Current Evidences on Psychopharmacology of Schizoaffective Disorder.

Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) is a psychotic disorder which has presented a certain nosological controversy. Apart from these difficulties, very few studies focused in SAD as a distinct condition from schizophrenia have been found. This lack of specifical studies on SAD results in a lack of specific evidence about treatment. Currently, its treatment is based mainly on the use of antipsychotics, although there are no specific treatment guidelines for SAD. The objective of this review is to establish which are the most recommended treatments according to evidence available, considering clinical variables such as efficacy, safety, adherence, and tolerance as well as the role of these factors in different subtypes of SAD. This exhaustive review examines experimental and observational studies involving patients with a diagnosis of SAD. It was concluded that more clinical trials performed exclusively on patients affected by SAD are needed. Paliperidone, the only drug with authorized use in SAD, is the one that has the highest quality of studies to support its use. Risperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole and ziprasidone also have randomized clinical trials supporting their efficacy and safety. In treatment-refractory patients, there are observational studies indicating the usefulness of clozapine. Likewise, there is evidence from observational studies showing the usefulness of lithium and carbamazepine during the treatment maintenance phase. It is necessary to establish the role of combined treatment with mood stabilizers and/or antidepressants.

A retrospective naturalistic study on the psychopharmacological treatment of schizoaffective disorder.

Evidence on the effectiveness of psychopharmacological treatment of schizoaffective disorder is scarce and mostly comes from indirect, nonspecific sources. We carried out a large retrospective study (n = 770) of every other consecutively numbered clinical record with a recorded ICD-10 diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder in the Andalusian Health Service record system. We gathered sociodemographic, drug treatment and clinical outcomes such as improvement, relapses and change over time on DSM-5 psychotic dimensions. We analyzed data to explore associations between drug use and clinical improvement. Antipsychotics were the most commonly used drugs (77%). 22.4% of patients experienced at least a mild improvement. Clozapine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4) and aripiprazole (OR = 2.3) for global improvement, and quetiapine (OR = 3.5) for depression were the most effective drugs. Antidepressants, mood stabilizers and benzodiazepines were also associated with a better outcome in some DSM-5 dimensions such as delusions, hallucinations and language, respectively. Antipsychotic monotherapy was not associated with a better outcome. Our findings corroborate the role of antipsychotics as the essential psychopharmacological treatment for different symptoms of schizoaffective disorder. However, the role of mood stabilizers, antidepressants or BZD is controversial and should be individually considered.

Paranoia and risk of personality disorder in the general population.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that paranoia is associated with personality disorder (PD) in the general population. METHOD: This was a population-based cross-sectional survey carried out in Andalusia (Spain) using a representative sample of 4 507 participants. Paranoia was measured using the Green Paranoid Thought Scale, and risk of having a PD was screened using the Standardized Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale whilst borderline personality disorder (BPD) was measured with the CEPER-III Exploratory Interview of Personality disorder. Adjusted Pearsons' correlations between paranoia and PD or BPD were calculated. RESULTS: Paranoia was associated with the risk of having PD and, more robustly, with BPD. Both associations held true for both personality outcomes (PD and BPD) when tested for two Green Paranoid Thought Scale paranoia subtypes (persecutory and reference) after accounting for the effects of age, sex and child abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Paranoia seems to either augment the risk for, or be part of, PD/BPD. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with psoriasis: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare quality of life (QoL), anxiety and depressive symptoms, alcohol consumption and other correlates between patients with psoriasis and controls; and to identify features of psoriasis associated with lower levels of QoL. METHOD: Case-control study including 70 subjects with moderate-severe psoriasis and 140 controls without psoriasis. All participants answered the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), with physical and mental component scores of quality of life, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Among subjects with psoriasis, the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were used, respectively, to measure the severity of psoriasis and the impact of psoriasis on the specific quality of life. RESULTS: Compared to controls, patients with psoriasis showed higher HADS depression score and alcohol consumption, and lower QoL. Among subjects with psoriasis, multivariate analysis showed: 1) poorer physical QoL was associated with older age, articular lesions and anxious symptoms, whereas poorer mental QoL was associated with younger age, female sex, genital lesions and depressive symptoms; 2) the higher the severity of psoriasis, the lower the level of QoL and the higher the levels of anxious or depressive symptoms; and 3) female sex and articular or genital location of lesions are linked with higher HADS scores. CONCLUSION: Higher scores in anxiety and depression and lower QoL is common in psoriasis, especially among women and those with genital or articular lesions. Dermatologists should give special attention to this subgroup of persons with psoriasis in order to prevent future psychopathology.

A dimensional comparison between delusional disorder, schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Since the early description of paranoia, the nosology of delusional disorder has always been controversial. The old idea of unitary psychosis has now gained some renewed value from the dimensional continuum model of psychotic symptoms. AIMS: 1. To study the psychopathological dimensions of the psychosis spectrum; 2. to explore the association between psychotic dimensions and categorical diagnoses; 3. to compare the different psychotic disorders from a psychopathological and functional point of view. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational study utilizing a sample of some 550 patients with a psychotic disorder. 373 participants had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 137 had delusional disorder and 40 with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. The PANSS was used to elicit psychopathology and global functioning was ascertained using the GAF measure. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the PANSS items were performed to extract psychopathological dimensions. Associations between diagnostic categories and dimensions were subsequently studied using ANOVA tests. RESULTS: 5 dimensions - manic, negative symptoms, depression, positive symptoms and cognitive - emerged. The model explained 57.27% of the total variance. The dimensional model was useful to explained differences and similarities between all three psychosis spectrum categories. The potential clinical usefulness of this dimensional model within and between clinical psychosis spectrum categories is discussed.