Climate and season: the effects on ophthalmic diseases.

Seasonal changes and climate have a significant impact on human health. Diseases influenced by temperature and climate conditions are likely to undergo dynamic pattern shifts with consequent impact on human health. A number of infectious and non-infectious ophthalmic diseases are influenced by temperature and seasonality. Awareness of this is important from public and global health perspective in addition to resource allocation strategies. We examine the evidence for a seasonal pattern to ophthalmic diseases and assess the possible impact of climate change.

Cancer-like metabolism of the mammalian retina.

The retina, like many cancers, produces energy from glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon is known as aerobic glycolysis and eponymously as the Warburg effect. In recent years, the Warburg effect has become an explosive area of study within the cancer research community. The expanding knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underpinning the Warburg effect in cancer promises to provide a greater understanding of mammalian retinal metabolism and has motivated cancer researchers to target the Warburg effect as a novel treatment strategy for cancer. However, if the molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect are shared by the retina and cancer, treatments targeting the Warburg effect may have serious adverse effects on retinal metabolism. Herein, we provide an updated understanding of the Warburg effect in mammalian retina.

Chromosome 9p21 primary open-angle glaucoma susceptibility locus: a review.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically complex disease. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a particularly useful tool in the search for genetic contributions to glaucoma. Recently, chromosome 9p21 has become a major focus of research endeavour, with multiple genome-wide association studies suggesting associations to POAG. Herein, we provide a review of the chromosome 9p21 susceptibility locus as a risk factor for POAG.

Levator palpebrae superioris: an anatomical update.

The levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle is the main retractor of the upper eyelid, responsible for elevating the upper eyelid and maintaining it in an open position. Sound knowledge of its anatomy and adjacent structures is essential for eyelid surgery. Work from researchers and anatomists over the years continue to enrich our understanding in the anatomy of the LPS. In this review, we present an update on the anatomy of the LPS and its surgical implications. Important adnexa such as Whitnall's ligament, intermuscular-transverse ligament and Müller's muscle are also covered.

Traumatic corneal endothelial rings from homemade explosives.

Traumatic corneal endothelial rings are remarkably rare ocular findings that may result from blast injury. We present a unique case of bilateral traumatic corneal endothelial rings secondary to blast injury from homemade explosives.

Atypical findings in delayed presentation of unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy.

Unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy is a rare disease affecting young healthy patients resulting in moderate to severe unilateral visual loss preceded by prodromal flu-like illness. We present a case of delayed presentation of unilateral acute idiopathic maculopathy associated with hand, foot and mouth disease.

Association of Visual Impairment and All-Cause 10-Year Mortality Among Indigenous Australian Individuals Within Central Australia: The Central Australian Ocular Health Study.

Importance: It is well established from different population-based studies that visual impairment is associated with increased mortality rate. However, to our knowledge, the association of visual impairment with increased mortality rate has not been reported among indigenous Australian individuals. Objective: To assess the association between visual impairment and 10-year mortality risk among the remote indigenous Australian population. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective cohort study recruiting indigenous Australian individuals from 30 remote communities located within the central Australian statistical local area over a 36-month period between July 2005 and June 2008. The data were analyzed in January 2017. Exposures: Visual acuity, slitlamp biomicroscopy, and fundus examination were performed on all patients at recruitment. Visual impairment was defined as a visual acuity of less than 6/12 in the better eye. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mortality rate and mortality cause were obtained at 10 years, and statistical analyses were performed. Hazard ratios for 10-year mortality with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Results: One thousand three hundred forty-seven patients were recruited from a total target population number of 2014. The mean (SD) age was 56 (11) years, and 62% were women. The total all-cause mortality was found to be 29.3% at 10 years. This varied from 21.1% among those without visual impairment to 48.5% among those with visual impairment. After adjustment for age, sex, and the presence of diabetes and hypertension, those with visual impairment were 40% more likely to die (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.16-1.70; P = .001) during the 10-year follow-up period compared with those with normal vision. Conclusions and Relevance: Bilateral visual impairment among remote indigenous Australian individuals was associated with 40% higher 10-year mortality risk compared with those who were not visually impaired. Resource allocation toward improving visual acuity may therefore aid in closing the gap in mortality outcomes between indigenous and nonindigenous Australian individuals.

Genetic Association at the 9p21 Glaucoma Locus Contributes to Sex Bias in Normal-Tension Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Many genome-wide association studies have identified common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 9p21 glaucoma locus (CDKN2B/CDKN2B-AS1) to be significantly associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), with association being stronger in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and advanced glaucoma. We aimed to determine whether any observed differences in genetic association at the 9p21 locus are influenced by sex. METHODS: Sex was assessed as a risk factor for POAG for 2241 glaucoma participants from the Australian and New Zealand Registry of Advanced Glaucoma, the Glaucoma Inheritance Study in Tasmania, and the Flinders Medical Centre. A total of 3176 controls were drawn from the Blue Mountains Eye Study and South Australia: 1523 advanced POAG and 718 nonadvanced POAG cases were genotyped along with 3176 controls. We selected 13 SNPs at the 9p21 locus, and association results were subanalyszd by sex for high-tension glaucoma (HTG) and NTG. Odds ratios (ORs) between sexes were compared. RESULTS: A sex bias was present within advanced NTG cases (57.1% female versus 42.9% male, P = 0.0026). In all POAG cases, the strongest associated SNP at 9p21 was rs1063192 (OR, 1.43; P = 4 × 10-18). This association was stronger in females (OR, 1.5; P = 5 × 10-13) than in males (OR, 1.35; P = 7 × 10-7), with a statistically significant difference in female to male OR comparison (P = 1.0 × 10-2). An NTG to HTG subanalysis yielded statistically significant results only in females (OR, 1.63; P = 1.5 × 10-4) but not in males (OR, 1.15; P = 2.8 × 10-1), with a statistically significant difference in female to male OR comparison (P = 1.4 × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that female sex is a risk factor for developing advanced NTG. The stronger genetic signals at the 9p21 locus among females may contribute at least in part to the observed sex bias for NTG.

Rapid Resolution of Graft-versus-Host-Disease-Related Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

We present a 23-year-old female patient who developed bilateral, multifocal CSCR three months after BMT and two months after developing GvHD. At the time of diagnosis, her medications included cyclosporine and high-dose oral steroid for GvHD. CSCR resolved quickly after the resolution of GvHD, along with rapid tapering of steroids and restoration of emotional wellbeing. Rapid tapering of systemic steroids under close monitoring of a hematologist in the setting of resolved mild GvHD may facilitate prompt resolution of CSCR.

Causes of Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness: Comparative Data From Bhutanese and Laotian Schools for the Blind.

PURPOSE: To determine and compare the major causes of childhood blindness and severe visual impairment in Bhutan and Laos. DESIGN: Independent cross-sectional surveys. METHODS: This survey consists of 2 cross-sectional observational studies. The Bhutanese component was undertaken at the National Institute for Vision Impairment, the only dedicated school for the blind in Bhutan. The Laotian study was conducted at the National Ophthalmology Centre and Vientiane School for the Blind. Children younger than age 16 were invited to participate. A detailed history and examination were performed consistent with the World Health Organization Prevention of Blindness Eye Examination Record. RESULTS: Of the 53 children examined in both studies, 30 were from Bhutan and 23 were from Laos. Forty percent of Bhutanese and 87.1% of Laotian children assessed were blind, with 26.7% and 4.3%, respectively, being severely visually impaired. Congenital causes of blindness were the most common, representing 45% and 43.5% of the Bhutanese and Laotian children, respectively. Anatomically, the primary site of blinding pathology differed between the cohorts. In Bhutan, the lens comprised 25%, with whole globe at 20% and retina at 15%, but in Laos, whole globe and cornea equally contributed at 30.4%, followed by retina at 17.4%. There was an observable difference in the rates of blindness/severe visual impairment due to measles, with no cases observed in the Bhutanese children but 20.7% of the total pathologies in the Laotian children attributable to congenital measles infection. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with other studies, there is a high rate of blinding disease, which may be prevented, treated, or ameliorated.