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OBJECTIVE: Excessive weight gain during childhood has been considered an early life risk factor for chronic disease in the long term. We examined the role of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and breastfeeding (BF) practices with the offspring's body mass index-for-age z-score (zBMI) at 2 years. METHODS: Data from 743 Amazonian young children of the MINA-Brazil population-based birth cohort study were used. Linear regression models were run to estimate the associations between excessive GWG and BF practices (exclusive breastfeeding, EBF <3 months of age and BF <1 year) with zBMI. RESULTS: Excessive GWG and BF <1 year were associated with an adjusted 0.24 units (95% CI: 0.08, 0.41) and 0.28 units (95% CI: 0.12, 0.44) higher zBMI at age 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Gain excessive weight during pregnancy and shorter BF duration (<1y) were associated with a higher body mass index at 2 years of age among Brazilian Amazonian children.
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Aleitamento Materno , Ganho de Peso na Gestação , Feminino , Gravidez , Criança , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Coortes , Aumento de Peso , Peso ao NascerRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are responsible for several maternal and fetal complications. This study investigated the occurrence of HDP, associated factors, and neonatal complications in women living in the Western Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: This is a population-based cross-sectional study with 1521 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre birth cohort (MINA-Brazil study). All parturients with HDP (registered in the medical records) were identified. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated in Poisson regression models with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of HDP was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.5-12.7). Factors associated with the prevalence of HDP were maternal age ≥ 35 years (PR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-3.0), primigravida status (PR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.5-2.7), pre-pregnancy obesity (PR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.9-4.0), higher gestational weight gain (highest quartile RP: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6-3.8), chronic hypertension (RP: 3.6; 95% CI: 2.7-4.9), and diabetes in pregnancy (RP: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.2). HDP was associated with risk for caesarean delivery (PR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.6-2.0) and prematurity (PR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3-3.2). Gestational malaria was not associated with HDP in Amazonian pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating risk factors before pregnancy and during the prenatal period is essential for reducing adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
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BACKGROUND: In socially vulnerable populations, evidence is needed regarding the role of maternal nutritional status on child weight during the first 2 years of life. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the association of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring BMI-for-age z-scores (BAZs) during the first 2 years of life. METHODS: A population-based birth cohort study was conducted with 900 mother-child pairs. Pre-pregnancy weight and weight at delivery were collected from medical records, and anthropometric data were measured at birth and at 6-month, 1-year and 2-year follow-up visits. Linear regression and linear mixed-effect models assessed associations with pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and BAZ during the first 2 years of life. RESULTS: Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive GWG were positively associated with BAZ at birth and at 1- and 2-year follow-up visits. There were no significant additional BAZ changes per year based on the exposures up to age 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG were associated with a child's higher BAZ at birth, and these differences remained constant throughout the first 2 years of life in Amazonian children. These findings highlight the importance of promoting adequate maternal weight before pregnancy and during prenatal care also in socially vulnerable populations.
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Ganho de Peso na Gestação , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos de Coortes , Coorte de Nascimento , Obesidade , Sobrepeso/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and perinatal outcomes in pregnant Amazonian women. METHODS: Data from 1305 mother-child pairs from the MINA-Brazil population-based birth cohort study were used. GWG was classified according to two methods, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines and INTERGROWTH-21st standards. Poisson and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate associations with perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Following IOM guidelines (n = 1305), the rates of insufficient and excessive GWG were found to be similar (32%). Excessive GWG was associated with higher new-born birthweight (BW) z-scores; increased risks of macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), and caesarean delivery; and lower risks of low birthweight (LBW) and being small for gestational age (SGA). Insufficient GWG was associated with lower new-born BW z-scores. Among women with normal pre-pregnancy body mass indices (BMIs, n = 658), inappropriate GWG was high following both methods (IOM: 41.2% insufficient, 24.8% excessive; INTERGROWTH-21st: 25.2% below - 1 z-score, 16.9% above 1 z-score). Both methods also indicated that new-borns of women with excessive GWG had higher BW z-scores and increased risk of macrosomia and LGA. Women with GWG below the INTERGROWTH-21st standards were more likely to deliver an infant SGA and with lower BW z-scores. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate GWG remains a health concern irrespective of the method used to classify weight gain. GWG above the recommendations of both methods and below the INTERGROWTH-21st standard was associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Therefore, INTERGROWTH-21st standards seem to be a better fit for healthy women in this population.
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Ganho de Peso na Gestação , Peso ao Nascer , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Macrossomia Fetal/epidemiologia , Humanos , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To review observational studies on the association between breastfeeding (BF) practices and head circumference (HC) of children < 2 years old. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases of health sciences: PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), Web of Science and Scopus. We selected observational studies published in any language from January 01, 2010 to November 19, 2021, from different populations that investigated the association between BF practice and HC among healthy children < 2 years old. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two evaluators. RESULTS: From the 4,229 articles identified, 24 were included in this review: 6 cross-sectional, 17 longitudinal, and 1 case-control. The studies varied in their definition of the variables for BF and in reporting its practice, frequency, duration, and feeding method. Regarding HC, the authors analyzed the mean differences, abnormal values (z-score above + 2SD or below -2SD according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards, 2007), and longitudinal growth parameters. The findings of this review suggest that BF may have a positive relationship with HC at the beginning of life. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that BF, especially exclusive BF, may play a protective role against abnormal HC values in young children. However, more robust evidence with standardized BF indicators and WHO growth standards (2007) are required.
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Aleitamento Materno , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Tempo , BrasilRESUMO
This article aims to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) during the first year of life and associated factors. We analyzed data from the one-year follow-up of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort. Socioeconomic, demographic and obstetric data were collected in the baseline study and at one-year follow-up (n = 774). Dietary intake during the previous day was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire to determine UPF consumption. Multiple Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals (95%CI) for factors associated with the consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs. Prevalence of UPF consumption and consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was 87.5% and 40.5%, respectively. Consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was associated with lower maternal education (≤ 9 years of schooling [PR: 2.02 95%CI 1.42; 2.87] and between 10-12 years of schooling [PR: 1.55, 95%CI 1, 11; 2.14]), below-average wealth index (PR: 1.26, 95%CI 1.04; 1.53), and having a teenage mother (PR:1.19, 95%CI 1.00; 1.49). Lack of dietary diversity was inversely associated with the outcome (RP: 0,65, IC95% 0,51; 0,81). The consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was associated with lower wealth index, education and maternal age. Dietary diversity was associated with higher levels of UPF consumption.
O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e fatores associados no primeiro ano de vida. Trata-se da análise de dados do seguimento de um ano da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e obstétricos na maternidade e no seguimento de um ano (n = 774), investigando consumo alimentar do dia anterior à entrevista, a fim de avaliar o consumo de AUP. A razão de prevalência (RP) e o intervalo de confianças (IC 95%) para consumo ≥ 3 AUP foram estimados em modelo de regressão múltiplo de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de consumo ≥ 1 AUP foi 87,5%; e ≥ 3 AUP de 40,5%, estando associado a: menor escolaridade materna (≤ 9 anos [RP: 1,97 IC 95% 1,38; 2,80] e entre 10-12 anos [RP: 1,58, IC 95% 1,13; 2,20) comparados com > 12 anos de escolaridade, índice de riqueza abaixo da média (RP: 1,26, IC 95% 1,04; 1,53) e ter mãe adolescente (RP: 1,28, IC 95% 1,06; 1,55). A ausência de diversidade da dieta foi inversamente associada ao desfecho (RP: 0,65, IC 95% 0,51; 0,81). O consumo ≥ 3 AUP se associou às características maternas de menores escolaridade, índice de riqueza e idade materna, e a diversidade da dieta ao maior consumo de AUP.
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Dieta , Fast Foods , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Manipulação de Alimentos , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
This article aims to examine agreement of pre-pregnancy weight, pregnancy weight, height and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure measurements recorded on antenatal record cards with the same information obtained in the MINA-Brazil longitudinal study. 428 pregnant women who participated in the MINA-Brazil study and had an antenatal card at time of childbirth were selected. Concordance analysis of the data used Lin's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. There was moderate agreement on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight (0.935) and height (0.913) information, and substantial agreement on the pregnant women's weight in the second (0.993) and third (0.988) trimesters of pregnancy. Little agreement was found on SBP and DBP measured in the second (SBP = 0.447; DBP = 0.409) and third (SBP = 0.436; DBP = 0.332) trimesters of pregnancy. Anthropometric measurements showed strong agreement. There was weak agreement between blood pressure measurements, which may relate both to the variability and the standardisation of these measurements, suggesting the need for continued training of antenatal teams in primary health care.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a concordância entre dados de peso pré-gestacional, peso na gravidez, altura e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) registradas tanto na caderneta da gestante quanto nas informações obtidas no estudo longitudinal MINA-Brasil. Foram selecionadas as gestantes participantes do estudo MINA-Brasil que apresentavam cartão do pré-natal no momento do parto. A análise de concordância dos dados utilizou o coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin e análise de Bland-Altman. Foram incluídas 428 gestantes. Houve concordância moderada entre as informações para o peso pré-gestacional autorreferido (0,935) e altura (0,913), e concordância substancial para o peso da gestante no segundo (0,993) e terceiro (0,988) trimestres de gestação. Verificou-se baixa concordância da PAS e PAD no segundo (PAS=0,447; PAD=0,409) e terceiro (PAS=0,436; PAD=0,332) trimestres gestacionais. As medidas antropométricas apresentaram boa concordância. Houve baixa concordância entre as medidas de pressão arterial, que podem estar relacionadas tanto à variabilidade como também à padronização dessas medidas, sugerindo-se necessidade de capacitação e treinamento contínuo das equipes de pré-natal na atenção primária à saúde.
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Parto , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , GravidezRESUMO
Early life feeding practices can directly affect the growth, development, and survival of a child. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first month of life among Amazonian infants. We used data of 1,523 mother-child pairs of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study. Mothers were interviewed soon after delivery at baseline and by telephone at 30-45 days postpartum (n = 962, 63.2% of those eligible). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and accelerated failure-time (AFT) models were used to estimate the probability of EBF and the factors associated with EBF duration in the first month. At 30 days of age, 36.7% of the studied population (95% confidence interval [CI] 33.6-39.8) were exclusively breastfed, with a median duration of 16 days. Considering all eligible children for follow-up, the probability of EBF in the first month was 43.7% (95% CI 40.4-46.8), and the median duration was 30 days. The duration of EBF (time-ratio, TR) was 28% longer among multiparous mothers (TR 1.28; 95% CI 1.11-1.48). The use of a pacifier and the occurrence of wheezing were associated with a reduced EBF duration by 33% (TR 0.67; 95% CI 0.58-0.77) and 19% (TR 0.80; 95% CI 0.70-0.93), respectively. These results highlight that EBF among children in the Brazilian Amazon is considerably below international recommendations, and indicate the immediate need to plan and implement actions to promote and support breastfeeding early in life.
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Aleitamento Materno , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Mães , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To review observational studies on the association between breastfeeding (BF) practices and head circumference (HC) of children < 2 years old. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases of health sciences: PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), Web of Science and Scopus. We selected observational studies published in any language from January 01, 2010 to November 19, 2021, from different populations that investigated the association between BF practice and HC among healthy children < 2 years old. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two evaluators. RESULTS From the 4,229 articles identified, 24 were included in this review: 6 cross-sectional, 17 longitudinal, and 1 case-control. The studies varied in their definition of the variables for BF and in reporting its practice, frequency, duration, and feeding method. Regarding HC, the authors analyzed the mean differences, abnormal values (z-score above + 2SD or below -2SD according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards, 2007), and longitudinal growth parameters. The findings of this review suggest that BF may have a positive relationship with HC at the beginning of life. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BF, especially exclusive BF, may play a protective role against abnormal HC values in young children. However, more robust evidence with standardized BF indicators and WHO growth standards (2007) are required.
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Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Antropometria , Cefalometria , Revisão SistemáticaRESUMO
Resumo A nutrição adequada no início da vida pode afetar o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência infantil, por isso a adesão às práticas de aleitamento materno e o seu monitoramento regular tornam-se essenciais. Este artigo objetiva realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) aos 30 dias de vida, divulgada em estudos longitudinais. Para isso, foram identificados artigos nas bases de dados PubMed e LILACS. A combinação dos termos de pesquisa foi "estudo prospectivo" e "aleitamento materno". A busca limitou-se aos artigos em inglês, espanhol e português, e compreendeu as publicações entre os anos 2015 e 2020. Foram selecionados 17 estudos originais. Apesar das diferenças metodológicas entre eles, em relação ao tipo e tamanho de amostra, a definição do AME e método de mensuração, os resultados indicam alta taxa de início da amamentação (≥86%) e ampla variação da ocorrência de AME aos 30 dias de vida (4,5%-86%), com declínio substancial (<60%) em 63% dos locais investigados. Esses resultados distam do cumprimento da recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde de AME até o sexto mês de vida, e indicam a necessidade de investigações, com metodologia padronizada, para comparação dentro dos e entre os países, visando ao planejamento de ações para incentivo à amamentação.
Abstract Early life feeding can affect children's development and survival. Adherence to breastfeeding practices and regular monitoring is essential. This study aims to conduct an integrative review of longitudinal studies on the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at 30 days of life. Articles were retrieved from the PubMed and LILACS databases. The combination of descriptors used was: "prospective study" and "breast feeding." The search was limited to articles published between 2015 and 2020 in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. We selected 17 original studies. Despite their methodological differences regarding sample size and type, follow-up period, and EBF definition and measurement method, results indicated a high rate of breastfeeding initiation (≥86%) and a wide variation in the occurrence of EBF at 30 days of life (4.5% - 86%) with substantial decline (<60%) in 63% of the investigated areas. These results are far from complying with the recommendation from the World Health Organization of maintaining EBF up to the sixth month of a child's life and point to the need for further investigations with a standardized methodology to allow for comparisons within and between countries, aiming at planning actions which support breastfeeding.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno , Lactação , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Longitudinais , Nutrição do LactenteRESUMO
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a concordância entre dados de peso pré-gestacional, peso na gravidez, altura e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) registradas tanto na caderneta da gestante quanto nas informações obtidas no estudo longitudinal MINA-Brasil. Foram selecionadas as gestantes participantes do estudo MINA-Brasil que apresentavam cartão do pré-natal no momento do parto. A análise de concordância dos dados utilizou o coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin e análise de Bland-Altman. Foram incluídas 428 gestantes. Houve concordância moderada entre as informações para o peso pré-gestacional autorreferido (0,935) e altura (0,913), e concordância substancial para o peso da gestante no segundo (0,993) e terceiro (0,988) trimestres de gestação. Verificou-se baixa concordância da PAS e PAD no segundo (PAS=0,447; PAD=0,409) e terceiro (PAS=0,436; PAD=0,332) trimestres gestacionais. As medidas antropométricas apresentaram boa concordância. Houve baixa concordância entre as medidas de pressão arterial, que podem estar relacionadas tanto à variabilidade como também à padronização dessas medidas, sugerindo-se necessidade de capacitação e treinamento contínuo das equipes de pré-natal na atenção primária à saúde.
Abstract This article aims to examine agreement of pre-pregnancy weight, pregnancy weight, height and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure measurements recorded on antenatal record cards with the same information obtained in the MINA-Brazil longitudinal study. 428 pregnant women who participated in the MINA-Brazil study and had an antenatal card at time of childbirth were selected. Concordance analysis of the data used Lin's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. There was moderate agreement on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight (0.935) and height (0.913) information, and substantial agreement on the pregnant women's weight in the second (0.993) and third (0.988) trimesters of pregnancy. Little agreement was found on SBP and DBP measured in the second (SBP = 0.447; DBP = 0.409) and third (SBP = 0.436; DBP = 0.332) trimesters of pregnancy. Anthropometric measurements showed strong agreement. There was weak agreement between blood pressure measurements, which may relate both to the variability and the standardisation of these measurements, suggesting the need for continued training of antenatal teams in primary health care.
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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) e fatores associados no primeiro ano de vida. Trata-se da análise de dados do seguimento de um ano da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e obstétricos na maternidade e no seguimento de um ano (n = 774), investigando consumo alimentar do dia anterior à entrevista, a fim de avaliar o consumo de AUP. A razão de prevalência (RP) e o intervalo de confianças (IC 95%) para consumo ≥ 3 AUP foram estimados em modelo de regressão múltiplo de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de consumo ≥ 1 AUP foi 87,5%; e ≥ 3 AUP de 40,5%, estando associado a: menor escolaridade materna (≤ 9 anos [RP: 1,97 IC 95% 1,38; 2,80] e entre 10-12 anos [RP: 1,58, IC 95% 1,13; 2,20) comparados com > 12 anos de escolaridade, índice de riqueza abaixo da média (RP: 1,26, IC 95% 1,04; 1,53) e ter mãe adolescente (RP: 1,28, IC 95% 1,06; 1,55). A ausência de diversidade da dieta foi inversamente associada ao desfecho (RP: 0,65, IC 95% 0,51; 0,81). O consumo ≥ 3 AUP se associou às características maternas de menores escolaridade, índice de riqueza e idade materna, e a diversidade da dieta ao maior consumo de AUP.
Abstract This article aims to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) during the first year of life and associated factors. We analyzed data from the one-year follow-up of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort. Socioeconomic, demographic and obstetric data were collected in the baseline study and at one-year follow-up (n = 774). Dietary intake during the previous day was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire to determine UPF consumption. Multiple Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and confidence intervals (95%CI) for factors associated with the consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs. Prevalence of UPF consumption and consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was 87.5% and 40.5%, respectively. Consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was associated with lower maternal education (≤ 9 years of schooling [PR: 2.02 95%CI 1.42; 2.87] and between 10-12 years of schooling [PR: 1.55, 95%CI 1, 11; 2.14]), below-average wealth index (PR: 1.26, 95%CI 1.04; 1.53), and having a teenage mother (PR:1.19, 95%CI 1.00; 1.49). Lack of dietary diversity was inversely associated with the outcome (RP: 0,65, IC95% 0,51; 0,81). The consumption of ≥ 3 UPFs was associated with lower wealth index, education and maternal age. Dietary diversity was associated with higher levels of UPF consumption.
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Dieta , Fast Foods , Brasil/epidemiologia , Manipulação de AlimentosRESUMO
Abstract Objectives: to investigate the factors associated with continued breastfeeding (BF). Methods: All the parturients at a local maternity from July 2015 to June 2016 were invited to participate in a cohort study in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Data on socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric and neonatal of the babies were obtained for the interview. Multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: among the 1551 mothers contacted, 305 lived in the rural area, leaving 1,246 eligible mothers living in urban area. For the 1-year cohort follow-up, 74 non-twin babies were assessed. Most of the mothers reported to have mixed skin color (79%), are over 21 years old (72°%o), more than 10 years of schooling (72%>) and with unpaying job (54%). The children's age ranged from 10 to 15 months. The frequency of continued breastfeeding was 69,4%> (95%oCI=66.0-72.6). The factors negatively associated with continued breastfeeding were the use of bottle feeding (PR=1.44; CI95%> =1,33-1.56) and pacifier (PR=2.54; CI95%> =1.98-3.27), after adjusting for maternal age and socioeconomic variables. Conclusion: the frequency of continued breastfeeding in Cruzeiro do Sul was higher than the national estimates, but below the WHO recommendations for breastfeeding up to two years of age.
Resumo Objetivos: investigar frequência e fatores associados ao aleitamento materno (AM) continuado. Métodos: estudo de coorte em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Na maternidade, todas as parturientes de julho de 2015 a junho de 2016 foram convidadas à participação. Dados socioeconómicos, demográficos, obstétricos e neonatais dos bebês foram obtidos por entrevista. As razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos com 95% de confiança (IC95%) foram estimados utilizando modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: dentre 1551 mães contatadas, 305 residiam em área rural, sendo elegíveis 1246 mães residentes em área urbana. No seguimento de 1 ano da coorte, 774 bebês não gemelares foram avaliados. A maioria das mães referiu ser de cor parda (79%o), maior de 21 anos (72%), >10 anos de escolaridade (72%) e não exercer atividade remunerada (54%). A idade dos bebês variou de 10 a 15 meses. A frequência do AM continuado foi de 69,4%o (IC950%= 66,0-72,6). Os fatores inversamente associados ao AM continuado foram uso de mamadeira (RP= 1,44; IC95% 1,33-1,57) e chupeta (RP= 2,55; IC95%= 1,99-3,28), após ajuste por idade materna e variáveis socioeconómicas. Conclusão: a frequência de AM continuado em Cruzeiro do Sul foi superior às estimativas nacionais, porém aquém das recomendações da OMS para amamentação até dois anos de idade.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Materno-Infantil , Fatores de Risco , Nutrição do Lactente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Zona Rural , Estudos de Coortes , Área UrbanaRESUMO
Introdução: As práticas de alimentação no início da vida podem afetar diretamente o desenvolvimento, crescimento e a sobrevivência infantil. Entre os indicadores de saúde infantil propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, a frequência e a duração das práticas de aleitamento materno (AM) até os dois anos de vida, e os fatores relacionados, são fundamentais para o monitoramento das ações para promoção, proteção e apoio à amamentação. Objetivos: a) Identificar as evidências disponíveis em estudos longitudinais sobre a frequência do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) aos 30 dias de vida (artigo 1); b) Investigar a associação entre ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) e desfechos perinatais em gestantes Amazônicas (artigo 2); c) Examinar o papel do GPG excessivo e das práticas de amamentação no índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos 2 anos de idade na primeira coorte de nascimentos de base populacional na Amazônia brasileira (artigo 3); e d) Identificar os preditores da interrupção do AME antes dos seis meses de vida e do AM antes dos dois anos de idade em crianças Amazônicas (artigo 4). Métodos: Trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura (artigo1) e análises de dados do estudo de coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil: Materno-INfantil no Acre (artigos 2, 3 e 4). Mães e seus bebês nascidos entre julho de 2015 e de junho de 2016 na única maternidade do município de Cruzeiro do Sul foram convidados a participar do estudo. As participantes foram entrevistadas logo após o parto e em avaliações de seguimento aos 30-45 dias, 6 meses, 1 e 2 anos sobre dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, práticas alimentares e condições de saúde e morbidade materno-infantil. Regressão de Poisson com estimativas robustas, regressão linear (artigo 2 e 3), e modelos de regressão de Cox estendido (artigo 4) foram utilizados para investigar as associações de interesse. As análises foram realizadas em Stata 15.0, ao nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: No artigo 1, foram selecionados 17 estudos originais. Apesar das diferenças metodológicas entre eles, em relação ao tipo e tamanho de amostra, a definição do AME e método de mensuração, os resultados indicam alta taxa de início da amamentação (≥86%) e ampla variação da ocorrência de AME aos 30 dias de vida (4,5%- 86%), com declínio substancial (<60%) em 63% dos locais investigados. No artigo 2, seguindo as recomendações do Instituto de Medicina (IOM, n = 1305), a frequência de GPG insuficiente e excessivo foram semelhantes (32%). O GPG excessivo foi associado a maior escore-z de peso ao nascer (PN); maior risco de macrossomia, grande para a idade gestacional (GIG) e cesariana; e menor risco de baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) e ser pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG). O GWG insuficiente foi associado a escore-z de PN mais baixo. Entre as mulheres com IMC pré-gestacional normal (n = 658), o GPG inapropriado foi elevado segundo o IOM (66%) e o Intergrowth-21st (42%). Ambos os métodos indicaram que os recém-nascidos de mulheres com GPG excessivo apresentaram maiores escore-z de PN, e maior risco de macrossomia e GIG. Mulheres com GPG abaixo dos padrões intergrowth-21st tiveram maior probabilidade de dar à luz um bebê PIG e com escores-z de PN mais baixos. No artigo 3 (n = 743), o GPG excessivo e o AM<1 ano foram associados a maior escore-z de IMC aos 2 anos de idade após ajuste por covariáveis. No artigo 4 (n = 1145), a probabilidade de AME até 6 meses foi 11,8% e a de AM até 2 anos 34,5%. Entre crianças nascidas a termo, os preditores da interrupção precoce do AME foram a mãe ser primípara, alimentar o bebê com pré-lácteos, o uso de chupeta no período perinatal e a ocorrência de diarreia nas duas primeiras semanas de vida. Os preditores da interrupção precoce do AM foram a criança ser do sexo masculino, o uso de chupeta no período perinatal e o AME menor a 3 meses. Conclusão: Entre crianças amazônicas brasileiras a duração das práticas de aleitamento materno foi consideravelmente menor do que as recomendações internacionais. Os preditores para a interrupção precoce da amamentação identificados nesta coorte de nascimentos devem ser considerados para avaliar estratégias locais e desenvolver intervenções para alcançar um comportamento ideal de amamentação.
Introduction: Early life feeding practices can directly affect infant development, growth, and survival. Among the indicators for child health proposed by the World Health Organization, the frequency and duration of breastfeeding (BF) practices up to two years of life, and related factors, are fundamental for monitoring actions for the promotion, protection, and support of breastfeeding. Objectives: a) To identify the evidence available in longitudinal studies on the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at 30 days of life (article 1); b) To investigate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and perinatal outcomes in Amazonian pregnant women (article 2); c) To examine the role of excessive GWG and breastfeeding practices on body mass index (BMI) at 2 years of age in the first population-based birth cohort in the Brazilian Amazon (article 3); and d) To identify the predictors of EBF interruption before six months of life and BF before two years of age in Amazonian children (Article 4). Methods: We performed an integrative literature review (article 1) and analysis of data from the MINA- Brazil birth cohort study: Maternal and Child in Acre (articles 2, 3 and 4). Mothers and their babies born between July 2015 and June 2016 in the only maternity hospital in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul were invited to participate in the study. Participants were assessed shortly after delivery and at follow-up visits at 30-45 days, 6 months, 1 and 2 years of childs age about socioeconomic and demographic data, dietary practices, health conditions, and maternal and child morbidity. Poisson regression with robust estimates, linear regression (article 2 and 3), and extended Cox regressions analyses (article 4) were run to investigate the associations of interest. Analyses were performed in Stata 15.0, at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: In article 1, 17 original studies were selected. Despite the methodological differences between them, regarding type and size of the sample, the definition of EBF, and the method of measurement, the results indicate a high rate of initiation of breastfeeding (≥86%) and a wide variation in the occurrence of EBF at 30 days of life (4.5%-86%), with substantial decline (<60%) in 63% of the investigated sites. In article 2, following the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations (n = 1305), the frequencies of insufficient and excessive GWG were similar (32%). Excessive GWG was associated with higher new-born birthweight (BW) z-scores; increased risk of macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), and cesarean delivery; and lower risk of low birth weight (LBW) and being small for gestational age (SGA). Insufficient GWG was associated with lower new-born BW z-scores. Among women with normal pre- pregnancy BMI (n = 658), inappropriate GWG was high according to the IOM (66%) and the Intergrowth-21st (42%). Both methods indicated that new-born of women with excessive GWG had higher BW z-scores, and a higher risk of macrosomia and LGA. Women with GWG below intergrowth-21st standards were more likely to give birth to an SGA baby and with lower BW z-scores. In article 3 (n = 743), excessive GWG and BF <1 year were associated with higher BMI z-score at 2 years of age after adjustment for covariates. In article 4 (n = 1145), the probability of EBF up to 6 months and BF up to 2 years were 11.8% and 34.5%, respectively. Among children born at term, the predictors of early EBF interruption were the mother being primiparous, feeding the baby with prelacteal food, use of a pacifier in the perinatal period, and occurrence of diarrhea in the first two weeks of life. The predictors of early BF interruption were a male child, use of pacifier in the perinatal period, and EBF for less than 3 months. Conclusion: Among Brazilian Amazonian children, the duration of breastfeeding practices was considerably shorter than the international recommendations. Predictors for early cessation of breastfeeding identified in this birth cohort should be considered to assess local strategies and develop interventions to achieve optimal breastfeeding behavior.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Longitudinais , Ganho de Peso na GestaçãoRESUMO
Introdução - As práticas de alimentação no início da vida podem afetar diretamente o estado nutricional, crescimento, desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência infantil. Entre os indicadores de saúde infantil propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo até 6 meses de idade (AME: quando a criança recebe somente leite materno direto da mama, ordenhado, ou de ama de leite, sem outros líquidos ou sólidos, com exceção de gotas ou xaropes contendo vitaminas, sais de reidratação oral, suplementos minerais ou medicamentos, podendo ser desagregado nos grupos etários 0-1, 2-3, 4-5 e 0-3 meses) é fundamental para o monitoramento das ações para promoção, proteção e apoio à amamentação. Objetivos - Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à prática de AME aos 30 dias de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Métodos - Análise de dados do estudo de coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil: Materno-INfantil no Acre. Entre julho de 2015 e junho de 2016, mães internadas para parto no Hospital Estadual da Mulher e da Criança do Juruá do município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, foram entrevistadas sobre dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e história de saúde após aceite à participação no estudo. Para a presente análise, o desfecho de interesse -aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida?, foi obtido 30 a 45 dias após o parto por meio de entrevista telefônica e classificado segundo critério da OMS (2010). Medidas de tendência central e dispersão, frequências absolutas e relativas, intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e teste de homogeneidade χ2 foram calculados segundo prática do AME. A análise de sobrevida por meio do estimador Kaplan-Meier foi utilizada para estimar a probabilidade e o efeito de fatores associados à prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida. O efeito dos preditores sobre a duração do AME no primeiro mês foi investigado em modelos múltiplos de regressão tempo de vida acelerado. A análise estatística foi realizada com auxílio do pacote estatístico Stata 14.0 ou superior, ao nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados - No total, 962 mães responderam a entrevista telefônica de acompanhamento no puerpério. A prevalência de AME aos 30 dias de vida foi 36,7% e o tempo mediano para os que interromperam o AME nesse intervalo foi 16 dias. Quando consideradas todas as crianças nascidas no período e elegíveis ao seguimento, a probabilidade de AME aos 30 dias foi 43,7% e a mediana de AME foi 30 dias. Os fatores associados à duração do AME no período estudado foram: número de filhos vivos, uso de chupeta e história de chiado no peito. Observou-se que a duração do AME (time ratio - TR) foi 28% mais prolongada entre os bebês que tinham irmãos (1,28; IC95% 1,11-1,48). O uso de chupeta e história de chiado no peito foram associados à redução no tempo de AME em 33% (0,67; IC95% 0,58-0,78) e 20% (0,80; IC95% 0,69-0,93), respectivamente. Conclusões - A prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, foi aquém das recomendações nacionais e internacionais. Mães primíparas interromperam o AME mais precocemente durante o primeiro mês quando comparadas às mães com mais de um filho; bebês que usaram chupeta ou apresentaram história de chiado no peito apresentaram menor duração do AME no primeiro mês de vida. Dada a importância do AME para a saúde materno-infantil e para a duração total do AM, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de ações intensivas para promoção, apoio e proteção da amamentação antes do primeiro mês de vida nesta população
Introduction - Early life feeding practices can directly affect nutritional status, growth, development, and child survival. Among the indicators of child health proposed by the World Health Organization, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age (EBF: when the baby receives only breastmilk, including milk expressed or from a wet nurse, without other liquids or solids, except for drops or syrups containing vitamins, oral rehydration salts, mineral supplements or medicines, which can be disaggregated in the age groups 0-1, 2-3, 4-5 and 0-3 months) is essential for monitoring actions to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. Objectives - To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days of life in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Methods - Data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Western Brazilian Amazon. Mothers of babies born from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016 at the only maternity hospital in the region were enrolled in this study after signing a free, informed consent form. Women were interviewed soon after giving birth and by telephone at 30-45 days postpartum. Socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric, infant feeding practices, child health and lifestyle data were collected. The outcome of interest was exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days of life, classified according to WHO guidelines (2010). Descriptive statistical data, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and chi-square tests were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate the median duration and the probability of EBF at the end of the first month of life. In order to explore factors associated with time to EBF cessation, accelerated failure-time (AFT) models were run, following a conceptual framework hierarchical model for determinants of EBF. <0.05. Results - During the follow-up period, 962 mothers answered the postpartum telephone interview. The prevalence of EBF at 30 days of life was 36.7% and the median duration was 16 days. Considering all children born in the study period and eligible for follow-up, the probability of EBF in the first month of life was 43.7% and the median duration was 30 days. Factors associated with time to EBF cessation were: having one or more children, pacifier use and history of wheezing. It was observed that duration of EBF (time-ratio - TR) was 28% longer among infants who had siblings (1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.48). Use of a pacifier and history of wheezing were associated with reduced EBF duration by 33% (0.67, 95% CI 0.58-0.78) and 20% (0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93), respectively. Conclusions - The exclusive breastfeeding practice at 30 days of life in Cruzeiro do Sul was considerably below nacional and international recommendations. Primiparous mothers stopped EBF earlier in the first month when compared to mothers with more than one child; infants who used pacifiers or had history of wheezing presented higher risk of not being exclusively breastfed in the first month of life. Given the importance of EBF for maternal and child health and for total duration of breastfeeding, the results of this study may provide a basis for intensive actions to promote, support and protect breastfeeding before the first month of life in this population