Dual role of acetate as a nucleophile and as an internal base in cycloplatination reaction of sym-N,N',N″-triarylguanidines.

Reaction of cis-[Cl(2)Pt(S(O)Me(2))(2)] with 1 equiv of sym-N,N',N″-triarylguanidines, ArN═C(NHAr)(2) (sym = symmetrical; Ar = 2-MeC(6)H(4) (LH(2)(2-tolyl)), 2-(MeO)C(6)H(4) (LH(2)(2-anisyl)), 4-MeC(6)H(4) (LH(2)(4-tolyl)), 2,5-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (LH(2)(2,5-xylyl)), and 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (LH(2)(2,6-xylyl))) in toluene under reflux condition for 3 h afforded cis- or trans-[Cl(2)Pt(S(O)Me(2))(ArN═C(NHAr)(2))] (Ar = 2-MeC(6)H(4) (1), 2-(MeO)C(6)H(4) (2), 4-MeC(6)H(4) (3), 2,5-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (4), and 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3) (5), respectively) in 83-96% yield. Reaction of cis-[Cl(2)Pt(S(O)Me(2))(2)] with 1 equiv of LH(2)(2-tolyl) and LH(2)(4-tolyl) in the presence of 1 equiv of NaOAc in methanol under reflux condition for 3 h afforded acetate-substituted products, cis-[(AcO)ClPt(S(O)Me(2))(ArN═C(NHAr)(2))] (Ar = 2-MeC(6)H(4) (6) and 4-MeC(6)H(4) (7)) in 83% and 84% yields, respectively. Reaction of cis-[Cl(2)Pt(S(O)Me(2))(2)] with 1 equiv of LH(2)(2-anisyl) and LH(2)(2-tolyl) in the presence of 1 equiv of NaOAc in methanol under reflux condition for 3 and 12 h afforded six-membered [C,N] platinacycles, [Pt{κ(2)(C,N)-C(6)H(3)R-3(NHC(NHAr)(═NAr))-2}Cl(S(O)Me(2))] (Ar = 2-RC(6)H(4); R = OMe (8) and Me (9)), in 92% and 79% yields, respectively. The new complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques, and further the molecular structures of 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The platinum atom in 1, 4, and 5 exhibited the trans configuration, while that in 2, 6, and 8 exhibited the cis configuration. Complex 6 is shown to be the precursor for 9, and the former is suggested to transform to the latter possibly via an intramolecular C-H activation followed by elimination of AcOH. The solution behavior of new complexes has been studied by multinuclear NMR ((1)H, (195)Pt, and (13)C) spectroscopy. The new complexes exist exclusively as a single isomer (trans (1 and 5) and cis (6 and 7)), a mixture of cis and trans isomers with the former isomer being predominant in the case of 2 and the latter isomer being predominant in the case of 3. Complex 5 in the trans form revealed the presence of one isomer at 0.007 mM concentration and two isomers in about 1.00:0.12 ratio at 0.154 mM concentration as revealed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and this has been ascribed to the restricted Pt-S bond rotation at higher concentration. Platinacycle 8 exists as one isomer, while 9 exists as a mixture of seven isomers in solution. The influence of steric factor, π-acceptor property of the guanidine, subtle solid-state packing forces upon the configuration of the platinum atom, and the number of isomers in solution have been outlined. Factors that accelerate or slow down the cycloplatination reaction, the role of NaOAc, and a plausible mechanism of this reaction have been discussed.

2-[(E)-2-Hy-droxy-3-methoxy-benzyl-idene]-N-methyl-hydrazinecarbothio-amide.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C11H15N3O2S, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯O and O-H⋯S hydrogen, forming inversion dimers. These dimers are linked by N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming double-stranded chains propagating along the b-axis direction. The two C atoms of the end chain of the mol-ecule are disordered over two sets os sites [occupancy ratio 0.574 (9):0.426 (9)].

Synthesis, reactivity studies, structural aspects, and solution behavior of half sandwich ruthenium(II) N,N',N''-triarylguanidinate complexes.

[(η(6)-C(10)H(14))RuCl(µ-Cl)](2) (η(6)-C(10)H(14) = η(6)-p-cymene) was subjected to a bridge-splitting reaction with N,N',N''-triarylguanidines, (ArNH)(2)C═NAr, in toluene at ambient temperature to afford [(η(6)-C(10)H(14))RuCl{κ(2)(N,N')((ArN)(2)C-N(H)Ar)}] (Ar = C(6)H(4)Me-4 (1), C(6)H(4)(OMe)-2 (2), C(6)H(4)Me-2 (3), and C(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,4 (4)) in high yield with a view aimed at understanding the influence of substituent(s) on the aryl rings of the guanidine upon the solid-state structure, solution behavior, and reactivity pattern of the products. Complexes 1-3 upon reaction with NaN(3) in ethanol at ambient temperature afforded [(η(6)-C(10)H(14))RuN(3){κ(2)(N,N')((ArN)(2)C-N(H)Ar)}] (Ar = C(6)H(4)Me-4 (5), C(6)H(4)(OMe)-2 (6), and C(6)H(4)Me-2 (7)) in high yield. [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 5-7 with RO(O)C-C≡C-C(O)OR (R = Et (DEAD) and Me (DMAD)) (diethylacetylenedicarboxylate, DEAD; dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate, DMAD) in CH(2)Cl(2) at ambient temperature afforded [(η(6)-C(10)H(14))Ru{N(3)C(2)(C(O)OR)(2)}{κ(2)(N,N')((ArN)(2)C-N(H)Ar)}]·xH(2)O (x = 1, R = Et, Ar = C(6)H(4)Me-4 (8·H(2)O); x = 0, R = Me, Ar = C(6)H(4)(OMe)-2 (9), and C(6)H(4)Me-2 (10)) in moderate yield. The molecular structures of 1-6, 8·H(2)O, and 10 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The ruthenium atom in the aforementioned complexes revealed pseudo octahedral "three legged piano stool" geometry. The guanidinate ligand in 2, 3, and 6 revealed syn-syn conformation and that in 4, and 10 revealed syn-anti conformation, and the conformational difference was rationalized on the basis of subtle differences in the stereochemistry of the coordinated nitrogen atoms caused by the aryl moiety in 3 and 4 or steric overload caused by the substituents around the ruthenium atom in 10. The bonding pattern of the CN(3) unit of the guanidinate ligand in the new complexes was explained by invoking n-π conjugation involving the interaction of the NHAr/N(coord)Ar lone pair with C═Nπ* orbital of the imine unit. Complexes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8·H(2)O, and 9 were shown to exist as a single isomer in solution as revealed by NMR data, and this was ascribed to a fast C-N(H)Ar bond rotation caused by a less bulky aryl moiety in these complexes. In contrast, 3 and 10 were shown to exist as a mixture of three and five isomers in about 1:1:1 and 1·0:1·2:2·7:3·5:6·9 ratios, respectively in solution as revealed by a VT (1)H NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY in conjunction with DEPT-90 (13)C NMR data measured at 233 K in the case of 3. The multiple number of isomers in solution was ascribed to the restricted C-N(H)(o-tolyl) bond rotation caused by the bulky o-tolyl substituent in 3 or the aforementioned restricted C-NH(o-tolyl) bond rotation as well as the restricted ruthenium-arene(centroid) bond rotation caused by the substituents around the ruthenium atom in 10.

A unique nickel system having versatile catalytic activity of biological significance.

A new dinuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni(2)(LH(2))(H(2)O)(2)(OH)(NO(3))](NO(3))(3) (1), of an "end-off" compartmental ligand 2,6-bis(N-ethylpiperazine-iminomethyl)-4-methyl-phenolato, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The X-ray single crystal structure analysis shows that the piperazine moieties assume the expected chair conformation and are protonated. The complex 1 exhibits versatile catalytic activities of biological significance, viz. catecholase, phosphatase, and DNA cleavage activities, etc. The catecholase activity of the complex observed is very dependent on the nature of the solvent. In acetonitrile medium, the complex is inactive to exhibit catecholase activity. On the other hand, in methanol, it catalyzes not only the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) but also tetrachlorocatechol (TCC), a catechol which is very difficult to oxidize, under aerobic conditions. UV-vis spectroscopic investigation shows that TCC oxidation proceeds through the formation of an intermediate. The intermediate has been characterized by an electron spray ionizaton-mass spectrometry study, which suggests a bidentate rather than a monodentate mode of TCC coordination in that intermediate, and this proposition have been verified by density functional theory calculation. The complex also exhibits phosphatase (with substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate) and DNA cleavage activities. The DNA cleavage activity exhibited by complex 1 most probably proceeds through a hydroxyl radical pathway. The bioactivity study suggests the possible applications of complex 1 as a site specific recognition of DNA and/or as an anticancer agent.

Dimethyl 2,2'-[(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-5,7-diyl)dioxy]diacetate: a more densely packed polymorph.

The title mol-ecule, C(21)H(18)O(8), crystallizes in two crystal polymorphs, see also Nallasivam, Nethaji, Vembu & Jaswant [Acta Cryst. (2009), E65, o314-o315]. The mol-ecules of both polymorphs differ by the conformation of the oxomethyl-acetate groups. The title mol-ecules are rather planar compared to the mol-ecules of the other polymorph. In the title mol-ecule, one of the oxomethyl-acetate groups is disordered (occupancies of 0.6058/0.3942). The structures of both polymorphs are stabilized by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions. Due to the planarity of the title mol-ecules and similar inter-molecular inter-actions, the title mol-ecules are more densely packed than those of the other polymorph.

Dimethyl 2,2'-[(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromene-5,7-di-yl)di-oxy]diacetate: a less densely packed polymorph.

The title mol-ecule, C(21)H(18)O(8), crystallizes in two crystal polymorphs, see also Nallasivam, Nethaji, Vembu & Jaswant [Acta Cryst. (2009), E65, o312-o313]. The main difference between the two polymorphs is in the conformation of the oxomethyl-acetate groups with regard to the almost planar [total puckering amplitude 0.047 (2) Å] chromene ring. In the title compound, the best planes of the oxomethyl-acetate groups through the non-H atoms are almost perpendicular to the chromene ring [making dihedral angles of 89.61 (6) and 80.59 (5)°], while in the second polymorph the mol-ecules are close to planar. Both crystal structures are stabilized by C-H⋯O.

5,7-Dimeth-oxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(17)H(14)O(4), contains two independent mol-ecules which differ in the relative orientations of the phenyl rings with repect to the essentially planar [maximum deviations of 0.029 (2) and 0.050 (2) Šin the two mol-ecules] chromene fused-ring system, forming dihedral angles of 10.3 (5) and 30.86 (5)° in the two mol-ecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O and C--H⋯π inter-actions, and π-π stacking inter-actions.

6,8-Dibromo-5-hydr-oxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl acetate.

In the title compound, C(17)H(10)Br(2)O(5), the chromene ring is almost planar with minimal puckering [total puckering amplitude = 0.067 (4) Å]. The dihedral angle between chromeme ring system and phenyl ring is 3.7 (2)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular C-H⋯O inter-actions and an intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond also occurs.

Catechol oxidase activity of a series of new dinuclear copper(II) complexes with 3,5-DTBC and TCC as substrates: syntheses, X-ray crystal structures, spectroscopic characterization of the adducts and kinetic studies.

A series of dinuclear copper(II) complexes has been synthesized with the aim to investigate their applicability as potential structure and function models for the active site of catechol oxidase enzyme. They have been characterized by routine physicochemical techniques as well as by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis: [Cu 2(H 2L2 (2))(OH)(H 2O)(NO 3)](NO 3) 3.2H 2O ( 1), [Cu(HL1 (4))(H 2O)(NO 3)] 2(NO 3) 2.2H 2O ( 2), [Cu(L1 (1))(H 2O)(NO 3)] 2 ( 3), [Cu 2(L2 (3))(OH)(H 2O) 2](NO 3) 2, ( 4) and [Cu 2(L2 (1))(N 3) 3] ( 5) [L1 = 2-formyl-4-methyl-6R-iminomethyl-phenolato and L2 = 2,6-bis(R-iminomethyl)-4-methyl-phenolato; for L1 (1) and L2 (1), R = N-propylmorpholine; for L2 (2), R = N-ethylpiperazine; for L2 (3), R = N-ethylpyrrolidine, and for L1 (4), R = N-ethylmorpholine]. Dinuclear 1 and 4 possess two "end-off" compartmental ligands with exogenous mu-hydroxido and endogenous mu-phenoxido groups leading to intermetallic distances of 2.9794(15) and 2.9435(9) A, respectively; 2 and 3 are formed by two tridentate compartmental ligands where the copper centers are connected by endogenous phenoxido bridges with Cu-Cu separations of 3.0213(13) and 3.0152(15) A, respectively; 5 is built by an end-off compartmental ligand having exogenous mu-azido and endogenous mu-phenoxido groups with a Cu-Cu distance of 3.133(2) A (mean of two independent molecules). The catecholase activity of all of the complexes has been investigated in acetonitrile and methanol medium by UV-vis spectrophotometric study using 3,5-di- tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DTBC) and tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) as substrates. In acetonitrile medium, the conversion of 3,5-DTBC to 3,5-di- tert-butylbenzoquinone (3,5-DTBQ) catalyzed by 1- 5 is observed to proceed via the formation of two enzyme-substrate adducts, ES1 and ES2, detected spectroscopically for the first time. In methanol medium no such enzyme-substrate adduct has been detected, and the 3,5-DTBC to 3,5-DTBQ conversion is observed to be catalyzed by 1- 5 very efficiently. The substrate TCC forms an adduct with 2- 5 without performing further oxidation to TCQ due to the high reduction potential of TCC (in comparison with 3,5-DTBC). But most interestingly, 1 is observed to be effective even in TCC oxidation, a process never reported earlier. Kinetic experiments have been performed to determine initial rate of reactions (3,5-DTBC as substrate, in methanol medium) and the activity sequence is 1 > 5 > 2 = 4 > 3. A treatment on the basis of Michaelis-Menten model has been applied for kinetic study, suggesting that all five complexes exhibit very high turnover number, especially 1, which exhibits turnover number or K cat of 3.24 x 10 (4) (h (-1)), which is approximately 3.5 times higher than the most efficient catalyst reported to date for catecholase activity in methanol medium.

5,7-Bis(benz-yloxy)-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one.

In the title compound, C(29)H(22)O(4), the chromene ring is almost planar with a small puckering [0.143 (2) Å]. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions. Edge-to-face (centroid-centroid distances of 3.894 and 3.673 Å) and face-to-face (centroid-centroid distance of 3.460 Å) π-π-ring electron inter-actions are also observed.

2-Phenyl-5,7-bis-(prop-2-en-1-yl-oxy)-4H-chromen-4-one.

In the title compound, C(21)H(18)O(4), tthe dihedral angle between the chromene ring system and the pendant phenyl ring is 6.1 (1)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by an intermolecular C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Synthesis, crystal structure, DNA binding and photo-induced DNA cleavage activity of (S-methyl-L-cysteine)copper(II) complexes of heterocyclic bases.

Ternary S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMe-l-cys) copper(II) complexes [Cu(SMe-L-cys)(B)(H(2)O)](X) (1-4), where the heterocyclic base B is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2), dipyridoquinoxaline (dpq, 3) and dipyridophenazine (dppz, 4), and X is ClO(4)(-) (1-3) or NO(3)(-) (4), are prepared and their DNA binding and cleavage properties studied. Complexes 2 and 4 are structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Both the crystal structures show distorted square-pyramidal (4+1) CuN(3)O(2) coordination geometry of the complexes in which the N,O-donor S-methyl-L-cysteine and N,N-donor heterocyclic base bind at the basal plane with a water molecule as the axial ligand. In addition, the dppz structure shows the presence of a 1D-chain formed due to covalent linkage of the carboxylate oxygen atom belonging to another molecule at the elongated axial site. The crystal structures show chemically significant non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding involving the axial aqua ligand and pi-pi interactions between dppz ligands. The complexes display a d-d band in the range of 605-654 nm in aqueous dimethylformamide (DMF) solution (9:1 v/v). The redox active complexes show quasireversible cyclic voltammetric response near 0.1 V in DMF assignable to the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple. The complexes show good binding affinity to calf thymus (CT) DNA giving the order: 4 (dppz)>3 (dpq)>2 (phen)>>1 (bpy). The intrinsic binding constants, obtained from UV-visible spectroscopic studies, are 1.3x10(4) and 2.15 x 10(4) M(-1) for 3 and 4, respectively. Control DNA cleavage experiments using pUC19 supercoiled (SC) DNA and minor groove binder distamycin suggest major groove binding propensity for the dppz complex, while the phen and dpq complexes bind at the minor groove of DNA. Complexes 2-4 show DNA cleavage activity in dark in the presence of a reducing agent 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) via a mechanistic pathway involving formation of hydroxyl radical as the reactive species. The complexes also show efficient photo-induced DNA cleavage activity on irradiation with a monochromatic UV light of 365 nm in absence of any external reagent. The cleavage efficiency follows the order: 3>4>2. The complexes exhibit significant DNA cleavage activity on irradiation with visible light of 633 nm. Control experiments show inhibition of cleavage in presence of singlet oxygen quenchers like sodium azide, histidine and enhancement of cleavage in D(2)O, suggesting formation of singlet oxygen as a reactive species in a type-II process. The photosensitizing effect of the thiomethyl group of the amino acid is evidenced from the observation of significant DNA photocleavage activity of the phen complex 2 as the phen ligand itself is not a photosensitizer.

Structural and spectral perspectives of a novel thiosemicarbazone synthesized from di-2-pyridyl ketone and 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide.

A new thiosemicarbazone, HL is synthesized from di-2-pyridyl ketone and 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide and structurally and spectrochemically characterized. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC and IR spectra of the compound are studied and the proton magnetic resonance spectrum reveals some unprecedented observations. The thione form is predominant in the solid state, as supported by the crystal structure and IR data, while a thiol-thione equilibrium is proposed in the solution state by NMR studies. The compound crystallizes into a monoclinic lattice with space group C2/c and the ZE conformation is exhibited by the thiosemicarbazone. Intra- and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions give rise to a two-dimensional packing in the crystal lattice.

Manganese(II) complexes of substituted di-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazones: structural and spectral studies.

The reaction between manganese(II) acetate and two substituted thiosemicarbazones derived from di-2-pyridyl ketone (HL) in 1:2 molar ratio produces new complexes of general formula [MnL2]. The thiosemicarbazone moiety in HL deprotonates and gets coordinated to Mn(II) through the azomethine nitrogen, one of the pyridyl nitrogens, and the thiolate sulfur in both the complexes. The crystal structure of [MnL2(1)] was established by single crystal X-ray diffraction and the compound crystallizes into a monoclinic lattice with P2(1)/c space group. Manganese(II) exists in a distorted octahedral geometry in the complexes.

Effect of charge transfer bands on the photo-induced DNA cleavage activity of [1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphtholato]copper(II) complexes.

Ternary copper(II) complex [Cu(TAN)(O2CMe)] (1), where H-TAN is 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol, is prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complex has a distorted square pyramidal (4+1) CuN2O3 coordination geometry with the acetate showing chelating axial-equatorial binding mode and TAN as a tridentate ligand bonded to the metal in the basal plane. Complex 1 is one-electron paramagnetic and displays ligand-to-metal charge transfer bands at 575 and 398 nm in dimethylformamide. The reactions of 1 with bases (B) like 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and kanamycin-A (kan-A) afford ternary complexes of formulation [Cu(TAN)B]+ (B=phen, 2; kan-A, 3) under in situ reaction conditions. Complexes 2 and 3, prepared to explore their DNA binding and photo-induced DNA cleavage activity, display good binding propensity to calf thymus (CT) DNA giving a relative order: 2-3>1. The apparent binding constant (Kapp) for 1 is determined as 9.8 x 10(5)M(-1) from fluorescence quenching experiments using ethidium bromide. The quenching constants (K) values of 1-3, obtained from the Stern-Volmer plots, are 0.28, 0.52 and 0.49, respectively. All the complexes show photo-induced DNA cleavage activity when irradiated with a monochromatic UV light of 365 nm wavelength. A 200 microM complex 1 cleaves approximately 75% supercoiled (SC) DNA on 2h exposure time at 365 nm. A 50 microM solution of 1 in presence of 100 microM phen and kanamycin-A cleaves approximately 99% and approximately 60% SC DNA to its nicked circular form, respectively, for an exposure of 30 min. The complexes also exhibit significant cleavage of SC DNA on irradiation with visible light of wavelengths 532, 575 and 632.8 nm. Control experiments reveal the minor groove binding nature of the complexes. The cleavage reactions involve the formation reactive hydroxyl species as significant inhibition in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and catalase is observed. There is no apparent inhibition in cleavage in the presence of singlet oxygen quenchers like sodium azide. The cleavage activity has been found to be higher at the CT band position of 575 nm in comparison to those at 532 and 632.8 nm. The results indicate the involvement of the CT band in the photo-excitation process.

Encapsulation of paramagnetic 3d1-vanadium(IV) in an antiferromagnetically coupled dodecanuclear copper(II) cage.

A mixed metal cluster [Cu12VO5L6] of a pentadentate Schiff base (H3L) containing vanadium(IV) in a dodecanuclear copper(I) cage is prepared by vanadyl templated self assembly of dicopper(II) precursor and the structurally characterized complex shows antiferromagnetic coupling involving copper(II) centers, which leads close to diamagnetism for the Cu(II) cage below 40 K in the presence of an encapsulated paramagnetic 3d1-V(IV) atom.

On the water promoted reaction of titanium isopropoxide with carbon dioxide.

Insertion of carbon dioxide into titanium isopropoxide takes place only in the presence of trace quantities of water to give an isopropyl carbonato cluster which has been crystallographically characterised.

Visible light-induced nuclease activity of a ternary mono-phenanthroline copper(II) complex containing L-methionine as a photosensitizer.

Ternary copper(II) complex, structurally characterized as [Cu(phen)(met)(MeOH)](ClO4) (1) by X-ray crystallography, has 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as an intercalator/binder to supercoiled pUC19 DNA and L-methionine (met) as a photosensitizer, and the complex displays efficient photonuclease activity on irradiation with UV (312 nm) or visible (436, 532 nm) light through a mechanistic pathway involving singlet oxygen.

Helical supramolecular host with aquapores anchoring alternate molecules of helical water chains.

Unprecedented 1D helical chains of hydrogen bonded water molecules, showing both handedness and anchored onto a helical supramolecular host formed from the self assembly of a dicopper(II) complex (1) containing pentadentate Schiff base (L) and p-hydroxycinnamate in 1.2H(2)O, propagate along the crystallographic 2(1)-screw axis and the compound shows two endotherms due to loss of water molecules at 61.5 and 88.5 degrees C in the differential scanning calorimetry giving an overall change of enthalpy value of approximately 36 kJ mol(-1) per water molecule.