Real-world data on prognostic value of measurable residual disease assessment by fragment analysis or next-generation sequencing in multiple myeloma.

Measurable residual disease (MRD) negativity is a strong prognostic indicator in multiple myeloma (MM). However, the optimal use of MRD in daily clinical practice has been hampered by the limited feasibility of MRD testing. Therefore, we examined the clinical relevance of commercially available MRD modalities based on clonality assays by fragment analysis with IdentiClone® (n = 73 patients) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) with LymphoTrack® (n = 116 patients) in newly diagnosed patients with MM who received autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). MRD was assessed at the end of induction (pre-ASCT) and/or at 100 days after ASCT (post-ASCT). MRD could not predict survival when assessed by fragment analysis. However, NGS-based MRD negativity at pre- or post-ASCT was beneficial in terms of progression-free and overall survival. Moreover, NGS-based MRD negativity was independently associated with improved progression-free and overall survival, and MRD-positive patients both pre- and post-ASCT had worst outcome. Indeed, initial adverse prognostic features by high-risk cytogenetics could be mitigated upon achieving MRD negativity by NGS. We demonstrate the feasibility and clinical benefit of achieving MRD negativity by commercially available clonality-based MRD assays in MM and support incorporating NGS, but not fragment analysis, to tailor therapeutic strategies in real-world practice.

Detection of recurrent, rare, and novel gene fusions in patients with acute leukemia using next-generation sequencing approaches.

Identification of gene fusion is an essential part in the management of patients with acute leukemia, not only for diagnosis but also in predicting the treatment outcome and selecting appropriate treatment. Adopting next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology for identification of gene fusion in patients with acute leukemia can be a good alternative to conventional tests. In the present study, the NGS RNA fusion gene panel test was applied to diagnostic samples of patients with acute leukemia to identify fusion genes more efficiently. Among 134 patients with acute leukemia, 53 gene fusions were detected in 52 patients. In addition to the recurrent gene fusions specified in the WHO diagnostic criteria, 11 rare or novel gene fusions were identified. Of those, two were gene fusions associated with Philadelphia-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL), two were novel gene fusions, three were gene fusions with novel partner genes, and six were rare gene fusions from previous reports. We confirmed the clinical utility of the NGS test in identifying clinically significant gene fusions such as gene fusions involving KMT2A that has a large number of partners. Notably, Ph-like ALL-associated gene fusions could be easily identified despite the wide variety of genes involved. The results from the present study may contribute toward a better understanding of the genomic landscape of acute leukemia as well as patient management.

Serum albumin and C-reactive protein as significant predictors of non-relapse mortality in lower gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the major cause of non-relapse mortality (NRM) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). This study aimed to identify variables associated with corticosteroid response and NRM in patients who developed lower GI aGVHD. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients treated at Yonsei University Severance Hospital between 2008 and 2017. Among 244 recipients of alloHSCT, 48 (19.7%) were diagnosed as lower GI aGVHD at a median of 22 days after alloHSCT. In these cases, 20 (41.6%) patients were resistant to corticosteroid therapy. Corticosteroid resistance was associated with advanced stage of lower GI aGVHD (P = 0.019), low serum albumin (P = 0.006), and elevated CRP (P = 0.030) on day 7 after corticosteroid therapy. NRM rate was significantly higher in the corticosteroid-resistant group compared with the sensitive group (HR 5.339, P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis revealed serum albumin (P = 0.046), and CRP levels (P = 0.032) were independent prognostic factors for NRM. When the patients were classified into 3 groups according to Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), the rate of corticosteroid resistance was significantly higher in the high GPS group compared with the intermediate or low GPS group (83.3 vs. 27.2 and 15.3%, respectively, P < 0.001). We demonstrated that low serum albumin and elevated CRP level on day 7 after corticosteroid therapy are objective biomarkers of corticosteroid resistance and a significant predictor for higher NRM. These simple and practical parameters could be valuable information predicting response and prognosis in lower GI aGVHD.

Upfront autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for high-risk patients with double-expressor diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Although MYC and BCL2 co-expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with inferior prognosis, it remains uncertain whether upfront autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is beneficial in this lymphoma. This study aimed to investigate whether ASCT consolidation could have a positive role for patients with MYC and BCL2 co-expression (double-expressor lymphoma, DEL). We retrospectively evaluated 67 DLBCL patients who underwent upfront ASCT following rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 82.3% and 79.2%, respectively. There were 23 (34.3%) patients with DEL and 51 (76.1%) patients with non-germinal center B cell (GCB) subtype. The 5-year OS and PFS of patients with DEL were not different from those with non-DEL (P = 0.429 and P = 0.614, respectively). No survival difference for OS and PFS was also observed between GCB and non-GCB subtypes (P = 0.950 and P = 0.901, respectively). The OS and PFS were comparable for patients with DEL and non-DEL and both GCB and non-GCB subtypes. In conclusion, MYC and BCL2 co-expression did not have a poor prognostic impact among high-risk patients with DLBCL treated with upfront ASCT regardless of molecular classification. This preliminary study suggested that the role of consolidative ASCT is needed to be evaluated in a prospective randomized clinical trial.

Early Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Expansion of CD56brightCD16dim/-DNAM1+ Natural Killer Cells Are Associated with Antileukemia Effect after Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation in Acute Leukemia.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation but is suggested to exert a strong antileukemia effect in part due to alterations in the composition of natural killer (NK) cells. We evaluated the impact of early CMV reactivation and changes in NK cell subset recovery on relapse rate and survival after haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haploSCT) for acute leukemia. Fifty patients with acute leukemia who received haploSCT were analyzed. Expression of T cells and specific receptors (NKG2A, NKG2D, DNAM1, and CD57) on circulating NK cells (CD56brightCD16dim/- or CD56dimCD16+ cells) was serially measured using multiparametric flow cytometry. CMV reactivation during the first 100 days was observed in 41 patients (82%) at a median of 23 days after haploSCT. The incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD tended to be higher in patients with CMV reactivation, although this difference was not statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that CMV reactivation (P = .011) and a dose of infused T cells > 3.2 × 108/kg (P = .027) were independent predictors of a reduced relapse risk and only CMV reactivation (P = .029) was an independent predictor of improved leukemia-free survival. CD56brightCD16dim/-DNAM1+NK cell counts increased from day 30 to 90 in patients with CMV reactivation but decreased after day 30 in patients without CMV reactivation. An increase in CD56brightCD16dim/-DNAM1+ NK cells was not associated with the occurrence of chronic GVHD but was associated with a reduced cumulative relapse rate (16.4% versus 58.0%, P = .019). Multivariate analysis indicates that an increase in the CD56brightCD16dim/-DNAM1+NK cell count was an independent predictor of reduced relapse risk. Our study demonstrates a significant correlation between low relapse rates and CMV reactivation as well as the recovery of CD56brightCD16dim/-DNAM1+ NK cells, providing valuable information for understanding the plausible immunologic mechanism of the graft-versus-leukemia effect.

Induction of apoptosis and differentiation by Na/H exchanger 1 modulation in acute myeloid leukemia cells.

We investigated the effect of the modulation of Na/H exchanger 1 (NHE1) on apoptosis, differentiation, and chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to evaluate the possibility of NHE1 modulation as a novel therapeutic strategy for AML. The pHi of leukemia cell lines except KG1a was higher than that of normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM MNCs). Notably, in K562, cytarabine (AraC)-resistant OCI-AML2, and primary leukemia cells, pHi was significantly higher than that of normal BM MNCs. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR confirmed that the increased NHE1 expression was responsible for the higher pHi. Specifically, compared to CD34+CD38+ leukemia cells, the mean fluorescence intensity of NHE1 was significantly higher in CD34+CD38- leukemic stem cells. The out of range in pHi by treatment with an NHE inhibitor, the amiloride analogue 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA), or an NHE activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), resulted in dose- and time-dependent inhibition of leukemia cell proliferation. PMA induced CD14+ differentiation of leukemia cells, whereas HMA induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. HMA could induce apoptosis of leukemia cells even in AraC-resistant cells and showed an additive effect on apoptosis in AraC-sensitive cells. Our result revealed that AML cells prefer more alkalic intracellular moiety than normal BM MNCs following increased NHE1 expression and that NHE1 modulation can induce apoptosis and differentiation of AML cells. These findings imply that NHE1 is a potential target in cytotoxic or differentiation-induction treatment for AML.

Different prognostic effects of core-binding factor positive AML with Korean AML registry data.

Core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML) data in Asian countries has been rarely reported. We analyzed 392 patients with CBF-AML [281 with t(8;21), 111 with inv.(16)/t(16;16)] among data from 3041 patients with AML from the Korean AML Registry. Interestingly, del(9q) was less frequently detected in Korean than in German patients with t(8;21) (7.5% vs. 17%), and del(7q) was more frequently detected in Korean patients with inv(16). Overall survival (OS) was similar between patients in the first complete remission (CR) who received allogeneic (alloSCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for CBF-AML. OS of t(8;21) patients was poor when undergoing alloSCT in second/third CR, while OS of inv(16) patients in second/third CR was similar to that in first CR. Patients with > 3-log reduction of RUNX1/RUNX1T1 qPCR had improved 3-year event-free survival (EFS) than those without (73.2% vs. 50.3%). Patients with t(8;21) AML with D816 mutation of the c-Kit gene showed inferior EFS and OS. These poor outcomes might be overcome by alloSCT. Multivariate analysis for OS in patients with t(8;21) revealed older age, > 1 course of induction chemotherapy to achieve CR, loss of sex chromosome, del(7q), and second/third CR or not in CR before SCT as independent prognostic variables. Especially, del(7q) is the most powerful prediction factor of poor outcomes, especially in patients with t(8;21) (hazard ratio, 27.23; P < 0.001). Further study is needed to clarify the clinical effect of cytogenetics and gene mutation in patients with CBF-AML, between Asian and Western countries.

Clinical impact of early recovery of peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count after frontline autologous stem cell transplantation for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the clinical impact of an early recovery of posttransplant absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) on the outcome of frontline autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We reviewed 65 DLBCL patients who underwent frontline ASCT after primary chemotherapy based on cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut point (0.4 × 109 /L) for an ALC at 15 days after ASCT (ALC-15). Both event-free survival and overall survival rates of the higher-ALC-15 group were significantly better than those of the lower-ALC-15 group (event-free survival, P = .008; overall survival, P = .013). The infused CD34+ cell count was significantly associated with the recovery of ALC-15 (>0.4 × 109 /L) after ASCT (P = .028). A multivariate analysis confirmed that a higher infused CD34+ cell dose (>5.0 × 106  cells/kg) was an independent factor affecting an early recovery of ALC after ASCT (odds ratio, 4.145; 95% confidence interval, 1.106-15.528; P = .035). In conclusion, an early recovery of ALC after ASCT can be regarded as a good prognostic marker in patients with DLBCL who have undergone frontline ASCT. We found that the infused CD34+ cell dose for ASCT was associated with the recovery of ALC.

The prognostic role of CD68 and FoxP3 expression in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma.

The prognostic role of CD68 and FoxP3 in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has not been evaluated. Thus, we examined the prognostic significance of CD68 and FoxP3 expression in tumor samples of 76 newly diagnosed immunocompetent PCNSL patients. All patients were treated initially with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX)-based chemotherapy, and 16 (21.1%) patients received upfront autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) consolidation. High expression of CD68 (>55 cells/high-power field) or FoxP3 (>15 cells/high-power field) was observed in 10 patients, respectively. High CD68 expression was associated with inferior overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in multivariate analysis (P = 0.023 and P = 0.021, respectively). In addition, we performed subgroup analysis based on upfront ASCT. High CD68 expression was also associated with inferior OS and PFS in multivariate analysis (P = 0.013 and P < 0.001, respectively) among patients who did not receive upfront ASCT (n = 60), but not in patients who received upfront ASCT. The expression of FoxP3 was not significantly associated with survival. Therefore, we identified a prognostic significance of high CD68 expression in PCNSL, which suggests a need for further clinical trials and biological studies on the role of PCNSL tumor microenvironment.

Salvage therapy for acute chemorefractory leukemia by allogeneic stem cell transplantation: the Korean experience.

Little is known about the characteristics that make patients with acute leukemia suitable for undergoing salvage therapy by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Here, we analyzed the clinical outcomes of 223 patients with acute leukemia who underwent allo-HSCT while not in complete remission (CR). The primary end points were overall survival (OS) and CR rate. CR was achieved in 79.8% of patients after allo-HSCT. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was significantly associated with CR (P = 0.045). During a median follow-up of 30.1 months, the median OS was 6.1 months. OS was significantly longer in patients with good or standard risk cytogenetic characteristics than in those with poor risk cytogenetic characteristics (P = 0.029, P = 0.030, respectively). Patients who received allo-HSCT from a matched sibling donor had better survival than those with unrelated donors (P = 0.015). Primary chemorefractoriness was not associated with poor survival (P = 0.071). The number of chemotherapies before allo-HSCT was significantly correlated with outcome (P = 0.006). Chronic GVHD was a strong predictor of a longer OS (P = 0.025). In conclusion, survival of patients with primary chemorefractory acute leukemia is not lower when treated upfront with allo-HSCT. Hence, allo-HSCT should be actively considered in such patients. Acute and chronic GVHD is associated with better outcomes patients with acute leukemia who have undergone allo-HSCT and not achieved CR.

The role of upfront autologous stem cell transplantation in high-risk younger patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Upfront autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has shown favourable outcome in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), but the role of risk-adapted upfront ASCT consolidation has not been evaluated in PCNSL. As PCNSL patients with the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG) prognostic score ≥2 or those who did not achieve complete response after two courses of induction chemotherapy (non-CR1) have shown inferior outcomes, we retrospectively analysed the role of upfront ASCT in 66 high-risk (IELSG ≥2 and/or non-CR1) younger (age <65 years) immunocompetent PCNSL patients who achieved at least partial response after initial high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy. Nineteen patients who received upfront ASCT exhibited significantly better overall survival (OS, P = 0·021) and progression-free survival (PFS, P = 0·005) compared to 47 patients who did not. In univariate and multivariate analyses, upfront ASCT was associated with better OS (P = 0·037 and P = 0·025, respectively) and PFS (P = 0·009 and P = 0·007, respectively). In a propensity score-matched cohort (n = 36), patients who received upfront ASCT also showed better outcome (P = 0·037 for OS, P = 0·001 for PFS). Our results suggest that upfront ASCT consolidation might be especially beneficial for high-risk PCNSL patients.

The role of the polycomb repressive complex pathway in T and NK cell lymphoma: biological and prognostic implications.

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2; formed by EZH2, SUZ12, and EED protein subunits) and PRC1 (BMI1 protein) induce gene silencing through histone modification, primarily H3K27me3, and deregulation of PRC pathways leads to tumorigenesis. In the present study, activation of PRC2, H3K27me3, and BMI1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 175 cases of T and natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma. Activation of PRC proteins was analyzed according to c-MYC activation, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, CD30 activation, and survival. Among all T and NK cell lymphomas, high expression rates of 54.7 % for EZH2, 33.3 % for SUZ12, 85.7 % for EED, 40.5 % for H3K27me3, and 30.9 % for BMI1 were discovered. Activation of PRC2, H3K27me3, and BMI1 showed positive correlations (P < 0.05). Activation of c-MYC was associated with activation of SUZ12 and triple coactivation of all PRC2 protein subunits (EZH2(high)/SUZ12(high)/EED(high)) (P < 0.05). In EBV-positive tumors, activation of EZH2 and H3K27me3 showed greater association (P < 0.05). H3K27me3 and BMI1 showed a negative association in tumors expressing CD30 (P < 0.05). With respect to survival, BMI1 activation was independently associated with poor prognosis in T and NK cell lymphomas (P = 0.002). In conclusion, T and NK cell lymphomas were associated with activation of PRC pathway markers, for which c-MYC activation and EBV infection could be suggested as possible causes. PRC pathway markers may be potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in T and NK cell lymphoma.

The different roles of molecular classification according to upfront autologous stem cell transplantation in advanced-stage diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients with elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase.

The non-germinal center B cell (non-GCB) subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is more related to poor prognosis than the GCB subtype. To investigate the role of molecular classification according to upfront autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT), we retrospectively evaluated 219 newly diagnosed high-risk DLBCL patients. Eighty-one patients were in the ASCT group, and 138 patients were in the non-ASCT group. The ASCT group yielded significantly better overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) than the non-ASCT group (p = 0.038 and p = 0.007), and patients with the non-GCB subtype were more related to inferior PFS than those with the GCB subtype (p = 0.020). After performing age-matching by using propensity scores, upfront ASCT continued to show better OS and PFS than non-ASCT (p = 0.046 and p = 0.026). In the non-ASCT group, the non-GCB subtype showed worse OS and PFS than the GCB subtype (p = 0.039 and p = 0.007). Patients who achieved complete response showed differences in OS and PFS according to molecular subtype (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002). In the ASCT group, there were no significant differences in OS and PFS according to molecular classification (p = 0.277 and p = 0.892). In conclusion, non-GCB subtype DLBCL patients showed poor OS and PFS in the non-ASCT group while they did not show clinical significance in the ASCT group. This suggests the possibility that upfront ASCT may improve the poor prognosis of non-GCB subtype in high-risk DLBCL.

Cytogenetic profiles of 2806 patients with acute myeloid leukemia-a retrospective multicenter nationwide study.

The cytogenetic and molecular data is recognized as the most valuable prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Our aim was to systemically analyze the cytogenetics of Korean AML patients and to compare the cytogenetic profiles of various races to identify possible geographic heterogeneity. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 2806 AML patients diagnosed at 11 tertiary teaching hospitals in Korea between January 2007 and December 2011. The most common recurrent chromosomal abnormality was t(8;21) (8.8 %, 238/2717), but t(15;17) showed an almost same number (8.6 %,235/2717). Among de novo AML, the most frequent aberrations were t(15;17), observed in 229 (10.7 %). The most common French-American-British (FAB) classification type was M2 (32.2 %), and recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities correlated with the FAB subtypes. Among 283 secondary AML cases, myelodysplastic syndrome was the most common predisposing factor. About 67.1 % of the secondary AML cases were associated with chromosomal aberrations, and chromosome 7 abnormalities (n = 45, 15.9 %) were most common. The incidence of FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutation was relatively low at 15 %. Our study reports certain similarities and differences in comparison to previous reports. Such discrepancies call for extensive epidemiological studies to clarify the role of genetic as well as geographic heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of AML.

Pretreatment Lymphopenia, Poor Performance Status, and Early Courses of Therapy Are Risk Factors for Severe Bacterial Infection in Patients with Multiple Myeloma during Treatment with Bortezomib-based Regimens.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with severe bacterial infection (SBI) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients during treatment with bortezomib-based regimens. A total of 98 patients with MM were evaluated during 427 treatment courses. SBI occurred in 57.1% (56/98) of the patients and during 19.0% (81/427) of the treatment courses. In the multivariate analysis for the factors associated with the development of SBI in each treatment course, poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ≥ 2, P < 0.001), early course of therapy (≤ 2 courses, P < 0.001), and pretreatment lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte count < 1.0 × 10(9)/L, P = 0.043) were confirmed as independent risk factors. The probability of developing SBI were 5.1%, 14.9%, 23.9% and 59.5% in courses with 0, 1, 2, and 3 risk factors, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we identified three pretreatment risk factors associated with SBI in each course of bortezomib treatment. Therefore, MM patients with these risk factors should be more closely monitored for the development of SBI during bortezomib-based treatment.

Tear Cytokines as Biomarkers for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease.

We investigated the tear cytokine profiles in patients who underwent stem cell transplantation (SCT) and attempted to evaluate whether tear cytokines are associated with the presence of systemic chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), regardless of ocular GVHD status. We also tested tear cytokines as biomarkers for chronic ocular GVHD severity. Forty-four patients who underwent SCT were enrolled and their diagnosis of chronic GVHD was confirmed. Ocular surface parameters and tear cytokine profiles were evaluated and the correlations between concentrations of cytokines and ocular surface parameters or several chronic ocular GVHD severity scales were evaluated. Tear interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-17α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were elevated in patients with chronic systemic GVHD compared with patients without chronic systemic GVHD. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that area under the curve (AUC) values for tear IL-10 (AUC = .795), IL-17α (AUC = .821), IL-6 (AUC = .912), and TNF-α (AUC = .910) were significantly correlated with the presence of chronic GVHD (all P < .001). Tear IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α showed a stronger correlation with ocular surface parameters than other cytokines and these cytokines also correlated with several chronic ocular GVHD severity scales (all P < .05). Our data suggest the tear cytokines are useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of chronic GVHD after SCT and chronic ocular GVHD severity.

Early CMV replication and subsequent chronic GVHD have a significant anti-leukemic effect after allogeneic HSCT in acute myeloid leukemia.

Early cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication (eCMV) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been suggested as an independent factor that reduces leukemia relapse risk. We retrospectively analyzed 74 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who underwent allo-HSCT between August 2006 and September 2012. All recipients were CMV seropositive. In 52 patients, eCMV occurred at a median of 35 days (range, 11-92) after allo-HSCT. Univariate analysis revealed that the factors associated with a reduction in the 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) included the first complete remission status at allo-HSCT, non-adverse cytogenetics and molecular abnormalities, pre-transplant serum ferritin level <1,400 mg/dL, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), and eCMV. In sub-group analysis, according to the existence of eCMV and cGVHD, those with both eCMV and cGVHD showed the lowest 5-year CIR (P < 0.003). Patients with both eCMV and cGVHD had the best outcome for leukemia-free survival (LFS) (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001). In the CMV-seropositive population, the presence of eCMV in combination with cGVHD had a significant positive effect on LFS and OS after allo-HSCT. When eCMV preceded cGVHD, the relapse rate after allo-HSCT was significantly reduced in patients with AML. Therefore, we suggest that it is critical to have an immunological understanding of the graft-versus-leukemia effect in this setting.

Azacitidine Pre-Treatment Followed by Reduced-Intensity Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

Azacitidine (AZA) is commonly used in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). To determine the role of AZA before allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), we conducted a prospective study of AZA pre-treatment followed by allo-SCT in patients with higher-risk MDS. Twenty-one patients who were scheduled for their third to sixth cycle of AZA pre-treatment followed by allo-SCT were enrolled. AZA pre-treatment was interrupted early in 3 patients (14.3%) because of leukaemic transformation or death. The overall response rate to AZA pre-treatment was 57.1%. There were 2 cases of complete remission, 1 case of partial remission, and 9 cases of haematologic improvement. Fourteen patients (66.7%) received the planned allo-SCT and 5 patients were alive at the last follow-up. Three-year progression-free survival (PFS) and 3-year overall survival (OS) in the 14 patients who received allo-SCT were 30.0% (95% CI 3.3-56.7) and 42.9% (95% CI 17.1-68.7), respectively. PFS and OS were not influenced by response to AZA pre-treatment (p > 0.05). In this study, AZA had a role as a bridge therapy to prevent leukaemic transformation prior to selection of a donor for allo-SCT and showed low toxicity. It may be considered in patients with higher-risk MDS.

High-dose etoposide plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as an effective chemomobilization regimen for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma previously treated with CHOP-based chemotherapy: a study from the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma.

We conducted a multicenter retrospective study to compare the efficacy and toxicity of various chemomobilization regimens: high-dose (HD) cyclophosphamide, HD etoposide (VP-16), and platinum-based chemotherapies. We reviewed the experiences of 10 institutions with 103 non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients who had previously only been treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy. The mobilization yields for each regimen were analyzed. HD VP-16 mobilized a significantly higher median number of CD34(+) cells (16.22 × 10(6) cells/kg) than HD cyclophosphamide (4.44 × 10(6) cells/kg) or platinum-based chemotherapies (6.08 × 10(6) cells/kg, P < .001). The rate of successful mobilization (CD34(+) cell count ≥ 5.0 × 10(6) cells/kg) was also significantly higher for HD VP-16 (86%) than for HD cyclophosphamide (45%) or platinum-based chemotherapies (61%, P = .004). The successful mobilization rate on day 1 of 72% for HD VP-16 was significantly higher than the rates for HD cyclophosphamide (13%) and platinum-based chemotherapies (26%, P < .001). In multivariate analysis, HD VP-16 was a significant predictor of successful mobilization (P = .014; odds ratio, 5.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.40 to 19.63). Neutropenic fever occurred in 67% of patients treated with HD VP-16. The incidence was similar for HD cyclophosphamide (58%, P = .454) but was significantly lower for platinum-based chemotherapies (12%, P < .001). However, fatal (grade ≥ 4) infection and treatment-related mortality were not observed in this study. In conclusion, the mobilization yield was significantly influenced by the chemomobilization regimen, and HD VP-16 was a highly effective mobilization regimen in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.