Evaluation of Intussusception after Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccination in Africa.

BACKGROUND: Postlicensure evaluations have identified an association between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception in several high- and middle-income countries. We assessed the association between monovalent human rotavirus vaccine and intussusception in lower-income sub-Saharan African countries. METHODS: Using active surveillance, we enrolled patients from seven countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) who had intussusception that met international (Brighton Collaboration level 1) criteria. Rotavirus vaccination status was confirmed by review of the vaccine card or clinic records. The risk of intussusception within 1 to 7 days and 8 to 21 days after vaccination among infants 28 to 245 days of age was assessed by means of the self-controlled case-series method. RESULTS: Data on 717 infants who had intussusception and confirmed vaccination status were analyzed. One case occurred in the 1 to 7 days after dose 1, and 6 cases occurred in the 8 to 21 days after dose 1. Five cases and 16 cases occurred in the 1 to 7 days and 8 to 21 days, respectively, after dose 2. The risk of intussusception in the 1 to 7 days after dose 1 was not higher than the background risk of intussusception (relative incidence [i.e., the incidence during the risk window vs. all other times], 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], <0.001 to 1.16); findings were similar for the 1 to 7 days after dose 2 (relative incidence, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.16 to 1.87). In addition, the risk of intussusception in the 8 to 21 days or 1 to 21 days after either dose was not found to be higher than the background risk. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of intussusception after administration of monovalent human rotavirus vaccine was not higher than the background risk of intussusception in seven lower-income sub-Saharan African countries. (Funded by the GAVI Alliance through the CDC Foundation.).

Carpenter syndrome in a patient from Tanzania.

Carpenter syndrome (acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It was clinically diagnosed in a female baby with polysyndactyly and craniosynostosis in a referral clinic in Northern Tanzania. In the RAB23 gene, a previously described homozygous variant c.82C>T p.(Arg28*) was detected that results in a premature stop codon. Both parents were demonstrated to be heterozygous carriers of this variant. Herewith, its pathogenicity is proved. A literature search suggests this is the first molecularly confirmed case of Carpenter syndrome in continental Africa.

Clinical profiles of diabetic foot ulcer patients undergoing major limb amputation at a tertiary care center in North-eastern Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot ulcers complications are the major cause of non-traumatic major limb amputation. We aimed at assessing the clinical profiles of diabetic foot ulcer patients undergoing major limb amputation in the Surgical Department at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), a tertiary care hospital in North-eastern Tanzania. METHODS: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted from September 2018 through March 2019. Demographic data were obtained from structured questionnaires. Diabetic foot ulcers were graded according to the Meggitt-Wagner classification system. Hemoglobin and random blood glucose levels data were retrieved from patients' files. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were recruited in the study. More than half (31/60; 51.67%) were amputated. Thirty-five (58.33%) were males. Fifty-nine (98.33%) had type II diabetes. Nearly two-thirds (34/60; 56.67%) had duration of diabetes for more than 5 years. The mean age was 60.06 ± 11.33 years (range 30-87). The mean haemoglobin level was 10.20 ± 2.73 g/dl and 9.84 ± 2.69 g/dl among amputees. Nearly two thirds (42/60; 70.00%) had a haemoglobin level below 12 g/dl, with more than a half (23/42; 54.76%) undergoing major limb amputation. Two thirds (23/31; 74.19%) of all patients who underwent major limb amputation had mean hemoglobin level below 12 g/dl. The mean Random Blood Glucose (MRBG) was 13.18 ± 6.17 mmol/L and 14.16 ± 6.10 mmol/L for amputees. Almost two thirds of the study population i.e., 42/60(70.00%) had poor glycemic control with random blood glucose level above 10.0 mmol/L. More than half 23/42 (54.76%) of the patients with poor glycemic control underwent some form of major limb amputation; which is nearly two thirds (23/31; 74.19%) of the total amputees. Twenty-eight (46.67%) had Meggitt-Wagner classification grade 3, of which nearly two thirds (17:60.71%) underwent major limb amputation. CONCLUSION: In this study, the cohort of patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers treated in a tertiary care center in north-eastern Tanzania, the likelihood of amputation significantly correlated with the initial grade of the Meggit-Wagner ulcer classification. High blood glucose levels and anaemia seem to be also important risk factors but correlation did not reveal statistical significance.

Perioperative serum albumin as a predictor of adverse outcomes in abdominal surgery: prospective cohort hospital based study in Northern Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Albumin is an important protein that transports hormones, fatty acids, and exogenous drugs; it also maintains plasma oncotic pressure. Albumin is considered a negative active phase protein because it decreases during injuries and sepsis. In spite of other factors predicting surgical outcomes, the effect of pre and postoperative serum albumin to surgical complications can be assessed by calculating the percentage decrease in albumin (delta albumin). This study aimed to explore perioperative serum albumin as a predictor of adverse outcomes in major abdominal surgeries. METHODS: All eligible adult participants from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre Surgical Department were enrolled in a convenient manner. Data were collected using a study questionnaire. Full Blood Count (FBP), serum albumin levels preoperatively and on postoperative day 1 were measured in accordance with Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Data was entered and analyzed using STATA version 14. Association and extent of decrease in albumin levels as a predictor of surgical site infection (SSI), delayed wound healing and death within 30 days of surgery was determined using ordinal logistic regression models. In determining the diagnostic accuracy, a Non-parametric Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) model was used. We adjusted for ASA classification, which had a negative confounding effect on the predictive power of the percent drop in albumin to adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty one participants were studied; the mean age was 51.6 (SD16.3), the majorities were males 40 (65.6%) and post-operative adverse outcomes were experienced by 28 (45.9%) participants. In preoperative serum albumin values, 40 (67.8%) had lower than 3.4 g/l while 51 (91%) had postoperative albumin values lower than 3.4 g/l. Only 15 (27.3%) had high delta albumin with the median percentage value of 14.77%. Delta albumin was an independent significant factor associated with adverse outcome (OR: 6.68; 95% CI: 1.59, 28.09); with a good predictive power and area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.72 (95% CI 0.55 0.89). The best cutoff value was 11.61% with a sensitivity of 76.92% and specificity of 51.72%. CONCLUSION: Early perioperative decreases in serum albumin levels may be a good, simple and cost effective tool to predict adverse outcomes in major abdominal surgeries.

Patterns and outcomes of patients with abdominal trauma on operative management from northern Tanzania: a prospective single centre observational study.

BACKGROUND: The abdomen is one of the most commonly injured regions in trauma patients. Abdominal injury surgeries are common in Tanzania and in many parts of the world. This study aimed to determine the relationships among the causes, characteristics, patterns and outcomes of abdominal injury patients undergoing operations at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed over a period of 1 year from August 2016 to August 2017. A case was defined as a trauma patient with abdominal injuries admitted to the general surgery department and undergoing an operation. We assessed injury types, patterns, aetiologies and outcomes within 30 days. The outcomes were post-operative complications and mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the association between factors associated with morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Out of 136 patients, 115 (84.6%) were male, with a male-to-female ratio of 5.5:1. The most affected patients were in the age range of 21-40 years old, which accounted for 67 patients (49.3%), with a median age (IQR) of 31.5 (21.3-44.8) years. A majority (99 patients; 72.8%) had blunt abdominal injury, with a blunt-to-penetrating ratio of 2.7:1. The most common cause of injury was road traffic accidents (RTAs; 73 patients; 53.7%). Commonly injured organs in blunt and penetrating injuries were, respectively, the spleen (33 patients; 91.7%) and small bowel (12 patients; 46.1%). Most patients (89; 65.4%) had associated extra-abdominal injuries. Post-operative complications were observed in 57 patients (41.9%), and the mortality rate was 18 patients (13.2%). In the univariate analysis, the following were significantly associated with mortality: associated extra-abdominal injury (odds ratio (OR): 4.9; P-value< 0.039); head injury (OR: 4.4; P-value < 0.005); pelvic injury (OR: 3.9; P-value< 0.043); length of hospital stay (LOS) ≥ 7 days (OR: 4.2; P-value < 0.022); severe injury on the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) (OR: 21.7; P-value < 0.003); time > 6 h from injury to admission (OR: 4.4; P-value < 0.025); systolic BP < 90 (OR: 3.5; P-value < 0.015); and anaemia (OR: 4.7; P-value< 0.006). After adjustment, the following significantly predicted mortality: severe injury on the NISS (17 patients; 25.8%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 15.5, 95% CI: 1.5-160, P-value < 0.02) and time > 6 h from injury to admission (15 patients; 19.2%; aOR: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.0-18.9, P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Blunt abdominal injury was common and mostly associated with RTAs. Associated extra-abdominal injury, injury to the head or pelvis, LOS ≥ 7 days, systolic BP < 90 and anaemia were associated with mortality. Severe injury on the NISS and time > 6 h from injury to admission significantly predicted mortality.

Colorectal cancer in a patient with intestinal schistosomiasis: a case report from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center Northern Zone Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer associated with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis has been linked with the chronic inflammation as a result of schistosomal ova deposition in the submucosal layer of the intestine. Among all species Schistosoma japonicum has been more linked to development of colorectal cancer as compared to Schistosoma mansoni due to absence of population-based studies to support the association. Despite the weak evidence, some cases have been reported associating S. mansoni with development of colorectal cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a patient who presented to us as a case of intestinal obstruction and found to have a constrictive lesion at the sigmoid colon at laparotomy, then later found to have colorectal cancer with deposited S. mansoni ova at histology. CONCLUSION: Given the known late complications of schistosomiasis, and as S. mansoni is endemic in some parts of Tanzania, epidemiological studies are recommended to shed more light on its association with colorectal cancer.

From penetrating abdominal injury to enterocutaneous fistula, a deadly outcome: A case report.

Enterocutaneous fistula is a dreaded complication by most surgeons especially after emergency abdominal surgery. It can also occur spontaneously from an underlying disease. The pathology is demanding both mentally and physically and causes medical and nursing problems for the affected individual. In this case report we present a timeline of a young 4-year-old boy who sustained penetrating abdominal-perineal injury from a fall and later presented with peritonitis. His condition progressed to complicate into enterocutaneous fistula and succumbed unfortunately due to multifactorial reasons. This shows the impact and burden of the disease pathology not only on patients but also on the medical system as a whole.

Type 3B jejunoileal atresia management at a tertiary hospital in northern Tanzania: A report of three cases.

Key Clinical Message: Jejunalileal atresia is a cause of intestinal obstruction in the newborn, hence a surgical emergency. Prenatal diagnosis can be made by simple obstetric ultrasound and postnatal by plain abdominal x-ray to plan a multidisciplinary approach to reduce morbidity and neonatal mortality. Abstract: Atresia can occur anywhere along the intestines and is a common cause of intestinal obstruction in neonates. Jejunoileal atresia (JIA) is a rare disease occurring in 2.1 per 10,000 live births. Type 3b jejunoileal atresia occurs in 11% of all small bowel atresia. We present three cases of type 3b jejunoileal atresia. They were all missed by prenatal ultrasonography, and presented with features of intestinal obstruction. The diagnosis was confirmed by plain abdominal x-rays and ultrasound, followed by laparotomy. Postoperative care was given in the neonatal unit according to local protocols. One recovered, however, two succumbed from neonatal infection. Jejunoileal atresia requires surgery and long postoperative care, with outcomes associated with numerous prognostic factors including multidisciplinary care and neonatal intensive care. Jejunoileal atresia is less commonly associated with other congenital anomalies, unlike duodenal atresia. Efforts are needed to scale up prenatal diagnosis of jejunoileal atresia, and therefore to plan for appropriate care after delivery. Also, further studies are needed to understand neonatal sepsis in the postoperative period and ways to improve outcomes.

Outcomes of traumatic brain injury patients with acute epidural and subdural hematoma who underwent burr hole surgery: A two-year study at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania.

Background: Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Africa. Craniotomy is the surgical standard for acute extra-axial hematomas that is not realistic in LMIC due to deficient human and operative resources. Burr hole surgery may be an alternative in resource-limited settings. This study aimed at determining outcomes and factors associated with burr hole surgery as definitive management of traumatic extra-axial hematomas. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study of patients with acute traumatic extra-axial hematomas who underwent burr hole surgery. Data were extracted from the patient's medical records after confirmation of the surgery and CT scan findings. The data were entered to SPSS 25 for analysis where a bivariate analysis was done. Results: 156 participants were enrolled; 149 (95.5 %) were males. The mean age of the participants was 35.33 (SD 15.37) years. The mean arrival GCS was 11.76 ± 3.59. Most participants had mild, followed by severe then moderate (55.8 %, 24.4 %, and 19.9 % respectively) TBI. 118 (75.6 %) participants had good outcomes and the overall in-hospital mortality was 18.6 %. 109 (69.9 %) had epidural hematomas mostly (21 %) in the parietal lobe. 30 (19.2 %) had brain herniation syndromes. Poor outcomes were associated with age above 50 years, severe TBI, motor response <4, abnormal pupil size, other injuries, ICU admission, SDH, midline shift >10 mm, cerebral edema, and brain herniation syndromes. Surgical site infection and hemostasis by packing were associated with a long length of hospital stay. Conclusion: Burr hole surgery is still a safe, effective, and simple life-saving procedure in patients with acute hematomas in resource-constrained areas.

Traumatic left common carotid artery thrombosis with ischemic brain injury: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Penetrating neck injuries (PNIs) are common and are associated with arterial injuries in 10-25 % of the cases, with carotid artery twice as frequent as to vertebral arteries. Carotid artery injury constitutes about 22 % of all cervical vascular injuries. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 44-year-old male who sustained penetrating neck injury in a motor traffic crash. He presented with monoplegia of his right upper limb and an open wound on the left side of his neck which was not actively bleeding hence surgical debridement was done and sutured. CT angiography and CT-scan brain concluded of left common carotid thrombosis secondary to penetrating neck trauma with ischemic brain injury. Patient was successfully managed conservatively. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The general mortality rate in PNI with associated cervical vascular injury is approximately 66 %. Artery dissection occurs when the intima tears causing intramural hematoma leading to narrowing or occlusion. CT angiography is the best and fastest modality to assess these injuries and management depends on the clinical bases of the patient. CONCLUSION: Neck is vulnerable to external trauma because it is not protected by the skeleton. The neck contains vital structures such as the trachea, esophagus, blood vessels and nervous system organs. Vascular injuries can be life-threatening owing to its prompt clinical assessment and investigation.

Chest tube thoracostomy: A simple life-saving procedure with potential hazardous risks.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Chest tube thoracostomy is a simple life-saving procedure with many benefits but comes with significant potential morbidity. Potentially all intra-thoracic organs are at risk of possible injury as well as peritoneal. CASE PRESENTATION: We present four patients who had chest tube thoracostomy with potential complications fortunately were managed promptly and recovered fully. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Complications related to tube thoracostomy is reported up to 25 % especially when done under emergency conditions. While the procedure is reported safe, it's associated morbidity is not well described. Additionally, clinicians are urged to follow standard operating procedures and address the potential complications with consent to their patients. CONCLUSION: Chest tube thoracostomy is an invasive life-saving procedure performed across various clinical ranks and sub-specialties. It has potential life-threatening risks and complications therefore clinicians should be well trained to identify such complications and address accordingly.

Ocular, scrotal and abdominal trauma in a secondary blast injury.

Blast injuries are subjected to high morbidity and mortality in the general population. They cognate to single or multiple organ-related injuries that may be life-threatening. The unique injury patterns of blast injuries make treatment therapy complex. An adult male patient presented to our setting with multiple severe deep burn wounds resulting from a dynamite explosion. His computed tomography (CT) scan revealed numerous sharp shards around his body and a ruptured hemiscrotum with exposed testicles. Surgery was immediately done and with a good post-operative outcome. The severity of these injuries escalates in relation to the proximity of the explosions. A CT scan is an imperative diagnostic imaging modality. Treatment involves resuscitation, optimization, excision of non-viable tissues and damage control surgery. Delays in management may have detrimental consequences. Therefore, for physicians to manage the diverse injury manifestations that these patients may present with, they must grasp the pathophysiological patterns of blast injuries.

Pattern, Management, and Outcomes of Chest Injury At Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre.

Background: Chest trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the region. Lacking data in our environment has been a challenging part of knowing the burden of the problem. Long hospital stays and associated injuries are an essential measure of morbidity. The study results will provide a basis for planning prevention strategies and establishment of treatment protocols. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, pattern, and management outcomes of chest injury patients at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC), a Tertiary Hospital in Northern zone Tanzania from October 2021 to April 2022. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with chest injuries who were admitted and managed at Tertiary Hospital Northern Zone (Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center-KCMC) in the Emergency medicine and General Surgery departments. Using a designated data collection tool, details of the mechanism of injury, radiological and laboratory investigations, management, and outcomes were recorded. Results: A total of 114 chest injury patients were studied. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 7.14:1. Their ages ranged from 2 to 83 years (mean = 36.18 years). The Majority of patients (95.58%) sustained blunt injuries. Road traffic crush was the most common cause of injuries affecting 65.79% of patients. Lung contusion, hemothorax, and rib fractures were the most common type of injuries accounting for 54.4%, 27.2%, and 21.1%, respectively. Associated injuries were noted in 85.7% of patients, and head injury (60.5%) was found in most patients. The Majority of patients (60.5%) were treated successfully with a non-operative approach. Underwater seal drainage was performed at (38.9%). One Patient (0.9%) underwent a thoracotomy. 14% of patients had complications of surgical site infection, and 69% were found in the Majority of patients. The median length of hospital stay was 4.5 days. The mortality rate was 21. Conclusion: Motor traffic crash was the principal cause of chest trauma. Young male patients were most affected by chest trauma and the majority of patients were treated conservatively. Chest X-ray remains to be the main imaging modality for diagnosing thoracic trauma lesions. Associated injuries such as head injuries, were found to contribute to a high mortality rate.

Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type with medullary pattern: A case report at a tertiary facility in Tanzania.

Key Clinical Message: Describes a rare form of invasive breast cancer of no special type.Not a distinct morphological subtype.Characterized by dense lymphoid infiltrate, syncytial growth, pushing borders, and cells with high-grade nuclei.Clinically aggressive but carries a better prognosis than other more frequent invasive breast carcinomas. Abstract: Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type with medullary pattern (BCNST-MP) is a rare form of breast tumor, accounting for less than 5% of all invasive breast carcinomas. Its diagnosis is based on histologic criteria. Historically, this tumor was known as medullary carcinoma. Poor morphological reproducibility led to re-classification. Despite having an aggressive biological behavior, these tumors usually carry a better prognosis compared with other more frequent forms of invasive breast carcinomas. Herein, we present a case of BCNST-MP in a 58-year-old African female, successfully treated in our institution through chemo-radiation, hormonal therapy and surgery.

Cross-leg flap in a burn patient: our experience from a tertiary center from Northern Tanzania.

Lower limb trauma with significant tissue loss poses a great challenge to the surgeons. Cross-leg flaps were first described in 1854 and are still used for limb-salvage surgeries in those not suitable for free tissue transfer or in resource-limited settings. Herein we present a case of a 16-year-old girl, otherwise well, who sustained burn injury to her right leg while cooking exposing the anterior aspect of her tibia. Limb-salvage surgeries were done including cross-leg 'fascio-cutaneous' flap with positive outcome. Herein, we share our experience showing an impactful and reliable option for limb salvage in resource-limited setting.

Chylous ascites and pancreatic pseudocyst on a child following blunt abdominal trauma; a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Chylous ascites is the collection of milky-like fluid rich in triglycerides within the peritoneal cavity. It results from disruption of normal intestinal lymphatic flow. It is caused mainly by congenital anomalies, trauma, and malignancy. Chylous ascites following blunt abdominal injury is uncommon in pediatrics. Chyle duct and pancreatic injuries present a rare clinical sequela yet to be reported in the literature. Conservative management is the mainstay of treating chyle duct injuries, reserving invasive measures for unique circumstances. CASE PRESENTATION: A case of an eleven-year-old female who suffered blunt thoracoabdominal trauma and sustained injuries to the chest, pancreas, and chyle duct. She had clinical signs of peritonism and decreased air entry on the right hemithorax. While she underwent abdominal exploration, the chylous ascites eventually resolved on conservative management, and the pancreatic pseudocyst was later drained percutaneously. DISCUSSION: Chylous ascites and pancreatic pseudocyst is uncommon in pediatrics. While surgery is indicated in selected cases, a conservative approach is advocated in managing lymphatic leaks. Diet with low triglycerides and high protein is advocated to decrease lymph production. Treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst varies from conservative (watchful waiting) to drainage measures. CONCLUSION: Although chylous ascites is not expected following trauma, has to be considered among differential free peritoneal fluid. Pancreatic injuries are common but difficult to diagnose. CT and MRCP are preferred modalities for diagnosing pancreatic injuries. While dietary modification and drainage of the chylous ascites were the mainstays in managing chyle duct injury, pancreatic pseudocyst resolved after percutaneous drainage.

Late presentation of midgut malrotation in a young adult.

Midgut malrotation is a congenital anomaly due to partial or complete failure of rotation of the midgut in fetal life. Majority of the cases present in the neonatal period and 90% within the first year. Adult presentation is rare and the true incidence is unknown as some cases pass undiagnosed. Whirlpool sign is pathognomic for midgut malrotation and management involves surgery.

Case series of inguinal pedicle-flap to cover hand ulcers: Our experience from northern Tanzania.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap is a widely used and acceptable option of free tissue transfer for small and large defects due to its ease of dissection and adjustable pedicle length. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein we present our experience with two similar cases of hand ulcers with differing aetiologies that were managed successfully at our tertiary centre by general surgeons to cover the defects in order to salvage the hand. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The pedicle groin flap was first described in 1972 and still indicated and used widely in hand resurfacing. It has shown to be reliable with minimal peri-operative complications. CONCLUSION: Groin flap donor skin provides adequate skin for coverage with versatile skin, but come at a cost of specialize expertise, resources and risks.

Acute pancreatitis in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case report from Tanzania.

The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has mainly affected the respiratory system but has expanded to other systems, including the gastrointestinal system. We present an 80-year-old man with sharp epigastric pain and vomiting. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated pancreatic enzymes, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen suggested acute pancreatitis. He was undergoing treatment for acute pancreatitis when he developed respiratory compromise, leading to the use of oxygen. Computed tomography of the chest revealed bilateral pleural effusion. However, a positive nasopharyngeal swab suggested severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. He was treated for the viral infection with various medications until clinically stable before being self-isolated at home. His follow-up visits revealed a favorable outcome, with progressive resolve occurring 4 weeks after the onset. There is no specific conclusion regarding pancreatic involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. There are several confounding factors in the etiology of acute pancreatitis during concomitant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. However, further research is warranted to evaluate whether pancreatic involvement is one of the clinical presentations or subsequent complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.

Potential Spectrum of Accompanied Penetrating Abdominal Intraperitoneal Injuries with Bowel Evisceration: Surprises Awaiting the Trauma Surgeon in Resource Limited Settings.

Penetrating abdominal injuries involves violation of the peritoneal cavity and injuries to solid organs and other intraperitoneal viscera such as major blood vessels and hollow organs. Typically such injuries arise from gunshot wounds or stab wounds. With increase in crime rates and motor traffic accidents in urban areas, the trauma surgeon in civilian urban centers faces spectrum of injuries similar to his colleague in war torn areas. Potential spectrum of penetrating abdominal injuries is wide and accurate diagnosis in resource limited centers is challenging. Majority of injuries are concealed and diagnosed intraoperatively and dealt with relatively junior trauma surgeons in emergency settings in remote limited settings. Computed tomography (CT) scans and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) facilities are scarce in resource limited settings. Haemodynamic states of penetrating abdominal injuries patients presenting in emergency departments necessitate urgent surgical exploration and management with minimal room for full radiological work-up. Evisceration of bowels with unstable haemodynamic states mandate laparotomy due to wide spectrum of accompanied intraperitoneal injuries. Four cases of penetrating abdominal injuries are presented with modes of assault ranging from gunshot injuries to stab wounds with broken bottles to highlight the intra-abdominal spectrum of injuries, challenges in diagnosis and emergency managements done in a resource limited setting.