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1.
Plant Cell Environ ; 40(11): 2628-2643, 2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28452058

RESUMO

Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that cause yield loss on a wide range of crops, including cereals such as barley. Whilst most aphid species are limited to one or few host species, some are able to reproduce on many plants belonging to different families. Interestingly, aphid probing behaviour can be observed on both host and non-host species, indicating that interactions take place at the molecular level that may impact host range. Here, we aimed to gain insight into the interaction of barley with aphid species differing in their ability to infest this crop by analysing transcriptional responses. Firstly, we determined colonization efficiency, settlement and probing behaviour for the aphid species Rhopalosiphum padi, Myzus persicae and Myzus cerasi, which defined host, poor-host and non-host interactions, respectively. Analyses of barley transcriptional responses revealed gene sets differentially regulated upon the different barley-aphid interactions and showed that the poor-host interaction with M. persicae resulted in the strongest regulation of genes. Interestingly, we identified several thionin genes strongly up-regulated upon interaction with M. persicae, and to a lesser extent upon R. padi interaction. Ectopic expression of two of these genes in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced host susceptibility to M. persicae, indicating that thionins contribute to defences against aphids.


Assuntos
Afídeos/fisiologia , Resistência à Doença/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hordeum/genética , Hordeum/parasitologia , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Tioninas/farmacologia , Animais , Afídeos/patogenicidade , Análise por Conglomerados , Genes de Plantas , Hordeum/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Especificidade da Espécie , Nicotiana/genética , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Transcriptoma/genética , Virulência/efeitos dos fármacos
2.
J Fish Biol ; 90(6): 2488-2495, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28470766

RESUMO

Through the analysis of acoustic recordings of captive Pterois spp., this study has confirmed anecdotal evidence that Pterois spp. are soniferous. This report of sound production in Pterois spp. provides the foundation for future research into their specific acoustic capabilities including sound production mechanisms, the role of social behaviour and applied techniques for controlling and monitoring invasive Pterois spp. in the tropical and temperate western Atlantic Ocean.


Assuntos
Comunicação Animal , Perciformes/fisiologia , Acústica , Animais , Oceano Atlântico , Espectrografia do Som
3.
Bioinformatics ; 28(12): 1598-603, 2012 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22500001

RESUMO

MOTIVATION: Existing microarray genotype-calling algorithms adopt either SNP-by-SNP (SNP-wise) or sample-by-sample (sample-wise) approaches to calling. We have developed a novel genotype-calling algorithm for the Illumina platform, optiCall, that uses both SNP-wise and sample-wise calling to more accurately ascertain genotypes at rare, low-frequency and common variants. RESULTS: Using data from 4537 individuals from the 1958 British Birth Cohort genotyped on the Immunochip, we estimate the proportion of SNPs lost to downstream analysis due to false quality control failures, and rare variants misclassified as monomorphic, is only 1.38% with optiCall, in comparison to 3.87, 7.85 and 4.09% for Illuminus, GenoSNP and GenCall, respectively. We show that optiCall accurately captures rare variants and can correctly account for SNPs where probe intensity clouds are shifted from their expected positions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: optiCall is implemented in C++ for use on UNIX operating systems and is available for download at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/software/opticall/.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Genótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Software , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos
4.
Vitam Horm ; 119: 1-22, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35337616

RESUMO

Vitamin B12 is one of the most complex cofactors known, and this chapter will discuss current understanding with regards to the cobalt insertion step of its syntheses. Two total syntheses of vitamin B12 were reported in the 1970s, which remain two of the most exceptional achievements of natural product synthesis. In subsequent years, two distinct biosynthetic pathways were identified in aerobic and anaerobic organisms. For these biosynthetic pathways, selectivity for Co(II) over other divalent metal ions with similar ionic radii and coordination chemistry remains an open question with three competing hypotheses proposed: metal affinity, tetrapyrrole distortion, and product inhibition. A 20 step biosynthetic route to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to vitamin B12 was elucidated in aerobic organisms in the 1990s, where cobalt is inserted relatively late in the pathway by the CobNST multi-protein complex. This chapter includes a mechanistic proposal for this reaction, but the majority of the proposal is based upon analogy to the ChlDHI magnesium chelatase complex as critical data for the cobalt chelatase is lacking. Later, in the 2010s, a distinct 21 step pathway from ALA to vitamin B12 was reported in anaerobic organisms, where cobalt is inserted early in the pathway by the enzyme CbiK. A recent study strongly suggests that the cobalt affinity of CbiK is the origin of cobalt selectivity for CbiK, but several important mechanistic questions remain unanswered. In general, it is expected that significant insight into the cobalt insertion mechanisms of CobNST and CbiK could be derived from additional structural, spectroscopic, and computational data.


Assuntos
Cobalto , Tetrapirróis , Cobalto/química , Cobalto/metabolismo , Humanos , Tetrapirróis/metabolismo , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Vitaminas
5.
Med Hypotheses ; 143: 110035, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32652427

RESUMO

Alzheimer's disease is the commonest form of senile dementia. It is characterised by neuronal cell death and amyloid deposition. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is highly conserved in evolution, is expressed in neurones in response to a wide range of damaging agents. The hypothesis proposed is that APP has a protective function to counter damage but if it fails and the neurone dies then breakdown products of APP miss-fold and lead to amyloid deposition. This fits with the evidence that amyloid deposition is a consequence rather than a cause of cell death. Germ line mutations in APP impair the protective role and lead to increased neuronal loss in response to damage. This leads to early onset and severe Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation, infection, hypoxia, trauma and pollution are damaging agents which interact to cause the disease. The bacteria which cause chronic periodontitis appear to have a significant role. Prevention needs to focus on avoiding trauma, reducing pollution and improving dental hygiene. Furthermore we should attempt to optimise the oral microbial flora by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause gum disease and the bacterial pathogens in the oropharynx that cause life threatening infections following viral upper respiratory infections. This leads to a key research question: does the regular consumption of natural live yoghurt reduce the carriage of periodontal and oropharyngeal bacterial pathogens? Theoretical considerations indicate it should and if so regular natural live yoghurt consumption could be an important preventive agent.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Morte Celular , Humanos , Neurônios , Iogurte
6.
Med Hypotheses ; 136: 109530, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31862686

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The hierarchical model of stem cell genesis is based on the idea that the number of cell divisions between the zygote and fully differentiated epithelial cells is kept close to the minimum, which is log to the base 2 of the total number of cells produced in a human lifetime. The model assumes the orderly progression of stem cell divisions requires precise control at every stage in development. If the orderly progression is maintained then cancer will be rare. A prediction of the model is that if the orderly progression of the stem cell hierarchy is disturbed by trauma, ulceration or inflammation then cancer will occur. HYPOTHESIS: Bacterial induced inflammation in breast ducts disturbs the stem cell hierarchy and is a cause of breast cancer. EVIDENCE: Mammalian milk is not sterile. It contains a range of bacteria, derived endogenously by the entero-mammary circulation. The dominant flora consists of lactose fermenting bacteria. Pregnancy and breast feeding reduce the risk of subsequent breast cancer. The implication is that a lactose fermenting bacterial flora in breast ducts is protective. Malignant and benign breast tissue contains bacteria derived endogenously, but studies so far have not revealed a specific flora associated with malignancy. Periodontitis is associated with oral, oesophageal, colonic, pancreatic, prostatic and breast cancer. The pathogenic bacteria which cause periodontitis spread endogenously to cause inflammation at other epithelial sites. Meta-analysis of epidemiological studies shows that the consumption of yoghurt is associated with a reduction in the risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis, although not proven, is supported by the available evidence. Lactose fermenting bacteria protect but pathogenic bacteria which induce inflammation raise the risk of breast cancer. The consumption of yoghurt also appears to be protective.


Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/microbiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/microbiologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Mama/microbiologia , Divisão Celular , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Lactação , Leite Humano/microbiologia , Gravidez
7.
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol ; 41(4): 566-572, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32079598

RESUMO

The cerebral ventricles have been studied since the fourth century BC and were originally thought to harbor the soul and higher executive functions. During the infancy of neuroradiology, alterations to the ventricular shape and position on pneumoencephalography and ventriculography were signs of mass effect or volume loss. However, in the current era of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging, variation in ventricular anatomy is more easily detectable and its clinical significance is still being investigated. Interpreting radiologists must be aware of anatomic variations of the ventricular system to prevent mistaking normal variants for pathology. We will review of the anatomy and development of the lateral ventricles and discuss several ventricular variations.


Assuntos
Ventrículos Laterais/anatomia & histologia , Humanos
8.
Science ; 166(3901): 117-9, 1969 Oct 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-4897391

RESUMO

In serums of unusually isolated Pacific islanders whose only exposure to influenza occurred during the era of the 1918 pandemic the residual neutralizing antibody was greatest to the PR/8 and BH strains of human type A influenza virus, significantly lower to swine influenza virus, and absent to equine or later human type A virus strains. The pandemic virus was thus antigenically closer to human type A strains isolated during the middle 1930's than to other known influenza virus types.


Assuntos
Antígenos/classificação , Surtos de Doenças/história , Influenza Humana/história , Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Animais , História do Século XX , Cavalos , Humanos , Soros Imunes/classificação , Micronésia , Testes de Neutralização , Suínos
9.
Science ; 277(5323): 232-5, 1997 Jul 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9211850

RESUMO

An integrated human-mouse positional candidate approach was used to identify the gene responsible for the phenotypes observed in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease. The predicted murine NPC1 protein has sequence homology to the putative transmembrane domains of the Hedgehog signaling molecule Patched, to the cholesterol-sensing regions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and to the NPC1 orthologs identified in human, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mouse model may provide an important resource for studying the role of NPC1 in cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration and for assessing the efficacy of new drugs for NP-C disease.


Assuntos
Colesterol/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doenças de Niemann-Pick/genética , Proteínas/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Homeostase , Humanos , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/química , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Proteína C1 de Niemann-Pick , Doenças de Niemann-Pick/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Sinais Direcionadores de Proteínas/química , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/fisiologia , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos
10.
Science ; 277(5323): 228-31, 1997 Jul 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9211849

RESUMO

Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease, a fatal neurovisceral disorder, is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol. By positional cloning methods, a gene (NPC1) with insertion, deletion, and missense mutations has been identified in NP-C patients. Transfection of NP-C fibroblasts with wild-type NPC1 cDNA resulted in correction of their excessive lysosomal storage of LDL cholesterol, thereby defining the critical role of NPC1 in regulation of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. The 1278-amino acid NPC1 protein has sequence similarity to the morphogen receptor PATCHED and the putative sterol-sensing regions of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte , Colesterol/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Doenças de Niemann-Pick/genética , Proteínas/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Humanos Par 18 , Clonagem Molecular , Homeostase , Humanos , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/química , Proteínas de Insetos/química , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Proteína C1 de Niemann-Pick , Doenças de Niemann-Pick/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Conformacional de Fita Simples , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/fisiologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/química , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transfecção
11.
Lancet ; 380(9837): 110, 2012 Jul 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22794245
12.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 11(3): 338-43, 2007 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17352102

RESUMO

SETTING: There is little information regarding the prognosis of respiratory symptoms in early adulthood or the effects of potential risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To observe changing respiratory morbidity in a group of young adults over a period of 6-8 years. DESIGN: Subjects responding to three or more consecutive postal respiratory surveys carried out between 1993 and 2001 were included in the study. In addition to asthma (defined by a validated scoring system), two symptoms were examined: wheeze and being woken by cough. Five outcomes were defined: persistent, remission, new onset, never and intermittent. RESULTS: Of 2693 subjects who responded to at least one survey, about one third were eligible for inclusion: 10.2% reported wheeze at each survey (persistent) and 3.6% had persistent asthma. Persistent wheeze was seen in almost half (46.7%) of those reporting the symptom at their first survey. The corresponding figure for asthma was 32%. New onset wheeze was found in 16.2% of subjects without wheeze at baseline (asthma 9.7%). Smoking was significantly associated with new onset wheeze (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.30-3.00) and asthma (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.26-3.50), but not with persistent symptoms. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of policies to reduce smoking prevalence in young adults, and will help in the planning of future health care.


Assuntos
Sons Respiratórios , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Prevalência , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários
13.
Mol Cell Biol ; 6(1): 97-104, 1986 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2431268

RESUMO

HeLA H23 cells are a mutant female human tumor cell line harboring defective hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP-pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) as a result of a mutation that alters the isoelectric point of the enzyme (G. Milman, E. Lee, G. S. Changas, J. R. McLaughlin, and J. George, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:4589-4592, 1976). As shown by Milman et al. and confirmed by us here, rare HAT+ revertants arise spontaneously at 1.9 X 10(-8) frequency and express both mutant and wild-type polypeptides. Thus, the H23 mutant also carries a silent wild-type HPRT allele that is activated in revertants. To test whether the silent allele was activated via hypomethylation of genomic DNA, H23 cells were treated with inhibitors of DNA methylation, and revertants were scored by HAT or azaserine selection. At an optimal dose of 5 microM 5-azacytidine, the reversion frequency was increased about 50-fold when assayed by HAT selection and over 1,000-fold when assayed by azaserine selection. HAT+ and azaserine revertants were heterozygous for HPRT, expressing both wild-type and mutant HPRT polypeptides. Like spontaneous revertants, they contained active HPRT enzyme and were genetically unstable, reverting at about 10(-4) frequency. Similar results were found after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, a DNA-alkylating agent and potent inhibitor of mammalian DNA methylation. By contrast, the DNA-ethylating agent, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), did not increase the HAT+ reversion frequency; it did, however, increase the frequency by which H23 revertants heterozygous for HPRT reverted to 6-thioguanine resistance. Of nine EMS revertants, seven lacked HPRT activity and had a substantially reduced expression of the wild-type polypeptide. These observations support the hypothesis that DNA methylation plays an important role in human X-chromosome inactivation and that EMS can inactivate gene expression by promoting enzymatic methylation of genomic DNA as found previously for the prolactin gene in GH3 rat pituitary tumor cells (R. D. Ivarie and J. A. Morris, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2967-2970, 1982; R. D. Ivarie, J. A. Morris, and J. A. Martial, Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:179-189, 1982).


Assuntos
Alelos , Azacitidina/farmacologia , Azasserina/farmacologia , Genes/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipoxantina Fosforribosiltransferase/genética , Mutação , Metanossulfonato de Etila/farmacologia , Células HeLa/enzimologia , Humanos , Metilação , Metilnitronitrosoguanidina/farmacologia , Tioguanina/farmacologia
14.
Mol Cell Biol ; 2(2): 179-89, 1982 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7110131

RESUMO

GH3 cells normally synthesize and secrete two pituitary polypeptide hormones, prolactin and growth hormone. From an ethyl methane sulfonate-mutagenized population, prolactin low-producing variants have been isolated at a frequency near 20%. Intracellular prolactin synthesis in the variants was reduced 40- to 100-fold compared to wild-type cells while growth hormone synthesis varied less than 2-fold. This decrease was paralleled by a decrease in intracellular preprolactin mRNA. Although reduced, prolactin synthesis was still repressible by glucocorticoids. There was a coordinate loss of expression of p21, a thyroid and glucocorticoid hormone-regulated protein, in GH3 cells, whereas the synthesis and regulation of other hormonally responsive proteins were unimpaired in the variants. Since p21 expression was coordinately regained in a high-producing prolactin revertant cell, expression of the two proteins is tightly coupled in GH3 cells. The stability of the low-producing phenotype differed among variants. One (B2) gave rise to revertants at about 20% frequency even after two rounds of subcloning, whereas another (B3) was more stable in that only 1 weak revertant was found in 47 subclones. The reversion frequency of B3 cells was also measured at less than 0.5%. Unmutagenized GH3 cells were phenotypically stable in that no prolactin-deficient variant was found among 57 subclones. Since variants were ony found after ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis, the DNA alkylating agent appears to have promoted an epigenetic change in pituitary gene expression.


Assuntos
Prolactina/biossíntese , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Alquilação , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Clonais/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Metanossulfonato de Etila , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Mutação , Neoplasias Experimentais , Adeno-Hipófise/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Ratos
15.
J Clin Pathol ; 59(1): 1-9, 2006 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16394274

RESUMO

AIM: To assess the value of postmortem bacteriology in necropsy practice, with specific emphasis on bacterial invasion of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS: A review of published articles on postmortem bacteriology. Studies were selected to cover the full range of necropsy practice including adults, the perinatal period, and infancy. The review covers over 5000 necropsies, mainly in adults, but including 1108 perinatal cases and 468 cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy. Data are available on 4992 blood cultures, 1168 specimens of CSF, and 743 cultures of spleen. RESULTS: Studies in which careful precautions have been taken to reduce contamination show that approximately two thirds of blood cultures are negative, two in nine yield a single isolate, and one in nine have a mixed growth. The postmortem interval has only a small effect on the isolation rate. A pure growth of a known pathogen has a more than 50% likelihood of being found in association with genuine infection in adults and in the perinatal period. CONCLUSIONS: The main postmortem artefact is contamination, but this can be considerably reduced by careful technique. Agonal spread is less common than is often assumed. Postmortem translocation is not a problem if the body is appropriately stored. A pure growth of a pathogen in blood or CSF should be regarded as a possible contributing factor to death at all ages.


Assuntos
Autopsia/métodos , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Artefatos , Sangue/microbiologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/microbiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etiologia
16.
Med Hypotheses ; 87: 40-3, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26826639

RESUMO

The hypothesis proposed is that functional disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome and anorexia nervosa are caused by auto-antibodies to neuronal proteins induced by molecular mimicry with microbial antigens. The age incidence of these conditions, the marked female excess, increase with economic and technological advance, precipitation by infection, and the paucity of histological changes are all consistent with the hypothesis. It can be tested directly using human sera to search for cross reaction with brain proteins in model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster. The conditions might be amenable to treatment using pooled immunoglobulin. Identification and elimination from the microbial flora of the bacteria that express the cross reacting antigens should be possible.


Assuntos
Afeto/fisiologia , Microbiota/imunologia , Mimetismo Molecular/imunologia , Motivação/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/biossíntese , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Imunológicos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/imunologia , Caracteres Sexuais
17.
J Mol Biol ; 301(5): 1113-21, 2000 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10966809

RESUMO

The conventional hammerhead ribozyme cleaves RNA 3' to nucleotide triplets with the general formula NUH, where N is any nucleotide, U is uridine and H is any nucleotide except guanosine. In order to isolate hammerhead ribozyme sequences capable of cleaving 3' to the GUG triplet, we performed a mutagenic selection protocol starting with the conventional sequence of an NUH-cleaving ribozyme. The 22 nucleotides in the core and the stem-loop II region were subjected to mutagenic PCR using the two nucleotide analogues 6-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-3,4-dihydro-8H-pyrimido-[4,5-C)][1, 2] oxazin-7-one and of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine. After five repetitions of the selection cycle, several clones showed cleavage activity. One sequence, having one deletion, showed at least a 90 times higher in trans cleavage rate than the starting ribozyme. It cleaved 3' to GUG and GUA. The sequence of this ribozyme is essentially identical with that obtained previously by selection for AUG cleavage starting with a randomised core and stem-loop II region. This identical result of two independent selection procedures supports the notion that sequences for NUR cleavage, where R is a purine nucleotide, are not compatible with the classical hammerhead structure, and that the sequence space for this cleavage specificity is very limited. The cleavage of NUR triplets is not restricted to the sequence of the substrate that was used for selection but is sequence-independent for in trans cleavage, although the sequence context influences the value for the cleavage rate somewhat. Analysis of cleavage activities indicates the importance of A at position L2.5 in loop II.


Assuntos
Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Evolução Molecular Direcionada , Mutagênese/genética , Nucleotídeos/genética , Purinas/metabolismo , RNA Catalítico/genética , RNA Catalítico/metabolismo , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Pareamento de Bases/genética , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Desoxiguanosina/genética , Desoxiguanosina/metabolismo , Desoxirribonucleosídeos/genética , Desoxirribonucleosídeos/metabolismo , Cinética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Nucleotídeos/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Catalítico/química , Especificidade por Substrato , Moldes Genéticos , Transcrição Gênica
19.
Biol Psychiatry ; 45(5): 626-32, 1999 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10088050

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Variations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, and homovanillic acid have been associated with behavioral abnormalities in nonhuman primates, and with psychopathology in studies of children and adults. METHODS: We assayed monoamine metabolites in "left-over" spinal fluid from 167 neurologically normal newborn infants (0-3 months of age), and later (at age 18-21 months of age) obtained their family psychiatric histories and assessed their temperament using the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory (CCTI). RESULTS: Family history of antisocial personality disorder predicted significantly lower scores for soothability (p = .003) at 18-21 months. There were no statistically significant associations between newborn monoamine metabolite levels and any aspect of temperament on the CCTI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest complex relationships between genetic liability for psychiatric disorders and CSF monoamine metabolite levels; those relationships do not seem to be mediated by infant temperament. It appears likely that interindividual differences in monoamine metabolite levels change over the course of development in humans.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/genética , Temperamento/fisiologia , Variação Genética/genética , Ácido Homovanílico/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Humanos , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Metoxi-Hidroxifenilglicol/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Monoaminoxidase/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Valor Preditivo dos Testes
20.
Am J Psychiatry ; 154(12): 1771-3, 1997 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9396964

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between genetic liability for antisocial behavior and CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in newborns was explored. METHOD: The authors assayed 5-HIAA in "leftover" CSF from 193 neurologically normal newborns and obtained family psychiatric histories of the newborns' first- and second-degree relatives. RESULTS: Levels of 5-HIAA were significantly lower in the infants with family histories of antisocial personality disorder than in the newborns without such family histories. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the possibility that serotonin mediates one component of genetic liability to antisocial outcome, but the magnitude of that component may be less than what has been inferred from previously published reports.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/genética , Família , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Recém-Nascido/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco
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