plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) trigger the inflammation. Furthermore, dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells involved in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. It has been described an increment of number in DCs colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. The immune cells such as antigen-presenting cells can act as autocrine or paracrine modulators. Recent studies showed that dendritic cells synthetized and released classical neurotransmitters as glutamate, dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from the stricture sites of ten patients with ulcerative colitis were analyzed by immunostaining for Langerin/CD207, serotonin and vesicular acetylcholine transporter. As controls, unaffected (normal) portions of five patients were also investigated. Aim of this study was to characterize for the first time the human gut dendritic cells of ulcerative colitis patients, with Langerin/CD207 that is a c-type lectin expressed by different types of DCs and to colocalize in the same cells the expression of serotonin and vesicular acetylcholine transporter, showing the link between dendritic cells, gut enterochromaffin cells or autonomic nerves in immune activation and generation of intestinal inflammation.

Postoperative Bleeding after Thyroid Surgery: Care Instructions.

Prospective studies on the incidence, etiology, and prognosis of well-characterized patients with bleeding after thyroid surgery are lacking. Bleeding after thyroid surgery cannot be predicted or prevented even if risk factors are known in every single procedure, which enhances the im-portance of the following issues: (a) meticulous hemostasis and surgical technique; (b) coopera-tion with the anesthesiologist, i.e., controlling the Valsalva maneuver, adequate blood pressure at the end of the operation as well as at extubation phase and (c) in case of bleeding, a prompt management to guarantee a better outcome. This requires an intensive postoperative clinical monitoring of patients, ideally, in a recovery room with trained staff for at least 4-6 h. Early recognition of postoperative bleeding with immediate intervention is the key to the management of this complication.

[Retroperitoneal giant schwannoma: a case report and review of the literature]. / Schwannoma gigante retroperitoneale: presentazione di un caso clinico e revisione della letteratura.

Schwannomas are rare tumours that originate in the neural sheath and account for only a small percentage of all retroperitoneal tumours. They are usually solitary, circumscribed and encapsulated lesions eccentrically located on proximal nerves or spinal nerve roots. Presentation is typically varied and non-specific, ranging from abdominal pain, an abdominal mass or an incidental finding. The preoperative diagnosis is difficult and laboratory tests are usually unremarkable. We report the case of a 66-year-old female presenting with abdominal pain in her left flank and with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of a left kidney mass. She was diagnosed as suffering from a giant retroperitoneal schwannoma after surgical exploration and complete excision. The role of CT scan and CT-guided needle biopsy is emphasised, in that ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration alone do not provide sufficient information regarding aetiology and malignancy. Radical surgical excision is curative but recurrences may occur. Careful follow-up is needed.

Thyroidectomy in elderly patients aged ≥70 years.

Worldwide, the indications for thyroid surgery have been continuously extended among elderly patients in the last 20 years. The balance between treatment indication and surgical risk is certainly an interesting topic for every thyroid surgeon. This paper is a review of recent literature from January 2005 up to April 2017. We analyzed three principal subjects: indications for surgical treatment, medical complications and surgical complications. We can summarize the conclusions of our analysis, stating that age could not be considered as an absolute factor, but in relation to the comorbidities and the general clinical condition of the patient. Special risk indices dedicated to geriatric patients could be very useful in order to facilitate the decision-making process; however, relying on the current knowledge, we could state that there is value in providing surgery to geriatric patients in highly specialized and high-volume centers, where access to technology and its systematic use, coupled with surgeons' experience, could certainly avail the geriatric patient management.

[Laparoscopy in traumatic abdominal emergencies]. / La videolaparoscopia nelle urgenze addominali non traumatiche.

Over the past few years the laparoscopic technique has changed most of the concepts of traditional surgery and is today the standard approach in elective surgery for many pathologies requiring surgery. Unfortunately the same cannot be said for emergency surgery, though much progress has been made in this field, too. The Authors examine the most important abdominal diseases that can be diagnosed and, possibly, treated by the laparoscopic approach in the emergency setting, concluding that laparoscopic management of such conditions is a feasible proposition in many cases. Technological improvements and the development of new, more versatile surgical instruments will undoubtedly contribute to the increasingly widespread use of the laparoscopic approach also in emergency procedures.

Incidental gall bladder carcinoma: does the surgical approach influence the outcome?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome in patients with unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma diagnosed after cholecystectomy, comparing the laparoscopic approach with open surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was done of 16 patients who were diagnosed with unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma out of the 2850 who had undergone cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis at our institution between 1990 and 2004. Eight cases (seven women and one man, mean age 63 (range 49-75 years) ) were diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (group A) and eight cases (six women and two men, mean age 63 (range 50-79 years) ) after open cholecystectomy (group B). We evaluated the outcome in the two groups correlating the cumulative survival rates with tumour stage and surgical technique. RESULTS: In group A, three patients had port-site recurrence (1 pT1a and 2 pT1b tumours) after 6, 7 and 9 months, one had intraperitoneal dissemination (pT2) after 3 months, and four had no recurrence (1 pTis, 2 pT1a and 1 pT1b). In group B, five patients had recurrences (4 pT1b and 1 pT2) after an average of 8 months (range 5-11) and three had no recurrence (1 pTis and 2 pT1a). Survival rate was statistically correlated with tumour stage but not with the surgical approach used to perform cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical approach used for cholecystectomy would seem not to influence the outcome in patients with unsuspected gall bladder carcinoma. The tumour stage is the most important prognostic factor.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Child-Pugh class C cirrhotic patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and advisable procedure in Child-Pugh C cirrhotic patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. METHODS: The records of 42 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed between January 1995 and February 2004 in patients with Child-Pugh A, B, and C cirrhosis were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the 4 patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis. RESULTS: Among the 38 Child-Pugh A and B patients, no deaths occurred. In this group, only 1 Child-Pugh B cirrhotic patient required blood transfusion, and postoperative morbidity occurred in 10 patients including hemorrhage, wound infection, intraabdominal collection, and cardiopulmonary complications (morbidity rate 26%). The mean postoperative stay was 5 days (range, 3 to 13). The indication for surgery in the 4 Child-Pugh C patients was acute cholecystitis. In this group, 2 deaths occurred for severe liver failure in 1 case and for sepsis in the other. One patient developed heavy gallbladder bed bleeding, and a second operation was necessary to control the hemorrhage. The morbidity rate was 75%. Only 1 patient had no complications. The mean postoperative stay was 10 days (range, 4 to 17). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe procedure in well-selected Child-Pugh A and B cirrhotic patients indicated for surgery, but it is a very high-risk procedure in Child-Pugh C patients. Indications for surgery in Child-Pugh C patients should be evaluated very carefully and surgery should be avoided unless the patient needs an emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Child-Pugh C cirrhotic patients might better benefit from percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder.

[Role of ultrasonography in the non-operative management of liver traumas]. / iI ruolo dell'ultrasonografia nel trattamento non operatorio dei traumi epatici.

The technical progress in imaging methodology and intensive care over recent years has allowed a reduction in surgical operations for hepatic trauma. In the past, surgeons based their evaluations on clinical findings and patients in critical condition were submitted to surgery. The percentage of negative laparotomies was high (6% to 25%) due to non-haemorrhagic hepatic lesions at surgery. The introduction of ultrasonography and computed tomography offered two important tools for determining the origin and extent of traumatic lesions of the liver and other abdominal organs. These modern imaging techniques enable us to diagnose and monitor patients with hepatic trauma with a reduction in negative laparotomies and allow conservative treatment of numerous traumatic lesions of the liver. Despite the diagnostic superiority of computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with hepatic trauma, the risk of exposure to ionising radiation in several, consecutive examinations in patients undergoing conservative treatment has aroused considerable interest with regard to the use of ultrasonography for both the initial and later evaluation of such patients. We report on our experience with 28 patients with liver traumas, focusing on the role of ultrasonography in their non-operative management.

Duodenal perforation secondary to biliary stent dislocation: a case report and review of the literature.

Gut perforation secondary to the insertion of a biliary stent is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication. Duodenal perforation has to be taken into consideration whenever the patient starts to suffer severe abdominal pain after the stenting procedure. An early diagnosis is fundamental in order to avoid further complications. Timely conservative treatment with nasogastric suction, nothing by mouth, antibiotics and stent replacement could prevent infection and consequent development of an abscess. We report a case of duodenal perforation secondary to biliary endoprosthesis dislocation in which, in spite of prompt diagnosis and treatment, a large retroperitoneal abscess developed and a CT-guided drainage proved necessary followed later by a surgical operation.