Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Bacterial Biofilms-A Review including In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Caries/carious lesions are a growing concern among the general population across the world, and different strategies are evolving to combat the bacterial invasion that resultantly leads to caries. In this systematic review, we are looking to analyse the role of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on the growth of bacterial biofilms. The search strategy for the studies to be selected for the review was initiated by a search across multiple databases, which ultimately yielded 15 studies that were in accordance with our objectives. The reviewed articles indicate a very clear correlation between the usage of SDF and the decrease in bacterial biofilms, which are limited not just to one or two but multiple bacterial species. As shown by the events favoring SDF's odds ratio of 3.59 (with a 95% confidence interval of 2.13 to 6.05), a risk ratio of 1.63 (1.32 to 2.00), and a risk difference of 0.28 (0.16 to 0.40), there was strong evidence that SDF is a successful treatment for reducing bacterial biofilms in dental practice. This study offers substantial proof that SDF works well to reduce bacterial biofilms in dentistry practices. We advise further investigation to examine the potential of SDF as a standard therapy choice for dental caries and related conditions given the obvious relationship between the use of SDF and the reduction in bacterial biofilms.

Association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Dental Caries among 6-12-Year-Old School Children.

This study aimed to identify the association between BMI and dental caries in 6−12-year-old children. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 6−12-year-old school children and their parents. The data on Body Mass Index (BMI) and dental caries for study participants were included in the study. The association between BMI and dental caries was evaluated using SPSS software. The study comprises 400 school children (157 boys and 243 girls) aged an average of 8.9 years. The overall prevalence of dental caries was 84% in primary dentition and 75% in permanent dentition, with a mean DMFT and dmft (decayed, missing and filled teeth) of 2.85 and 5.48, respectively. There was a significant association witnessed between mothers' education and BMI status. A significant association was also evident between decayed (d), missing (m) and filled (f) teeth and overall dmft with different BMI categories (p < 0.05). There was no significant association evident between DMFT and each category of BMI (p > 0.05). The dmft and DMFT within the four BMI categories by one-way ANOVA were highly significant (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis helped us identify the relationship among the various categories of BMI with dental caries. There was a positive association evident between the BMI of the children and dental caries.

The efficacy of two different oral hygiene regimens on the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in pediatric patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A prospective interventional study.

AIMS: This prospective interventional study aimed to assess the efficacy of supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse and the use of an extra-soft toothbrush twice a day when added to the existing oral hygiene protocol regimen (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate + 3% sodium bicarbonate + nystatin 5000 U/mL) in reducing the severity of oral mucositis among pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy for the hematopoietic stem cell transplant. METHODS: Forty-five patients that received chemotherapy for the hematopoietic stem cell transplant were randomly allocated to three groups of 15 patients each. Group A was advised to follow the existing oral hygiene protocol regimen (Control), group B was advised to brush their teeth twice daily using an extra-soft toothbrush and to follow the control regimen, and lastly group C was advised to use supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse and to follow the control regimen. Oral mucositis was recorded according to World Health Organization criteria from the day of admission (day 1) to the day of discharge (day 28). The incidence of oral mucositis between the three groups was compared using the Kruskall-Wallis test while the severity of oral mucositis between the three groups was compared using a one-way ANOVA test. RESULTS: The results of the study showed no significant difference in the incidence of oral mucositis between the three groups; however, there was a lower severity of oral mucositis in the supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse group when compared to the control group or the group who used an extra-soft toothbrush with the control regimen. CONCLUSION: Although marginally fewer cases and lower severity of oral mucositis was observed in the group using supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse, the lack of statistical significance suggests that the evidence for their use is not conclusive. The results of this study also showed that the introduction of an extra-soft toothbrush into the oral hygiene regimen did not significantly reduce the incidence of oral mucositis and may actually be responsible for an increase in the severity of oral mucositis.

Clinical and microbiological outcomes of photodynamic and systemic antimicrobial therapy in smokers with peri-implant inflammation.

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of two protocols in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis (p-iM) among cigarette smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups were randomized into (i) single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with mechanical debridement (MD) (Group-A), (ii) systemic AB with MD (Group-B), and (iii) MD alone (Group-C). Clinical peri-implant parameters including plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Microbiological parameters included the assessment of percentage level of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at baseline and 12 weeks. All parameters were analyzed using Friedman test and multiple comparisons performed using Bonferroni tests. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: At 6 weeks of follow-up, there was a statistically significant reduction in PS (p < 0.001), BOP (p < 0.01), and PD (p < 0.05) among patients in groups A and B on intragroup comparison. At 12 weeks of follow-up, there was a further significant reduction in PS (p < 0.001) and BOP (p < 0.01) among patients in groups A and B on intragroup comparison but this reduction was comparable with 6-week follow-up. On inter-group comparison, only Group-A showed statistically significant reduction in BOP compared to Group-B and C at 6 weeks (p < 0.05). The levels of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in Group-A and Group-B showed statistically significant reductions at 12 weeks compared with baseline (p < 0.01). On inter-group comparison, Group-A and B showed no significant differences at follow-up (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This short term clinical study suggests that aPDT as an adjunct to MD is as efficacious as adjunctive antibiotic therapy. However, additional benefits in the reduction of bleeding scores were observed for aPDT in peri-implant inflammation among cigarette smokers.

Hypoplasia Resulting from Nutritional Deficiency: A Case Report.

AIM: The aim of the study was provide information to dentists about the causes of enamel hypoplasia and treatment alternatives available to dentists working with immature permanent teeth. BACKGROUND: Hypoplasia resulting from nutritional deficiency is a developmental anomaly resulting from defects in amelogenesis. The treatment strategy should be based on the degree of involvement as well as the functional and esthetic needs in each case. CASE DESCRIPTION: This article reports the case of a 14-year-old boy presenting with enamel hypoplasia affecting multiple anterior and posterior teeth that were treated conservatively. CONCLUSION: Enamel hypoplasia resulting from severe calcium deficiency affects esthetics, child self-esteem, and quality of life. This report highlights the history of severe calcium deficiency during childhood, and conservative treatment to improve the esthetic and reduce tooth sensitivity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Conservative approach was done for all the affected permanent teeth and was used to improve the esthetic and to have an effective transitional treatment to tell the child to reach a stage of stable occlusion. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Mubaraki SA. Hypoplasia Resulting from Nutritional Deficiency: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(6):573-576.

Parental perceptions of the oral health-related quality of life of autistic children in Saudi Arabia.

The aim of this study was to use parental perception to assess the Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of children with Autism. A total of 59 families of children with Autism who had an unaffected sibling were cross-matched for age and gender of the affected child with families with no autistic children. The parents were administered the Parental Perception Questionnaire (P-CPQ) and the Family impact scale (FIS) components of and Arabic version of the Child Oral Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire (COHRQL). The P-CPQ scores of Children with Autism were compared with those of their unaffected siblings and those of children from families with no autistic child, while the FIS scores were compared between families with and without an autistic child. Regression models were constructed to show the association of sociodemographic factors on the OHRQoL of autistic children. The results of this study seem to suggest that childhood autism results in a reduced OHRQoL for both the affected child as well as the family. The apparent reduced parental concern with unaffected siblings of autistic children, when compared to parental concern towards children in families with no autistic child is an area that could merit further research.