Temporal mapping of photochemical reactions and molecular excited states with carbon specificity.

Photochemical reactions are essential to a large number of important industrial and biological processes. A method for monitoring photochemical reaction kinetics and the dynamics of molecular excitations with spatial resolution within the active molecule would allow a rigorous exploration of the pathway and mechanism of photophysical and photochemical processes. Here we demonstrate that laser-excited muon pump-probe spin spectroscopy (photo-µSR) can temporally and spatially map these processes with a spatial resolution at the single-carbon level in a molecule with a pentacene backbone. The observed time-dependent light-induced changes of an avoided level crossing resonance demonstrate that the photochemical reactivity of a specific carbon atom is modified as a result of the presence of the excited state wavefunction. This demonstrates the sensitivity and potential of this technique in probing molecular excitations and photochemistry.

Importance of spin-orbit interaction for the electron spin relaxation in organic semiconductors.

Despite the great interest organic spintronics has recently attracted, there is only a partial understanding of the fundamental physics behind electron spin relaxation in organic semiconductors. Mechanisms based on hyperfine interaction have been demonstrated, but the role of the spin-orbit interaction remains elusive. Here, we report muon spin spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on two series of molecular semiconductors in which the strength of the spin-orbit interaction has been systematically modified with a targeted chemical substitution of different atoms at a particular molecular site. We find that the spin-orbit interaction is a significant source of electron spin relaxation in these materials.

Engineering spin propagation across a hybrid organic/inorganic interface using a polar layer.

Spintronics has shown a remarkable and rapid development, for example from the initial discovery of giant magnetoresistance in spin valves to their ubiquity in hard-disk read heads in a relatively short time. However, the ability to fully harness electron spin as another degree of freedom in semiconductor devices has been slower to take off. One future avenue that may expand the spintronic technology base is to take advantage of the flexibility intrinsic to organic semiconductors (OSCs), where it is possible to engineer and control their electronic properties and tailor them to obtain new device concepts. Here we show that we can control the spin polarization of extracted charge carriers from an OSC by the inclusion of a thin interfacial layer of polar material. The electric dipole moment brought about by this layer shifts the OSC highest occupied molecular orbital with respect to the Fermi energy of the ferromagnetic contact. This approach allows us full control of the spin band appropriate for charge-carrier extraction, opening up new spintronic device concepts for future exploitation.

Annealing of radiation induced oxygen deficient point defects in amorphous silicon dioxide: evidence for a distribution of the reaction activation energies.

The selective annealing of point defects with different activation energies is studied, by performing sequences of thermal treatments on gamma irradiated silica samples in the temperature range 300-450 °C. Our experiments show that the dependence on time of the concentration of two irradiation induced point defects in silica, named ODC(II) (standing for oxygen deficient centre II) and the E(γ)(') centre, at a given temperature depends on the thermal history of the sample for both of the centres studied; moreover in the long time limit this concentration reaches an asymptotic value that depends on the treatment temperature alone. These results suggest the existence of a distribution of the activation energies of the reaction process responsible for the annealing of the defects investigated, intimately related to the intrinsic disorder of the amorphous lattice. Furthermore, our data show that the thermal treatment can modify this distribution of activation energies and as a consequence the thermal properties of the centre itself.

Adhesion of bacteria and diatoms to the exoskeleton of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus fulvus in culture: electron and epifluorescent microscope study.

In the marine environment associations between picoplankton and copepods are very important not only for the lifestyle of these animals, but also for marine ecosystems and human health. In the present study we investigated the biofouling of Tigriopus fulvus in culture and possible effects of this colonization by means of scanning electron microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy. These investigations show that T. fulvus is heavily and not uniformly colonized by bacteria and algae.

Cultures and thermal analysis of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica Kylin (Butch).

In this paper, the growth of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica was investigated using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) to determine suitable diets for larval and juvenile development in aquaculture systems. Microalgae were maintained in synthetic sea water (19@1000 salinity, 18 degrees C constant temperature) and the algal growth was evaluated by cell abundance. Exponential, stationary and senescence cells were analyzed by TG and DTA. The results of thermal analysis pointed out marked differences between exponential, stationary and senescence phases and showed that exponentially growing microalgae could represent a suitable food in aquaculture systems.