Recent progress in drug development for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease caused by heterozygous missense mutations in Activin A receptor type I which is also known as Activin-like kinase 2 (ALK2), a type I receptor of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins(BMP). Patients with FOP usually undergo episodic flare-ups and the heterotopic ossification in soft and connective tissues. Molecular mechanism study indicates that Activin A, the ligand which normally transduces Transforming Growth Factor Beta signaling, abnormally activates BMP signaling through ALK2 mutants in FOP, leading to heterotopic bone formation. To date, effective therapies to FOP are unavailable. However, significant advances have recently been made in the development of FOP drugs. In this article, we review the recent advances in understanding the FOP mechanism and drug development, with a focus on the small-molecular and antibody drugs currently in the clinical trials for FOP treatment.

Sex-specific competitive social feedback amplifies the role of early life contingency in male mice.

Contingency (or 'luck') in early life plays an important role in shaping individuals' development. When individuals live within larger societies, social experiences may cause the importance of early contingencies to be magnified or dampened. Here we test the hypothesis that competition magnifies the importance of early contingency in a sex-specific manner by comparing the developmental trajectories of genetically identical, free-living mice who either experienced high levels of territorial competition (males) or did not (females). We show that male territoriality results in a competitive feedback loop that magnifies the importance of early contingency and pushes individuals onto divergent, self-reinforcing life trajectories, while the same process appears absent in females. Our results indicate that the strength of sexual selection may be self-limiting, as within-sex competition increases the importance of early life contingency, thereby reducing the ability of selection to lead to evolution. They also demonstrate the potential for contingency to lead to dramatic differences in life outcomes, even in the absence of any underlying differences in ability ('merit').

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Novel Porous Ecological Concrete Based on Magnesium Phosphate Cement.

Ecological concrete could reduce the environment impacts of the tremendous construction of infrastructures due to its favorability to plant growth. Nonetheless, the alkalinity of the ecological concrete is usually too high when using ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To solve this problem, the magnesium ammonium phosphate cement (MPC) was used to prepare a novel porous ecological concrete instead of OPC. The pH value and compressive strength of MPC were analyzed and the pore structure was evaluated. The chemical composition and morphology were investigated by an X-ray diffraction test and scanning electron microscope observation. In addition, the void ratio, compressive strength and planting-growing characteristic of MPC-based porous ecological concrete were also studied. The pH value of the MPC suspension ranged from 6.8 to 8.5, which was much lower than that of OPC. The pH value of MPC gradually increased with the increment of phosphorus/magnesium molar ratio (P/M) and the compressive strength reached a maximum value of 49.2 MPa when the P/M value was 1/4. Fly ash (FA) and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) could improve the pore structure and compressive strength; however, the pH value was slightly increased. As the paste-to-aggregate ratio increased, the void ratio of concrete gradually decreased, while the compressive strength gradually increased. The meadow grass was planted in the MPC-based ecological concrete, and the seeds germinated in one week and showed a better growth status than those planted in the OPC-based ecological concrete.

Bearing Capacity and Mechanical Behavior of an Innovative Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Tendon with U-Head.

The development of steel in engineering structures or components faces the problems of high cost and high carbon emission, which demands new materials used as reinforcement to be proposed and applied. Bamboo is a green and renewable natural material, and has higher tensile strength parallel to grain compared to wood. Based on the excellent mechanical properties in the parallel-to-grain direction of bamboo fiber, this paper proposed an innovative bamboo fiber-reinforced polymer tendon with U-head (BFRP tendon). To analyze the tension capacity and mechanical behavior of the BFRP tendon, the thin-shell model and thick-shell model have been proposed in succession. Both models were compared with the results of tensile test and good agreement was achieved in the stress distribution and the ultimate load. The tension capacity of the BFRP tendon has been proved to be reliable, which can give full play to the advantages of bamboo fiber.