RESUMO
Cholera toxin (CT) elicits a mucosal immune response in mice when used as a vaccine adjuvant. The mechanisms by which CT exerts its adjuvant effects are incompletely understood. We show that protection against inhalation anthrax by an irradiated spore vaccine depends on CT-mediated induction of IL-17-producing CD4 Th17 cells. Furthermore, IL-17 is involved in the induction of serum and mucosal antibody responses by CT. Th17 cells induced by CT have a unique cytokine profile compared with those induced by IL-6 and TGF-beta, and their induction by CT requires cAMP-dependent secretion of IL-1beta and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide by dendritic cells. These findings demonstrate that Th17 cells mediate mucosal adjuvant effects of CT and identify previously unexplored pathways involved in Th17 induction that could be targeted for development of unique mucosal adjuvants.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Vacinas contra Antraz/imunologia , Toxina da Cólera/imunologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Toxina da Cólera/farmacologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Inalação , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucosa/imunologiaRESUMO
Cardiac arrest is a common cause of coma with frequent poor outcomes. Palliative medicine teams are often called upon to discuss the scope of treatment and future care in cases of anoxic brain injury. Understanding prognostic tools in this setting would help medical teams communicate more effectively with patients' families and caregivers and may promote improved quality of life overall. This article reviews multiple tools that are useful in determining outcomes in the setting of postarrest anoxic brain injury.