Facilitating biodiversity conservation through partnerships to achieve transformative outcomes.

Conservation biology is a mission-driven discipline that must navigate a new relationship between conservation and science. Because conservation is a social and political as well as an ecological project, conservation biologists must practice interdisciplinarity and collaboration. In a comparative study of 7 cases (Jaguars in the Chaco, Grevy's zebra in Kenya, Beekeeping in Tanzania, Andean cats in Argentina, Jaguars in Mexico, Lobster fishing, and Black bears in Mexico), we examined motivations for collaboration in conservation, who can collaborate in conservation, and how conservation professionals can work well together. In 5 case studies, successful conservation outcomes were prioritized over livelihood benefits. In the other 2 cases, livelihoods were prioritized. All case studies employed participatory approaches. There were multiple external actors, including local and Indigenous communities, nongovernmental organizations, agencies, regional and national governments, and international organizations, which enhanced conservation and wider sustainability outcomes. Key collaboration aspects considered across the case studies were time (mismatch between relationship building and project schedules), trust required for meaningful partnerships, tools employed, and transformative potential for people, nature, and the discipline of conservation biology. We developed guidelines for successful collaboration, including long-term commitment, knowledge integration, multiscalar and plural approaches, cultivation of trust, appropriate engagement, evaluation, supporting students, and efforts for transformation.

Facilitación de la conservación de la biodiversidad a través de colaboraciones para lograr resultados transformadores Resumen La biología de la conservación es una disciplina impulsada por sus objetivos que debe navegar una nueva relación entre la conservación y la ciencia. Dado que la conservación es un proyecto social y político así como ecológico, los biólogos de la conservación deben practicar la interdisciplinariedad y la colaboración. En un estudio comparativo de siete casos (jaguares en el Chaco, cebras de Grevy en Kenia, apicultura en Tanzania, gatos andinos en Argentina, jaguares en México, pesca de langosta, osos negros en México), analizamos las motivaciones para colaborar en la conservación, quién puede colaborar en la conservación y cómo los profesionales de la conservación pueden trabajar bien juntos. En cinco estudios de caso, se priorizaron los resultados satisfactorios de la conservación sobre los beneficios para los medios de subsistencia. En los otros 2 casos, se dio prioridad a los medios de sustento. Todos los estudios de caso emplearon enfoques participativos. Hubo múltiples actores externos, como comunidades locales e indígenas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, agencias, gobiernos regionales y nacionales y organizaciones internacionales, que mejoraron los resultados de conservación y sostenibilidad en general. Los aspectos clave de la colaboración considerados en los estudios de caso fueron el tiempo (desajuste entre el establecimiento de relaciones y los calendarios de los proyectos), la confianza necesaria para establecer colaboraciones significativas, las herramientas empleadas y el potencial transformador para las personas, la naturaleza y la disciplina de la biología de la conservación. Se elaboraron directrices para el éxito de la colaboración, como el compromiso a largo plazo, la integración de conocimientos, los enfoques multiescalares y plurales, el fomento de la confianza, la participación adecuada, la evaluación, el apoyo a los estudiantes y los esfuerzos de transformación. Facilitación de la conservación de la biodiversidad a través de colaboraciones para lograr resultados transformadores.

The Role of Central Serotonin Neurons and 5-HT Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Pathophysiology of Depression: A Historical Perspective and Future Prospects.

Serotonin communication operates mainly in the extracellular space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), using volume transmission with serotonin moving from source to target cells (neurons and astroglia) via energy gradients, leading to the diffusion and convection (flow) of serotonin. One emerging concept in depression is that disturbances in the integrative allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in highly vulnerable 5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes can contribute to causing major depression and become novel targets for the treatment of major depression (MD) and anxiety. For instance, a disruption and/or dysfunction in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin neuron systems can contribute to the development of MD. It leads inter alia to reduced neuroplasticity and potential atrophy in the raphe-cortical and raphe-striatal 5-HT pathways and in all its forebrain networks. Reduced 5-HT1A auto-receptor function, increased plasticity and trophic activity in the midbrain raphe 5-HT neurons can develop via agonist activation of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in the 5-HT1A-FGFR1 heterocomplex. Additionally, the inhibitory allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in the 5-HT1AR-5-HT2AR isoreceptor complex therefore likely have a significant role in modulating mood, involving a reduction of postjunctional 5-HT1AR protomer signaling in the forebrain upon activation of the 5-HT2AR protomer. In addition, oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) play a significant and impressive role in modulating social and cognitive related behaviors like bonding and attachment, reward and motivation. Pathological blunting of the OXTR protomers in 5-HT2AR and especially in 5-HT2CR heteroreceptor complexes can contribute to the development of depression and other types of psychiatric diseases involving disturbances in social behaviors. The 5-HTR heterocomplexes are novel targets for the treatment of MD.

Improving Prehospital Protocol Adherence Using Bundled Educational Interventions.

BACKGROUND: Seizures and anaphylaxis are life-threatening conditions that require immediate treatment in the prehospital setting. There is variation in treatment of pediatric prehospital patients for both anaphylaxis and seizures. This educational study was done to improve compliance with pediatric prehospital protocols, educate prehospital providers and decrease variation in care. OBJECTIVE: To improve the quality of care for children with seizures and anaphylaxis in the prehospital setting using a bundled, multifaceted educational intervention. METHODS: Evidence-based pediatric prehospital guidelines for seizures and anaphylaxis were used to create a curriculum for the paramedics in the EMS system. The curriculum included in-person training, videos, distribution of decision support tools, and a targeted social media campaign to reinforce the evidence-based guidelines. Prehospital charts were reviewed for pediatric patients with a chief complaint of anaphylaxis or seizures who were transported by paramedics to one of ten hospitals, including three children's hospitals, for 8 months prior to the intervention and eight months following the intervention. The primary outcome for seizures was whether midazolam was given via the preferred intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) routes. The primary outcome for anaphylaxis was whether IM epinephrine was given. RESULTS: A total of 1,402 pediatric patients were transported for seizures by paramedics to during the study period. A total of 88 patients were actively seizing pre-intervention and 93 post-intervention. Of the actively seizing patients, 52 were given midazolam pre-intervention and 62 were given midazolam post-intervention. Pre-intervention, 29% (15/52) of the seizing patients received midazolam via the preferred IM or IN routes, compared to 74% (46/62) of the seizing patients post-intervention. A total of 45 patients with anaphylaxis were transported by paramedics, 30 pre-intervention and 15 post-intervention. Paramedics administered epinephrine to 17% (5/30) patients pre-intervention and 67% (10/15) patients post-intervention. CONCLUSION: The use of a bundled, multifaceted educational intervention including in-person training, decision support tools, and social media improved adherence to updated evidence-based pediatric prehospital protocols.

Determinants of Pediatric EMS Utilization in Children with High-Acuity Conditions.

BACKGROUND: Underutilization of emergency medical services (EMS) for children with high-acuity conditions is poorly understood. Our objective was to identify differences in demographic factors and describe caregivers' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes regarding EMS utilization for children with high-acuity conditions. DESIGN/METHODS: This was a mixed-methods study of children with high acuity conditions, defined as requiring immediate medical or surgical intervention and intensive care admission, over a one year period. Demographic data were collected through a retrospective chart review. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews from a purposive sample of caregivers was conducted until thematic saturation was achieved. RESULTS: Three hundred seventy-four charts were reviewed; 19 caregivers were interviewed (17 in-person, 2 via telephone). The 232 (62%) children not arriving by EMS tended to be younger (1.58 years vs. 2.31 years, p = 0.02), privately insured (30% vs. 19%, p = 0.04), and lived further from the hospital (16.80 miles vs. 12.45 miles, p = 0.001). Patient gender, ethnicity, comorbidities and caregiver language were not associated with EMS underutilization. Immediate invasive medical interventions were more often required for EMS utilizers (85% vs. 60%, p < 0.001). EMS utilizers were more likely to require intubation (78% vs. 47%, p < 0.001) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (26% vs. 2%, p < 0.001), and had shorter hospital stays (4.70 vs. 8.16 days; p-value < 0.001). Three principal themes determined EMS utilization: expectations, knowledge, and perceived barriers. Three principal themes determined EMS utilization: expectations, knowledge, and perceived barriers. Caretakers expected EMS would provide timely, safe transportation that expedited medical care and emotional support. Medical knowledge and prior experience with EMS influenced decision-making about arrival mode. Timeliness, cost, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, loss of autonomy, and the logistics of EMS activation and transport were the most commonly reported barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Young age, private insurance status, and greater distance from the hospital were associated with EMS underutilization. Understanding caregiver expectations, knowledge, and perceived barriers may have important implications for the use of EMS for children. These findings reveal opportunities for improved public education on EMS systems to enhance appropriate EMS utilization for children with high acuity conditions.

Impact of High-Fidelity Pediatric Simulation on Paramedic Seizure Management.

BACKGROUND: A simulation-based course, Pediatric Simulation Training for Emergency Prehospital Providers (PediSTEPPs), was developed to optimize pediatric prehospital care. Seizures are common in Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and no studies have evaluated pediatric outcomes after EMS simulation training. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to determine if PediSTEPPs enhances seizure protocol adherence in blood glucose measurement and midazolam administration for seizing children. The secondary objective was to describe management of seizing patients by EMS and Emergency Departments (EDs). METHODS: This is a two-year retrospective cohort study of paramedics who transported 0-18 year old seizing patients to ten urban EDs. Management was compared between EMS crews with at least one paramedic who attended PediSTEPPs and crews that had none. Blood glucose measurement, medications administered, intravenous (IV) access, seizure recurrence, and respiratory failure data were collected from databases and run reports. Data were compared using Pearson's χ(2) test and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (categorical) and the Mann-Whitney test (continuous). RESULTS: Of 2200 pediatric transports with a complaint of seizure, 250 (11%) were actively seizing at the time of transport. Of these, 65 (26%) were treated by a PediSTEPPs-trained paramedic. Blood glucose was slightly more likely to be checked by trained than untrained paramedics (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 0.72-2.51). Overall, 58% received an indicated dose of midazolam, and this was slightly more likely in the trained than untrained paramedics (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 0.77-2.49). There were no differences in secondary outcomes between groups. The prevalence of hypoglycemia was low (2%). Peripheral IVs were attempted in 80%, and midazolam was predominantly given by IV (68%) and rectal (12%) routes, with 51% receiving a correct dose. Seizures recurred in 22%, with 34% seizing on ED arrival. Respiratory failure occurred in the prehospital setting in 25 (10%) patients in the study. CONCLUSION: Simulation-based training on pediatric seizure management may have utility. Data support the need to optimize the route and dose of midazolam for seizing children. Blood glucose measurement in seizure protocols may warrant reprioritization due to low hypoglycemia prevalence. KEY WORDS: seizure; emergency medical services; simulation; pediatrics.

Membrane Heteroreceptor Complexes as Second-Order Protein Modulators: A Novel Integrative Mechanism through Allosteric Receptor-Receptor Interactions.

Bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (BRET and FRET) together with the proximity ligation method revealed the existence of G-protein-coupled receptors, Ionotropic and Receptor tyrosine kinase heterocomplexes, e.g., A2AR-D2R, GABAA-D5R, and FGFR1-5-HT1AR heterocomplexes. Molecular integration takes place through allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in heteroreceptor complexes of synaptic and extra-synaptic regions. It involves the modulation of receptor protomer recognition, signaling and trafficking, as well as the modulation of behavioral responses. Allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in hetero-complexes give rise to concepts like meta-modulation and protein modulation. The introduction of receptor-receptor interactions was the origin of the concept of meta-modulation provided by Katz and Edwards in 1999, which stood for the fine-tuning or modulation of nerve cell transmission. In 2000-2010, Ribeiro and Sebastiao, based on a series of papers, provided strong support for their view that adenosine can meta-modulate (fine-tune) synaptic transmission through adenosine receptors. However, another term should also be considered: protein modulation, which is the key feature of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions leading to learning and consolidation by novel adapter proteins to memory. Finally, it must be underlined that allosteric receptor-receptor interactions and their involvement both in brain disease and its treatment are of high interest. Their pathophysiological relevance has been obtained, especially for major depressive disorder, cocaine use disorder, and Parkinson's disease.

Evidence for the existence of facilitatory interactions between the dopamine D2 receptor and the oxytocin receptor in the amygdala of the rat. Relevance for anxiolytic actions.

Introduction: The amygdala is a limbic region of high value for understanding anxiety and its treatment. Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) and oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) have both been shown to participate in modulating anxiety involving effects in the amygdala. The goal is to understand if D2R-OXTR heterocomplexes exist in the central amygdala and if, through enhancing allosteric receptor-receptor interactions, may enhance anxiolytic actions. Methods: The methods used involve the shock-probe burying test, the in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), image acquisition and analysis, and the BRET2 assay. Bilateral cannulas were introduced into the amygdala, and the effects of the coadministration of oxytocin and the D2R-like agonist quinpirole into the amygdala were studied. Results: The combination treatment enhanced the anxiolytic effects compared to the single treatment. The D2R/D3R antagonist raclopride blocked the effects of the combination treatment of oxytocin and the D2R agonist, although oxytocin is regarded as a distinct modulator of fear-mediating anxiolytic effects. In situ PLA results indicate the existence of D2R-OXTR heteroreceptor complexes and/or the co-location of OXTR and D2R within the same cell membrane nanodomains in the central amygdala. With BRET2, evidence is given for the existence of D2R-OXTR heteromers in HEK293 cells upon co-transfection. Discussion: The enhanced behavioral effects observed upon co-treatment with OXTR and D2R agonists may reflect the existence of improved positive receptor-receptor interactions in the putative D2R-OXTR heterocomplexes in certain neuronal populations of the basolateral and central amygdala. The D2R-OXTR heterocomplex, especially upon agonist co-activation in the central amygdala, may open a new pharmacological venue for the treatment of anxiety.

Impact of an Extraglottic Device on Pediatric Airway Management in an Urban Prehospital System.

INTRODUCTION: Prehospital pediatric endotracheal intubation has lower first-pass success rates compared to adult intubations and in general may not offer a survival benefit. Increasingly, emergency medical services (EMS) systems are deploying prehospital extraglottic airways (EGA) for primary pediatric airway management, yet little is known about their efficacy. We evaluated the impact of a pediatric prehospital airway management protocol change, inclusive of EGAs, on airway management and patient outcomes in children in cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. METHODS: Using data from a large, metropolitan, fire-based EMS service, we performed an observational study of pediatric patients with respiratory failure or cardiac arrest who were transported by EMS before and after implementation of an evidence-based airway management protocol inclusive of the addition of the EGA. The primary outcome was change in frequency of intubation attempts when paired with an initial EGA. Secondary outcomes included EGA and intubation success rates and patient survival to hospitalization and discharge. RESULTS: We included 265 patients age <16 years old, with 142 pre- and 123 post-protocol change. Patient demographics and event characteristics were similar between groups. Intubation attempts declined from 79.6% pre- to 44.7% (p<0.01) post-protocol change. In patients with an intubation attempt, overall intubation success declined from 81.4% to 63.6% (p<0.01). Post-protocol change, an EGA was attempted in 52.8% of patients with 95.4% success. CONCLUSION: Implementation of an evidenced-based airway management algorithm for pediatric patients, inclusive of an EGA device for all age groups, was associated with fewer prehospital intubations. Intubation success may be negatively impacted due to decreases in procedural frequency.

Actitudes de odontólogos peruanos sobre el aislamiento absoluto. Diseño y validación de una escala en tiempos de COVID-19 / Attitudes of Peruvian dentists toward absolute isolation. Design and validation of a scale in the time of COVID-19

Introducción: El aislamiento absoluto es un procedimiento odontológico que garantiza la bioseguridad y la calidad de los tratamientos restaurativos; sin embargo, no existe un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el tema en la realidad peruana. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar una escala para evaluar las actitudes de odontólogos peruanos sobre el aislamiento absoluto. Material y métodos: Estudio de tipo instrumental y corte transversal. La escala fue administrada mediante un cuestionario virtual y posteriormente distribuida por redes sociales a 279 odontólogos (143 mujeres y 136 hombres) mediante un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Las edades comprendidas estuvieron entre 22 y 67 años. Resultados: Los valores del coeficiente V de Aiken fueron favorables para todos los ítems. El análisis factorial exploratorio indicó la existencia de un solo factor. El análisis factorial confirmatorio sugirió eliminar los ítems 1 y 7. La confiabilidad de la escala fue buena y se calculó con el coeficiente α de Cronbach = 0,71. Conclusiones: La escala sobre las actitudes de los odontólogos peruanos acerca del aislamiento absoluto (Act-AA-Cov19) es una medida breve, válida y confiable, que puede ser utilizada para fines investigativos(AU)

Introduction: Rubber dam isolation is a dental procedure that ensures biosafety and the quality of restorative treatments; however, no appropriate tool is available to evaluate the topic in Peruvian reality. Objective: Design and validate a scale to evaluate the attitude of Peruvian dentists toward rubber dam isolation. Methods: An instrumental cross-sectional study was conducted. The scale was applied through a virtual questionnaire and then distributed on social networks to 279 dentists (143 women and 136 men) selected by intentional nonprobability sampling. Age ranged from 22 to 67 years. Results: Aiken's V coefficient values were favorable for all items. Exploratory factor analysis showed the presence of a single factor. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested deletion of items 1 and 7. Reliability of the scale proved to be good. It was estimated with a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.71. Conclusions: The scale about attitudes of Peruvian dentists toward rubber dam isolation (Act-AA-Cov19) is a brief, valid and reliable measurement which may be used for research purposes(AU)

Factores asociados a las actitudes de odontólogos peruanos hacia el aislamiento absoluto en tiempos de la COVID-19

RESUMEN Introducción: El aislamiento absoluto es una técnica odontológica que aumenta la probabilidad de éxito del tratamiento, más en esta pandemia. Objetivo: Caracterizar las actitudes de odontólogos peruanos hacia el aislamiento absoluto en tiempo de pandemia por la COVID-19 e identificar factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio observacional y transversal con empleo de técnicas analíticas, realizado a través de una encuesta virtual a odontólogos del Perú. Se usó la escala Act-AA-Cov19, al puntaje se le dividió en tercil superior (los de acuerdo) versus los otros puntajes (categoría de comparación); se obtuvieron estadísticos de asociación. Resultados: En los 279 odontólogos, la importancia del aislamiento absoluto y el uso de equipos de protección personal fue lo más aceptado (96 % de acuerdo siempre y 4 % casi siempre). La necesidad de actualizar los conocimientos sobre aislamiento absoluto se asoció con una mejor actitud hacia el proceder (RPc: 1,52; IC 95 %: 1,18-1,95; valor p= 0,001); mientras que el resultado fue opuesto en los graduados en universidades privadas (RPc: 0,79; IC 95 %: 0,66-0,95; valor p= 0,011). Conclusión: La premisa más aceptada es sobre la importancia del aislamiento absoluto y uso de equipos de protección personal, seguido por el hecho de que un campo de trabajo libre de saliva/ sangre facilita el procedimiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rubber dam isolation is a dental technique that increases the probability of successful treatment, especially in this pandemic. Aim: To characterize the attitudes of Peruvian dentists towards rubber dam insolation in times of COVID-19 pandemic and to identify factors associated with them. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study using analytical techniques, carried out through a virtual survey of dentists in Peru. The Act-AA-Cov19 scale was used, the score was divided into the upper tertile (those in agreement) versus the other scores (comparison category); association statistics were obtained. Results: Of the 279 dentists, the importance of rubber dam isolation and use of personal protective equipment was the most accepted (96 % always agreed and 4 % almost always). The need to update knowledge about rubber dam isolation was associated with a better attitude towards the procedure (PRc: 1,52; 95 % CI: 1,18-1.95; p value = 0,001); while the result was the opposite in graduates from private universities (PRc: 0,79; 95 % CI: 0,66-0,95; p value = 0,011). Conclusion: The most widely accepted premise is about the importance of rubber dam isolation and use of personal protective equipment, followed by the fact that a saliva / blood-free work area facilitates the procedure.

Cómo perciben los niños el jaguar, Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) en Jalisco, México

Los estudios sobre percepción humana hacia depredadores, generalmente se realizan con adultos. Sin embargo, es importante entender las percepciones de los niños, para diseñar estrategias de conservación y educación ambiental efectivas a largo plazo, ya que muchos de ellos serán los futuros manejadores de los recursos naturales. Analizamos las percepciones sobre el jaguar en niños de 8-12 años (n = 89) en comunidades dentro de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán (RBSM) y en su zona de influencia (ZI). Para conocer la percepción del jaguar, organizamos talleres con los niños, guiándolos con preguntas abiertas que respondieron con dibujos: ¿Qué animales viven en el monte/bosque? ¿Qué animales peligrosos viven en el monte/bosque? ¿Cómo es el jaguar y qué come? En todas las preguntas se especificó que nos referíamos a los animales presentes en los alrededores de su comunidad. Aparentemente el miedo colectivo hacia los animales influye en que animales se perciben en el entorno, ya que casi nadie dibujó al jaguar como parte del paisaje, pero si como animal peligroso. Las serpientes fueron las que más se relacionan como parte del entorno, y a la vez fueron las que más se mencionaron como animales peligrosos en ambas zonas. En el dibujo de animales peligrosos, hubo 72 menciones de animales no nativos. En ambas áreas, poco más de la mitad de los niños reconoce la forma básica del jaguar. Sobre todo, en la RBSM, la mayoría dibujó ganado vacuno en la dieta del jaguar, representando uno de los conflictos jaguar-humanos. Casi la mitad de los niños dibujó a los venados como parte de la dieta del jaguar en la RBSM y un tercio en la ZI. Un número considerable de niños incluyeron humanos en la dieta en ambas zonas. Concluimos que con el fin de mejorar la percepción es deseable desarrollar estrategias para cambiar las percepciones negativas del jaguar. Por ende, es importante generar material educativo y llevar a cabo campañas de educación ambiental resaltando la importancia ecológica del jaguar, enfatizando que el buen manejo del ganado reduce la depredación y que los humanos no son elementos de la dieta del jaguar. En resumen, es importante generar mayor empatía con el jaguar, y aclarar creencias erradas que puedan afectar la supervivencia del jaguar a largo plazo en estas áreas.

Predator perception studies generally only regard adults. However, it is necessary to also understand children perceptions in order to achieve more effective long term conservation and environmental educational strategies, since many of them will be the future resource managers. We analyze perceptions of the jaguar amongst children (n = 89) between 8 and 12 years old, in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (SMBR) and its influence zone (ZI). To understand their perceptions, we organized workshops, using open-ended questions, to be answered with drawings: What animals live in the forest? Which dangerous animals live in the forest? What do jaguars look like and what do they eat? In all questions, we specified that we referred to animals close to their community. Apparently collective apprehension influences, which animals are perceived as part of the environment. Our results suggest that the jaguar is not conceived as part of the (direct) environment, but is conceived as dangerous animal in the area. Snakes are most mentioned as part of the environment; at the same time, they are perceived as the most dangerous. In the dangerous animal drawings, there were 72 mentions of no native animals. In all cases, more than half of the children knew the basic shape of a jaguar. Overall in the SMBR, most children drew cattle as the main food staple for the jaguar, representing one of the human-jaguar conflicts. Half of children drew deer as jaguar diet in the SMBR and one third in the ZI. A considerable number of children included humans in the jaguar diet in both zones. We conclude that it is necessary to develop strategies to change the negative perceptions of the jaguar. As such, it is important to generate educational material and carry out educational campaigns that highlight the ecological importance of the jaguar, and emphasizing those livestock management actions to reduce predation and the disappearance of false beliefs; which include jaguar as a people eater. In summary, is important to generate greater empathy with the jaguar, and clarify misconceptions that may affect the long-term survival of the jaguar in these areas.