Human Herpesvirus 8 in Perinatally HIV-infected Children with Interstitial Lung Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi Sarcoma and interstitial pneumonitis in adults. This study aims to evaluate association between HHV-8 and interstitial lung disease in HIV-infected children. METHODS: HIV-infected children with interstitial pneumonitis underwent lung biopsies in a tertiary hospital and were investigated for HHV-8, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry in lung tissue. Peripheral blood PCR was also performed for HHV-8. RESULTS: From six patients included, PCR for HHV-8 was positive in lung samples in four children and in peripheral blood in one. PCR for EBV and CMV and immunohistochemical study for HHV-8, EBV and CMV in lung were negative in all patients. CONCLUSION: No previous cases of HHV-8-associated interstitial pneumonitis was described in HIV-infected children. An immunological disorder and an infectious agent might influence development of the lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. HHV-8 may be this infectious trigger.

Landscape of Invasive Fusariosis in Pediatric Cancer Patients: Results of a Multicenter Observational Study From Latin America.

Invasive fusariosis (IF) is a life-threatening opportunistic infection that affects vulnerable hosts. We conducted a multicenter and multinational retrospective study to characterize the natural history and clinical management of IF in pediatric cancer patients. We selected patients <18 years old who were sequentially hospitalized in 10 Latin American medical centers with a diagnosis of IF between 2002 and 2021. Data were collected using an electronic case report form complemented by a dictionary of terms. We assessed mortality rates at 30, 60, and 90 days. We collected data from 60 episodes of IF (median age, 9.8 years) that were mostly documented in patients with hematologic cancer (70%). Other risk conditions found were lymphopenia (80%), neutropenia (76.7%), and corticosteroid exposure (63.3%). IF was disseminated in 55.6% of patients. Skin lesions was present in 58.3% of our patients, followed by pulmonary involvement in 55%, sinusitis in 21.7%, bone/joint involvement in 6.7% and 1 case each of endocarditis and brain abscess. Positive blood and skin biopsy cultures were detected in 60% and 48.3% of cases, respectively. Fusarium solani complex was the most commonly identified agent (66.6%). The majority of patients received monotherapy within the first 72 hours (71.6%), either with voriconazole or amphotericin B formulation. The mortality rates at 30, 60, and 90 days were 35%, 41.6%, and 45%, respectively. An important factor affecting mortality rates appears to be disseminated disease. The high percentage of patients with fungal involvement in multiple organs and systems highlights the need for extensive workup for additional sites of infection in severely immunocompromised children.

Community-acquired and healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections in a pediatric hospital in southern Brazil over 8 years: how common is MRSA?

Backgrounds: Both healthcare-associated and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are relevant in children. The objective of our study was to evaluate their impact in a pediatric hospital in southern Brazil. Methods: Data from patients under 18 years of age with S. aureus infections between January 2013 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected regarding infection site, infection type (community-acquired or healthcare-associated), susceptibility to oxacillin [methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) or MRSA] and other antimicrobials. We analyzed the evolution of the susceptibility rates for the isolates over this period. Results: A total of 563 patients were included, among whom the prevalences of community- and hospital-acquired MRSA infections were 46.1% and 8.1%, respectively. No significant change occurred in these prevalences over the study period. In community-acquired infections, MSSA was significantly more associated with osteoarticular infections and MRSA was more associated with respiratory and intra-abdominal infections. In healthcare-associated infections, there was an association between MSSA and primary bloodstream infections and between MRSA, skin/soft tissue infections, and respiratory infections. Community-acquired MRSA were highly susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (96.1%), clindamycin (88.4%), and doxycycline (99.0%). Conclusion: Our study draws attention to the high rates of MRSA in community-acquired staphylococcal infections in this population, indicating a need to review initial protocols for severe staphylococcal infections according to local epidemiology.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute childhood leukemia: What is known so far?

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has evolved in recent decades, reaching an overall survival rate close to 90%. Currently, approximately 4% of patients with ALL die from secondary complications of chemotherapy. Among these complications, the most frequent is febrile neutropenia (FN). The treatment of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) is even more aggressive, being consequently related to a considerable amount of treatment-related toxicity with a high risk of severe infection and death. METHOD: In order to reduce the infection-related risks in these groups of patients, systemic antibacterial prophylaxis has emerged as a possible approach. RESULTS: Antibiotic prophylaxis during neutropenia periods in those undergoing chemotherapy have .already been proven in adults with acute leukemias (ALs). Among the possible available therapeutic options for bacterial prophylaxis in children with cancer, fluoroquinolones emerged with the most amount of evidence. Within this class, levofloxacin became the best choice. CONCLUSION: Therefore, the use of levofloxacin seems to be indicated in very specific situations: in children who are known to be neutropenic for a long time, secondary to intensive chemotherapy; in children with AL undergoing chemotherapy to induce remission; or in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This article aims to describe recent evidence focusing on antibiotic prophylaxis in children with ALs.

Safety of levofloxacin as an antibiotic prophylaxis in the induction phase of children newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an interim analysis of a randomized, open-label trial in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Despite high cure rates, treatment-related mortality in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains significant. About 4% of patients die during remission induction therapy and approximately two-thirds of treatment-related deaths are due to infectious complications. METHODS: From May 2021 to June 2022, children aged one through 18 years, with a recent diagnosis of ALL, admitted to three pediatric oncology centers in Brazil, were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3 clinical trial. Eligible patients were randomly divided into two groups, based on a 1:1 allocation ratio, to receive, or not, levofloxacin as a prophylactic agent during the induction phase. All patients were treated according to the IC-BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol. Primary endpoints were carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) colonization, Clostridioides difficile diarrhea, and other adverse events related to the use of levofloxacin. The secondary endpoint was febrile neutropenia during induction. The median follow-up was 289 days. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included in this trial, 10 in each group (control and levofloxacin). Mild adverse reactions related to levofloxacin were observed in three patients (30%). Three patients had Clostridioides difficile diarrhea, two in the levofloxacin group and one in the control group (p > 0.99). Only one patient presented colonization by CPE. This patient belonged to the levofloxacin group (p > 0.99). Nine patients presented febrile neutropenia, five in the control group and four in the levofloxacin intervention group (p > 0.99), one patient died due to febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSION: The use of levofloxacin was shown to be safe in the induction phase in children with de novo ALL. The use of this medication did not increase the rate of colonization by CPE nor the rate of diarrhea by C. difficile. All adverse reactions were mild and remitted either spontaneously or after switching medicine administration from oral to intravenous route.

Epidemiological aspects of the first human autochthonous visceral leishmaniosis cases in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Human visceral leishmaniasis is a growing anthropozoonosis in Brazil, and particularly in the southern region of the country. It is an infectious disease transmitted to humans, dogs and other animals in urban and rural areas of the Americas, mainly due to the bite of Lutzomya longipalpis infected with Leishmania infantum. This article aims to portray the current epidemiological situation of the human visceral leishmaniasis arrival in Porto Alegre city, located in the southern region of Brazil. It is a descriptive study, a case series and a critical review. Six human cases with human visceral leishmaniasis were notified by the date of conclusion of the study, all human visceral leishmaniasis cases were diagnosed at late stage, leading to four deaths.

Safety of levofloxacin as an antibiotic prophylaxis in the induction phase of children newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an interim analysis of a randomized, open-label trial in Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Despite high cure rates, treatment-related mortality in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains significant. About 4% of patients die during remission induction therapy and approximately two-thirds of treatment-related deaths are due to infectious complications. Methods: From May 2021 to June 2022, children aged one through 18 years, with a recent diagnosis of ALL, admitted to three pediatric oncology centers in Brazil, were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3 clinical trial. Eligible patients were randomly divided into two groups, based on a 1:1 allocation ratio, to receive, or not, levofloxacin as a prophylactic agent during the induction phase. All patients were treated according to the IC-BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol. Primary endpoints were carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) colonization, Clostridioides difficile diarrhea, and other adverse events related to the use of levofloxacin. The secondary endpoint was febrile neutropenia during induction. The median follow-up was 289 days. Results: Twenty patients were included in this trial, 10 in each group (control and levofloxacin). Mild adverse reactions related to levofloxacin were observed in three patients (30%). Three patients had Clostridioides difficile diarrhea, two in the levofloxacin group and one in the control group (p > 0.99). Only one patient presented colonization by CPE. This patient belonged to the levofloxacin group (p > 0.99). Nine patients presented febrile neutropenia, five in the control group and four in the levofloxacin intervention group (p > 0.99), one patient died due to febrile neutropenia. Conclusion: The use of levofloxacin was shown to be safe in the induction phase in children with de novo ALL. The use of this medication did not increase the rate of colonization by CPE nor the rate of diarrhea by C. difficile. All adverse reactions were mild and remitted either spontaneously or after switching medicine administration from oral to intravenous route.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in acute childhood leukemia: What is known so far?

ABSTRACT Introduction: The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has evolved in recent decades, reaching an overall survival rate close to 90%. Currently, approximately 4% of patients with ALL die from secondary complications of chemotherapy. Among these complications, the most frequent is febrile neutropenia (FN). The treatment of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) is even more aggressive, being consequently related to a considerable amount of treatment-related toxicity with a high risk of severe infection and death. Method: In order to reduce the infection-related risks in these groups of patients, systemic antibacterial prophylaxis has emerged as a possible approach. Results: Antibiotic prophylaxis during neutropenia periods in those undergoing chemotherapy have .already been proven in adults with acute leukemias (ALs). Among the possible available therapeutic options for bacterial prophylaxis in children with cancer, fluoroquinolones emerged with the most amount of evidence. Within this class, levofloxacin became the best choice. Conclusion: Therefore, the use of levofloxacin seems to be indicated in very specific situations: in children who are known to be neutropenic for a long time, secondary to intensive chemotherapy; in children with AL undergoing chemotherapy to induce remission; or in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This article aims to describe recent evidence focusing on antibiotic prophylaxis in children with ALs.

Niacin nutritional status in HIV type 1-positive children: preliminary data.

OBJECTIVE: HIV infection induces a state of pellagra in cell culture models. This study compared the nutritional status and the 24-hour urine excretion of N-methylnicotinamide between HIV-positive children and HIV-negative children who were or were not born of mothers with HIV-1 infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients were included in the study: HIV-positive children (group 1; n = 20), HIV-negative children born to infected mothers (group 2; n = 10), and HIV-negative control children (group 3; n = 10). Usual dietary intake was assessed by a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Weight and height were assessed and compared with the reference data of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For the estimation of fat-free mass and total body water, bioelectrical impedance technique was used. N-methylnicotinamide was measured by a modified method of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Groups were matched in relation to age, sex, percentage of malnutrition, anthropometric measures, and body composition. Daily niacin intake did not differ statistically across groups (group 1 = 18.0 +/- 11.4 mg/day; group 2 = 18.9 +/- 8.0 mg/day; group 3 = 14.2 +/- 5.2 mg/day), nor did intake of tryptophan, vitamin B6, and zinc. The values of urinary niacin per gram of creatinine were similar and adequate across the groups (group 1 = 4.68 [0.75-14.9]; group 2 = 3.74 [1.13-5.69]; group 3 = 3.85 [1.80-8.19]). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive children excreted the same amount of N-methylnicotinamide in urine as did the control children. These findings may be attributed to similarities in nutritional status, adequate intestinal absorption (no children experienced diarrhea) and stable clinical condition.

[Clinical, laboratorial and radiographic predictors of Bordetella pertussis infection]. / Preditores clínicos, laboratoriais e radiográficos para infecção por Bordetella pertussis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical, laboratorial and radiographic predictors for Bordetella pertussis infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective study, which analyzed medical records of all patients submitted to a molecular diagnosis (qPCR) for B. pertussis from September 2011 to January 2013. Clinical and laboratorial data were reviewed, including information about age, sex, signs/symptoms, length of hospitalization, blood cell counts, imaging findings, coinfection with other respiratory pathogens and clinical outcome. RESULTS: 222 cases were revised. Of these, 72.5% had proven pertussis, and 60.9% were under 1 year old. In patients aging up to six months, independent predictors for B. pertussis infection were cyanosis (OR 8.0, CI 95% 1.8-36.3; p=0.007) and lymphocyte count >10(4)/µL (OR 10.0, CI 95% 1.8-54.5; p=0.008). No independent predictors of B. pertussis infection could be determined for patients older than six months. Co-infection was found in 21.4% of patients, of which 72.7% were up to six months of age. Adenovirus was the most common agent (40.9%). In these patients, we were not able to identify any clinical features to detect patients presenting with a respiratory co-infection, even though longer hospital stay was observed in patients with co-infections (12 vs. 6 days; p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Cyanosis and lymphocytosis are independent predictors for pertussis in children up to 6 months old.

Epidemiological aspects of the first human autochthonous visceral leishmaniosis cases in Porto Alegre, Brazil

ABSTRACT Human visceral leishmaniasis is a growing anthropozoonosis in Brazil, and particularly in the southern region of the country. It is an infectious disease transmitted to humans, dogs and other animals in urban and rural areas of the Americas, mainly due to the bite of Lutzomya longipalpis infected with Leishmania infantum. This article aims to portray the current epidemiological situation of the human visceral leishmaniasis arrival in Porto Alegre city, located in the southern region of Brazil. It is a descriptive study, a case series and a critical review. Six human cases with human visceral leishmaniasis were notified by the date of conclusion of the study, all human visceral leishmaniasis cases were diagnosed at late stage, leading to four deaths.

Insulin resistance and glucose and lipid concentrations in a cohort of perinatally HIV-infected Latin American children.

We measured glucose, insulin and lipids in 249 perinatally HIV-infected Latin American children. Only 1 subject had impaired fasting glucose; 6.8% had insulin resistance. Abnormalities in total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were reported for 13%, 13%, 21% and 34%, respectively. Continued follow-up of this population is necessary to characterize the evolution and clinical consequences of these findings.

Lower respiratory tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus-exposed, uninfected infants.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether maternal HIV disease severity during pregnancy is associated with an increased likelihood of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. METHODS: HIV-exposed, uninfected, singleton, term infants enrolled in the NISDI Perinatal Study, with birth weight >2500g were followed from birth until 6 months of age. LRTI diagnoses, hospitalizations, and associated factors were assessed. RESULTS: Of 547 infants, 103 (18.8%) experienced 116 episodes of LRTI (incidence=0.84 LRTIs/100 child-weeks). Most (81%) episodes were bronchiolitis. Forty-nine (9.0%) infants were hospitalized at least once with an LRTI. There were 53 hospitalizations (45.7%) for 116 LRTI episodes. None of these infants were breastfed. The odds of LRTI in infants whose mothers had CD4% <14 at enrollment were 4.4 times those of infants whose mothers had CD4% ≥29 (p=0.003). The odds of LRTI in infants with a CD4+ count (cells/mm(3)) <750 at hospital discharge were 16.0 times those of infants with CD4+ ≥750 (p=0.002). Maternal CD4+ decline and infant hemoglobin at the 6-12 week visit were associated with infant LRTIs after 6-12 weeks and before 6 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Acute bronchiolitis is common and frequently severe among HIV-exposed, uninfected infants aged 6 months or less. Lower maternal and infant CD4+ values were associated with a higher risk of infant LRTIs. Further understanding of the immunological mechanisms of severe LRTIs is needed.

Clinical, laboratorial and radiographic predictors of Bordetella pertussis infection / Preditores clínicos, laboratoriais e radiográficos para infecção por Bordetella pertussis

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical, laboratorial and radiographic predictors for Bordetella pertussis infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective study, which analyzed medical records of all patients submitted to a molecular dignosis (qPCR) for B. pertussis from September 2011 to January 2013. Clinical and laboratorial data were reviewed, including information about age, sex, signs/symptoms, length of hospitalization, blood cell counts, imaging findings, coinfection with other respiratory pathogens and clinical outcome. RESULTS: 222 cases were revised. Of these, 72.5% had proven pertussis, and 60.9% were under 1 year old. In patients aging up to six months, independent predictors for B. pertussis infection were (OR 8.0, CI 95% 1.8-36.3; p=0.007) and lymphocyte count >104/µL (OR 10.0, CI 95% 1.8-54.5; p=0.008). No independent predictors of B. pertussis infection could be determined for patients older than six months. Co-infection was found in 21.4% of patients, of which 72.7% were up to six months of age. Adenovirus was the most common agent (40.9%). In these patients, we were not able to identify any clinical features to detect patients presenting with a respiratory co-infection, even though longer hospital stay was observed in patients with co-infections (12 vs. 6 days; p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Cyanosis and lymphocytosis are independent predictors for pertussis in children up to 6 months old...

OBJETIVO: Identificar preditores clínicos, laboratoriais e radiológicos da infecção por Bordetella pertussis. MÉTODOS: Trabalho retrospectivo, com análise de prontuários clínicos de todos os indivíduos submetidos ao diagnóstico molecular (qPCR) para B. pertussis de setembro de 2011 à janeiro de 2013. Foram revistos dados clínicos e laboratoriais, incluindo informações sobre idade, sexo, sinais/sintomas, tempo de hospitalização, contagens de células sanguíneas, exames de imagem, co-infecção com outros patógenos respiratórios, e evolução clínica. RESULTADOS: 222 casos foram revistos, do quais 72,5% tinham coqueluche confirmada, sendo 60,9% menores de um ano de idade. Foram observados preditores independentes para B. pertussis em pacientes com menos de seis meses de idade. Nesses casos, os preditores identificados foram cianose (OR 8,0; CI 95% 1,8-36,3; p=0,007) e contagem de linfócitos >104/µL (OR 10,0, CI 95% 1,8-54,5; p=0,008). Preditores de coqueluche não puderam ser determinados para crianças maiores de 6 meses de idade. Coinfecção foi encontrada em 21,4% dos pacientes, dos quais 72,7% tinham até seis meses de idade, sendo que o adenovírus foi o agente mais comum (40,9%). Nesses indivíduos, não foram observadas características clíncias capazes de distinguir pacientes com co-infecção, porém foi verificado um maior tempo de internação hospitalar nos pacientes com mais de um agente infeccioso detectado (12 vs. 6 dias; p=0,009). CONCLUSÕES: Cianose e linfocitose são preditores independentes para coqueluche em crianças com até seis meses de idade...

Influenza H1N1 2009: revisão da primeira pandemia do século XXI / H1N1 Influenza 2009: review of the first pandemic of the XXI century

Em 2009, ocorreu a primeira pandemia de influenza do século XXI e acarretou uma histeria generalizada, especialmente pela falta de informações concretas. Um sintoma comum e até menosprezado como a tosse tornou-se um problema de relacionamento humano. O presente trabalho faz uma revisão sob aspectos epidemiológicos, diagnósticos, terapêutico e de prevenção. O objetivo foi fornecer argumentos para que o clínico possa atuar precocemente frente à Gripe A H1N1 pandêmica

In 2009, there was the first influenza pandemic of the XXI century, which led to widespread hysteria, especially because of the lack of concrete information. A common, even belittled symptom such as cough became a problem in human relationships. This paper is a review on the epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy and prevention of H1N1 influenza. The aim was to provide arguments so that the clinician can act early against the Influenza H1N1 pandemic