RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hematophagous mosquitoes transmit many pathogens that cause human diseases. Pathogen acquisition and transmission occur when female mosquitoes blood feed to acquire nutrients for reproduction. The midgut epithelium of mosquitoes serves as the point of entry for transmissible viruses and parasites. RESULTS: We studied midgut epithelial dynamics in five major mosquito vector species by quantifying PH3-positive cells (indicative of mitotic proliferation), the incorporation of nucleotide analogs (indicative of DNA synthesis accompanying proliferation and/or endoreplication), and the ploidy (by flow cytometry) of cell populations in the posterior midgut epithelium of adult females. Our results show that the epithelial dynamics of post-emergence maturation and of mature sugar-fed guts were similar in members of the Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles genera. In the first three days post-emergence, ~ 20% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs, concurrent with both proliferative activity and a broad shift toward higher ploidy. In mature mosquitoes maintained on sugar, an average of 3.5% of cells in the posterior midgut region of interest incorporated nucleotide analogs from five to eight days post-emergence, with a consistent presence of mitotic cells indicating constant cell turnover. Oral bacterial infection triggered a sharp increase in mitosis and nucleotide analog incorporation, suggesting that the mosquito midgut undergoes accelerated cellular turnover in response to damage. Finally, blood feeding resulted in an increase in cell proliferation, but the nature and intensity of the response varied by mosquito species and by blood source (human, bovine, avian or artificial). In An. gambiae, enterocytes appeared to reenter the cell cycle to increase ploidy after consuming blood from all sources except avian. CONCLUSIONS: We saw that epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and endoreplication reshape the blood-fed gut to increase ploidy, possibly to facilitate increased metabolic activity. Our results highlight the plasticity of the midgut epithelium in mosquitoes' physiological responses to distinct challenges.
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Aedes , Anopheles , Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Humanos , Endorreduplicação , Epitélio , Proliferação de Células , Açúcares , NucleotídeosRESUMO
Silverleaf is caused by the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum, which produces wood necrosis and foliar silvering in woody plants. Field observations and studies in apple have shown the reversion of foliar symptoms. Because plants were clones and received identical agronomical management, it was hypothesized that reversion is driven by endophytic microbiota. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare healthy, diseased, and reverted plants with respect to their physiology, endophytic microbial communities, antagonistic ability of their endophytes against C. purpureum, and defense genes expression. Water potential, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence were measured. Endophytic bacterial and fungal DNA were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and community richness and similarity were calculated. Wood cores were collected and bacterial and fungal endophytes were isolated and confronted with C. purpureum-virulent strains in dual-culture assays. Defense genes expression was measured by quantitative PCR. Results indicated that there were no differences in physiological parameters between healthy and reverted plants, except for fluorescence, and both type of plants differed from diseased ones. Bacterial and fungal community richness was similar in healthy and reverted plants and higher than in diseased ones. Endophytes from reverted and healthy plants showed high antagonism to C. purpureum. Furthermore, nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 expression was upregulated in reverted plants, whereas phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein genes showed higher values in diseased plants. Overall, physiological, molecular, and microbial characteristics were similar between healthy and reverted plants, and both differed from diseased ones. Therefore, reversion of symptoms is associated with changes in the endophytic microbiota, which seems to be a promising source of biological control agents against C. purpureum.
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Malus , Doenças das PlantasRESUMO
Multiparous, nonlactating pregnant cows are negatively affected by heat stress, but the effect of heat stress on more thermotolerant pregnant heifers has received less attention. Our objective was to characterize the effect of late-gestation heat abatement on thermoregulatory responses and subsequent milk production of nulliparous Holstein heifers. Pregnant heifers, blocked by body condition score (BCS) and predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for milk, were enrolled in either heat stress (HT, shade of freestall barn; n = 16) or cooling (CL, shade of freestall barn, water soakers, and fans; n = 15) environments during the last 60 d of pregnancy (~8 weeks). Rectal temperature (RT; thermometer), respiration rate (RR; breaths/min), sweating rate (SR; VapoMeter, Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland), and skin temperature (ST; infrared thermometer) were measured thrice weekly from enrollment to calving. Vaginal temperature (VT; i-button intravaginal device) was measured every 10 min for 7 consecutive days at wk -8, -6, -4, and -2 relative to calving and averaged hourly. Daily thermoregulatory patterns assessed by SR and ST, were measured every 4 h over a 36-h time interval at wk -6, -4, and -2 relative to calving. Upon calving, milk, protein, and fat yields were recorded twice daily for 15 wk. The average temperature-humidity index (Hobo Pro temperature probe, Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, MA) in the barn during the precalving period was 77 (minimum of 72, maximum of 82). Only heifers that gave birth to a female calf (CL = 12, HT = 14) were included in the statistical analysis. In the precalving period, CL heifers had lower RR (44.3 vs. 60.0 ± 1.6 breaths/min), RT (38.7 vs. 38.8 ± 0.04°C), unshaved ST (34.7 vs. 35.3 ± 0.17°C), and unshaved SR (19.0 vs. 35.2 ± 1.9 g/m2h), relative to HT heifers. Additionally, VT was lower in CL heifers during wk -4, and -2, specifically during early morning and early afternoon hours. When measured over a 36-h time interval, ST and SR were lower in CL heifers, when compared with HT heifers for all weeks. Notably, ST was reduced overnight and SR was reduced during the daytime. Cooled heifers had higher milk yield (35.8 vs. 31.9 ± 1.4 kg/d), when compared with HT heifers. Similar to multiparous cows, our data indicate that actively cooling heifers in late pregnancy is effective in promoting thermoregulation and results in elevated milk production postcalving.
Assuntos
Regulação da Temperatura Corporal/fisiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Lactação/fisiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Temperatura Baixa , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Finlândia , Idade Gestacional , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/prevenção & controle , Temperatura Alta , Umidade , Leite , Gravidez , Taxa Respiratória , TemperaturaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the value of gestational age at birth and fetal Doppler parameters in predicting the risk of neonatal cranial abnormalities in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses born between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation. METHODS: Fetal Doppler parameters including umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), aortic isthmus, ductus venosus and myocardial performance index were evaluated in a cohort of 90 IUGR fetuses with abnormal UA Doppler delivered between 28 and 34 weeks' gestation and in 90 control fetuses matched for gestational age. The value of gestational age at birth and fetal Doppler parameters in predicting the risk of ultrasound-detected cranial abnormalities (CUA), including intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia and basal ganglia lesions, was analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, IUGR fetuses showed a significantly higher incidence of CUA than did control fetuses (40.0% vs 12.2%, respectively; P < 0.001). Within the IUGR group, all predictive variables were associated individually with the risk of CUA, but fetal Doppler parameters rather than gestational age at birth were identified as the best predictor. MCA Doppler distinguished two groups with different degrees of risk of CUA (48.5% vs 13.6%, respectively; P < 0.01). In the subgroup with MCA vasodilation, presence of aortic isthmus retrograde net blood flow, compared to antegrade flow, allowed identification of a subgroup of cases with the highest risk of CUA (66.7% vs 38.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of fetal Doppler parameters, rather than gestational age at birth, allows identification of IUGR preterm fetuses at risk of neonatal brain abnormalities.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/anormalidades , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Crânio/anormalidades , Adulto , Aorta/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/patologia , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Crânio/embriologia , Crânio/patologia , Ultrassonografia Doppler de Pulso/métodos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Artérias Umbilicais/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis whether a texture analysis (TA) algorithm applied to MRI brain images identified different patterns in small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses as compared with adequate for gestational age (AGA). STUDY DESIGN: MRI was performed on 83 SGA and 70 AGA at 37 weeks' GA. Texture features were quantified in the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, mesencephalon, cerebellum and cingulum. A classification algorithm based on discriminative models was used to correlate texture features with clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Region of interest delineation in all areas was achieved in 61 SGA (12 vasodilated) and 52 AGA; this was the sample for TA feature extraction which allowed classifying SGA from AGA with accuracies ranging from 90.9 to 98.9% in SGA versus AGA comparison and from 93.6 to 100% in vasodilated SGA versus AGA comparison. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that TA can detect brain differences in SGA fetuses. This supports the existence of brain microstructural changes in SGA fetuses.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/embriologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Encéfalo/patologia , Fenômenos Químicos , Estudos de Coortes , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/patologia , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/etiologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Insuficiência Placentária/fisiopatologia , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Nascimento a Termo , VasodilataçãoRESUMO
Children born extremely preterm, especially those with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), are at increased risk of adverse cognitive outcomes during childhood. The present study aimed to explore the effects of IVH (grades I-II) on hippocampal volumes, and their correlates with cognitive performance. The sample consisted of 94 participants, including 54 children born extremely preterm (19 with IVH, grades I-II), and 40 children born at term. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging study at the age of 10 (Mage = 10.20 years; SDage = 0.78), and 74 of them (45 extremely preterm and 29 full-term) carried out a cognitive assessment at 12 years old. Children born extremely preterm had lower scores in cognitive performance compared to their full-term peers. Significant positive partial correlations were observed between global bilateral hippocampus, left CA-field, and left subiculum volumes with processing speed in the full-term group, while no significant correlations were found in the extremely preterm group. Moderation analyses in the extremely preterm sample revealed that low-grade IVH moderated the relationship between right hippocampal volume and full-IQ (F(4,40) = 5.42, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.35). Having greater right hippocampal volume had a protective effect on full-IQ in those children born extremely preterm with low-grade IVH.
Assuntos
Hemorragia Cerebral , Lactente Extremamente Prematuro , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Criança , Lactente , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Cognição , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipocampo/patologiaRESUMO
In the 1960s, the Quintero industrial complex was inaugurated in Chile. This began a history of dramatic anthropogenic impacts on the Chilean coast. Among the known, we could mention high atmospheric emissions of chemicals due to combustion processes and frequent oil spills. For this reason, we surveyed the concentrations of fifteen EPAPAHs in the surface coastal waters of the Quintero Bay area in 2015. The levels found are in the range of the highest levels when reviewing the literature (0.97 µg L-1 up to 9.84 µg L-1). The highest levels were found in the vicinity of the industrial complex and decreased in the other two zones. The concentration of individual compounds significantly exceeds the levels recommended by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the EU water framework directive (WFD). The risk estimations revealed that PAH concentrations represent high-risk for wildlife. Molecular ratios of PAHs were used to identify the possible sources, being these were mainly of pyrogenic origin, agreeing with an origin in the combustion of wood, coal, grass, and fossil fuels. This study contributes to the first data for surface water in a country's highly impacted industrial coastal area.
RESUMO
The focus of this symposium was worldwide prevention of chronic disease through the use of inexpensive Internet pathways, as demonstrated with the Supercourse project, and other initiatives, including promoting mobile phone technology (m-health). This symposium highlighted the need to use the Supercourse to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases. It also highlighted several components of the Supercourse library, including the former Soviet Union network, the Latin American network, and some other initiatives.
Assuntos
Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública/educação , Telemedicina , Saúde Global , Humanos , Idioma , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Prevenção PrimáriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess microstructural and metabolic brain differences between small-for-gestational age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) fetuses at 37 weeks' gestation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy and diffusion weighted imaging. METHODS: Eight SGA and five matched AGA singleton fetuses, all with normal umbilical artery Doppler, were evaluated using MRI at 37 weeks to measure markers of brain microstructure and metabolism. The metabolic spectrum of N-acetyl-aspartate/choline, choline/creatine, inositol/choline and creatine/choline ratios in the left frontal lobe and the apparent diffusion coefficient from the right and left basal ganglia and frontal and occipital lobes, pyramidal tract and corpus callosum were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: As compared with controls, SGA fetuses showed a significant increase in inositol/choline ratio (SGA, 0.57 vs. AGA, 0.25; P = 0.04) and significantly higher ADC values in the pyramidal tract (SGA, 119.87 x 10(-5) mm(2)/s vs. AGA, 105.11 x 10(-5) mm(2)/s; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: SGA fetuses with normal umbilical artery Doppler present microstructural and metabolic brain changes, suggesting the existence of an abnormal in-utero brain development in fetuses with this condition.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Artérias Umbilicais/fisiologia , Adulto , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/fisiologia , Encéfalo/embriologia , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/diagnóstico por imagem , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Gravidez , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Artérias Umbilicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Artérias Umbilicais/embriologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Doppler ultrasonography is superior to middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler in the prediction of perinatal outcome and neonatal neurobehavior in term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses with normal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler. METHODS: MCA and ACA Doppler ultrasonography was performed in a cohort of SGA term fetuses with normal UA Doppler. Perinatal outcome and neonatal neurobehavioral performance were compared with a group of term appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants. Neurobehavior was evaluated at 40 ( +/- 1) weeks of corrected age with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Differences between the study groups were adjusted for potential confounding variables by multiple linear or logistic regression analyis. RESULTS: A total of 199 newborns (98 SGA and 101 AGA) were included. Among the SGA fetuses, 28.6 and 17% had MCA and ACA redistribution, respectively. Cases with either type of redistribution had an increased risk for adverse outcome, with no differences in predictive performance between the two parameters. SGA fetuses with MCA redistribution compared with controls had an increased risk for abnormal neurobehavioral performance in motor (36 vs. 20%; adjusted P = 0.02) and state organization (25 vs. 17.5%; adjusted P = 0.03) areas. SGA fetuses with ACA redistribution had only an increased risk for abnormal neurobehavioral performance area in state organization compared with controls (30 vs. 17.5%; adjusted P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: In term SGA newborns with no signs of brain-sparing, ACA Doppler investigation does not provide any benefit over MCA in terms of the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome.
Assuntos
Artéria Cerebral Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Adulto , Artéria Cerebral Anterior/fisiologia , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Pequeno para a Idade Gestacional , Artéria Cerebral Média/fisiologia , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Comportamento Social , Ultrassonografia Doppler/métodos , Artérias Umbilicais/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). It is transmitted to humans primarily through contaminated feces of blood-sucking vectors of the subfamily Triatominae, known in Ecuador as 'chinchorros'. Some Triatominae species can adapt to domiciliary and peridomiciliary environments where T. cruzi can be transmitted to humans. Triatoma carrioni (Larrousse 1926) colonizes domestic and peridomestic habitats up to 2,242 m above sea level (masl) in southern Ecuador (Loja Province) and northern Peru. This study describes the life cycle, feeding, and defecation patterns of T. carrioni under controlled laboratory conditions using mice as hosts. Specimens were collected in Loja Province, Ecuador, and maintained in the laboratory. The life cycle was approximately 385.7 ± 110.6 d. There was a high mortality rate, 40.9% for first instars and 38.9% for fifth instars (NV). Feeding and defecation patterns for each life stage were examined by recording: insertion time of the proboscis into the host, total feeding time, time to first defecation, and weight of the bloodmeal. Total feeding time varied between 20.6 ± 11.4 min for first instars (NI) and 48.9 ± 19.0 min for adult females. The time to first defecation was variable but ranged from 9.8 ± 10.6 min for NI to 39.4 ± 24.7 min for NV during feeding. This suggests that T. carrioni has an annual life cycle and is a potential vector of T. cruzi in Loja Province. Improved knowledge of populations of T. carrioni in domestic and peridomestic environments of Ecuador can have a significant impact on the prevention and control of Chagas disease.
Assuntos
Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Triatoma/fisiologia , Animais , Doença de Chagas , Defecação , Comportamento Alimentar , Insetos Vetores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triatoma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trypanosoma cruzi/fisiologiaRESUMO
In human adults, ventral extra-striate visual cortex contains a mosaic of functionally specialized areas, some responding preferentially to natural visual categories such as faces (fusiform face area) or places (parahippocampal place area) and others to cultural inventions such as written words and numbers (visual word form and number form areas). It has been hypothesized that this mosaic arises from innate biases in cortico-cortical connectivity. We tested this hypothesis by examining functional resting-state correlation at birth using fMRI data from full-term human newborns. The results revealed that ventral visual regions are functionally connected with their contra-lateral homologous regions and also exhibit distinct patterns of long-distance functional correlation with anterior associative regions. A mesial-to-lateral organization was observed, with the signal of the more lateral regions, including the sites of visual word and number form areas, exhibiting higher correlations with voxels of the prefrontal, inferior parietal and temporal cortices, including language areas. Finally, we observed hemispheric asymmetries in the functional correlation of key areas of the language network that may influence later adult hemispheric lateralization. We suggest that long-distance circuits present at birth constrain the subsequent functional differentiation of the ventral visual cortex.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico , Córtex Visual/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Visual/fisiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Dominância Cerebral/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Londres , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Suécia , Vias VisuaisRESUMO
Introducción: La visibilización de las condiciones de trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería en México resulta necesaria para mejorar algunos aspectos. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones de trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería en un hospital de segundo nivel en la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: Estudio de carácter cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, prolectivo, descriptivo y diagnóstico. La variable medida fueron las condiciones laborales de enfermería. El universo fue de 530 profesionales de enfermería y la muestra de 200. Resultados: En cuanto a las "condiciones intralaborales", 56.50% del personal sí cuentan con los recursos e insumos necesarios para trabajar, y 57.50% afirman que el sueldo es relativamente bueno; sobre las "condiciones extralaborales", 56% manifiestan tener una buena calidad de vida. Lo que más disgusta al personal es en un 27% el ambiente de trabajo, en un 18% las injusticias y en un 15% la falta de personal. Discusión: 82% del personal de enfermería mostró desgate físico y mental en el trabajo, lo que es semejante al 80% de los profesionales de enfermería en Colombia que tienen una sobrecarga laboral que afecta su calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Los profesionales de enfermería tienen condiciones laborales de buenas a excelentes. Sin embargo, es necesario atender la sobrecarga de trabajo y el agotamiento físico y mental con diversas estrategias, como contratar más personal para mejorar el cuidado de los pacientes.
Introduction: Making the working conditions of nursing professionals in Mexico more visible is necessary to improve some aspects. Objetive: To analyze the Working Conditions in Nursing professionals in a second level Hospital, in Mexico City. Material and Methods: Quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, prolective, descriptive and diagnostic study. The variable measured was nursing working conditions. The universe was 530 nursing professionals and the sample was 200. Results: Regarding "intra-work conditions", 56.50% of the personnel do have the necessary resources and supplies to work, and 57.50% state that the salary is relatively good; regarding "extra-labor conditions", 56% state that they have a good quality of life. The most disliked aspects are the working environment (27%), injustices (18%), and lack of personnel (15%). Discussion: 82% of the nursing staff showed physical and mental stress at work, which is similar to the 80% of nursing professionals in Colombia who have a work overload that affects their quality of life. Conclusions: Nursing professionals have good to excellent working conditions. However, work overload and physical and mental exhaustion need to be addressed with various strategies, such as hiring more staff to improve patient care.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Enfermagem , Saúde Ocupacional , Condições de TrabalhoRESUMO
Objetivo: Analizar la satisfacción laboral de los profesionales de enfermería en un hospital de segundo nivel de la Ciudad de México. Marco teórico: La satisfacción laboral es un estado emocional positivo basado en la percepción subjetiva del propio trabajo, de acuerdo con la actitud frente al mismo, así como con las creencias y valores de la persona. Material y métodos: Estudio de carácter cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, prolectivo, descriptivo y diagnóstico. La variable estudiada fue la satisfacción laboral. El universo se conformó por 530 profesionales de enfermería y la muestra por 200 de ellos. Resultados: 52.50% del personal de enfermería está satisfecho con su trabajo, 63.50% consideran que el trabajo que realizan es de mucho valor y 40% piensan que ocasionalmente carecen del tiempo necesario para realizar sus actividades. Discusión: 52.50% del personal de enfermería está satisfecho con su trabajo, lo que contrasta con la investigación de Pérez Fonseca y cols., en la cual se reporta 83.10% del personal de enfermería insatisfecho. Conclusiones: Los profesionales de enfermería del hospital de segundo nivel están satisfechos con el trabajo que realizan. Sin embargo, conviene monitorear de forma continua las áreas que causan insatisfacción para corregirlas en favor del personal de enfermería y de los pacientes
Objective: To analyze job satisfaction in nursing professionals at a second level hospital in Mexico City. Theoretical Framework: Job satisfaction is a positive emotional state based on the subjective perception of one's own work, according to the attitude toward it, as well as the person's beliefs and values. Material and methods: Quantitative, experimental, transversal, prolective, descriptive and diagnostic study. The variable was job satisfaction. The universe was confirmed by 530 nursing professionals, and the sample by 200 nursing professionals. Results: 52.50% of the nursing staff were satisfied with their work, 63.50% considered that the work they do is of great value, and 40% believed that occasionally they lack the necessary time to carry out their activities. Discussion: 52.50% of the nursing staff were satisfied with their work, which differs from the research by Pérez Ma. y Cols. that report 83.10% of dissatisfied staff. Conclusions: Nursing professionals at a second level hospital were satisfied with the work they do. However, it would be advisable to continuously monitor the areas that cause dissatisfaction in order to improve them in favor of the nursing staff and patient.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros , Hospitais , Satisfação no EmpregoRESUMO
Molecular techniques are important tools for microbiological studies in different habitats, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) has been proved to be useful for analyzing fungal diversity. The aim of this study was to use the ITS region to generate ruminal yeast profile and to identify ruminal yeast. DNA from ruminal digesta was extracted to amplify the ribosomal ITS region. The profile from the PCR products was visualized and the excised bands from the profile were identified as the genera Millerozyma, Pichia, Rhizomucor and Hyphopichia. Overall, the ITS resulted to be a simple, fast and sensitive approach that allowed profiling and identification of ruminal yeast that have not been previously described (Millerozyma and Hyphopichia) in the rumen microbial community.
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Bovinos/fisiologia , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Rúmen/microbiologia , Fermento Seco/genética , Animais , Bovinos/microbiologia , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Vegetable oils are used to increase energy density of dairy cow diets, although they can provoke changes in rumen bacteria populations and have repercussions on the biohydrogenation process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sources of dietary lipids: soybean oil (SO, an unsaturated source) and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO, a saturated source) on bacterial populations and the fatty acid profile of ruminal digesta. Three non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods consisting of 21 days. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (Control, no fat supplement) and the basal diet supplemented with SO (2.7% of dry matter (DM)) or HPO (2.7% of DM). Ruminal digesta pH, NH3-N and volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Compared with control and HPO, total bacteria measured as copies of 16S ribosomal DNA/ml by quantitative PCR was decreased (P<0.05) by SO. Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Anaerovibrio lipolytica loads were not affected by dietary treatments. In contrast, compared with control, load of Prevotella bryantii was increased (P<0.05) with HPO diet. Compared with control and SO, HPO decreased (P<0.05) C18:2 cis n-6 in ruminal digesta. Contents of C15:0 iso, C18:11 trans-11 and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 were increased (P<0.05) in ruminal digesta by SO compared with control and HPO. In conclusion, supplementation of SO or HPO do not affect ruminal fermentation parameters, whereas HPO can increase load of ruminal P. bryantii. Also, results observed in our targeted bacteria may have depended on the saturation degree of dietary oils.
Assuntos
Bovinos/metabolismo , Bovinos/microbiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Rúmen/efeitos dos fármacos , Rúmen/microbiologia , Animais , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Feminino , Fermentação/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleo de Palmeira , Rúmen/metabolismo , Óleo de Soja/farmacologiaRESUMO
Introduction: pronation is a procedure used at the Intensive Care Unit with patients presenting Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) with severe hypoxemia. Bibliographical references clearly support the application of this procedure due to the improvement it produces in oxygenation and the increased survival rate in patients. The main foundation behind this technology is that Ventral Decubitus (VD) promotes an improved redistribution of ventilation toward the dorsal regions of the lung, which are mainly collapsed during Dorsal Decubitus. Nursing staff have used this procedure because VD has proven to be a strategy with a useful and accessible impact over respiratory physiology. Objective: to analyze Pronation as a nursing technology and its promotion of COVID-19 patients' wellbeing at the General Hospital Dr. Manuel Gea González, in Mexico City. Material and methods: a nonexperimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, prolective, descriptive study to analyze pronation, as a nursing technology that promotes wellbeing in the care of COVID-19 patients at General Hospital Dr. Manuel Gea González, in Mexico City. Pronation as a nursing technology was the variable being measured. The universe was 530 nursing professionals working at the Hospital. The population and sample were 52 nursing specialists working with COVID-19 patients, representing 9.81% of the Universe. Results: as for training and experience with Pronation, 50% of the staff consider they have received sufficient training in regards to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but they are still under training. Additionally, 84.62 % consider that Pronation promotes a remarkable recovery in the patients, with oxygen saturations between 80 to 100 %; 71.16 % believe that patients do show hemodynamic instability due to the position shift, but not in every case; and 80.77 % consider they make sure their patients do not develop pressure ulcers, given that 65.39 % practice patient hygiene and movement to prevent such ulcers. Discussion: from the interviewed staff, 50.01 % consider they have received sufficient training regarding COVID and the pronation of patients. This is consistent with Hernandez et al., who describe the need of a team trained specifically on the procedure, preferably comprised of Nurses specialized in Intensive Care. Likewise, 84.62% of staff members believe Pronation improves oxygen saturation in patients from 80% to 100%, this is contrasted with Barrantes and Vargas, who indicate that if Pronation does not result in 5% improvement in oxygen saturation, the patient must be returned to dorsal decubitus. Conclusion: ventilation in prone position is a pulmonary protective action used for over 30 years that produces an evident and continuous improvement in blood oxygenation and the respiratory physiology. Therefore, nursing specialists caring for COVID-19 patients recommend its use.
Introducción: la pronación es una maniobra utilizada en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, en pacientes que presentan síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA), cuando la hipoxemia es severa. Apoyada por una sólida evidencia científica, tiene impacto en la forma en que se ventila a los pacientes como parámetro de seguridad, esto aumenta la supervivencia. Objetivo: analizar la pronación, como tecnología de enfermería, que produce bienestar en el cuidado de los pacientes COVID-19, en el Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, en la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: estudio de carácter cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, prospectivo, descriptivo. Variable medida: la pronación, como tecnología de enfermería. El universo 530 profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en el hospital, muestra: 52 especialistas de enfermería que trabajan con pacientes COVID-19. Resultados: en relación a la capacitación y experiencia en pronación, el 50% del personal manifiestan que sí recibieron suficiente capacitación sobre el virus SARS-CoV-2, aunque siguen capacitándose en ésta área; el 84.62 % consideran que en la pronación, los pacientes mejoran bastante, saturando entre el 80 y 100 % de oxígeno y el 80.77 % siempre cuidan que los pacientes no tengan úlceras por presión.Discusión: el 50.01 % del personal entrevistado manifiesta que sí recibió suficiente capacitación sobre la COVID-19 para pronar a los pacientes, lo que es semejante a la investigación de Hernández GD., et al.¹ Conclusión: la ventilación en posición prono es una medida de protección pulmonar utilizada hace más de 30 años que produce una mejoría evidente y sostenida de la oxigenación de la sangre y en la fisiología respiratoria, por lo que los especialistas de enfermería que atiende pacientes COVID-19 recomiendan su aplicación, pues está asociada al aumento de probabilidad de supervivencia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Decúbito Ventral , COVID-19 , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido , Cuidados de EnfermagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Solid malignant tumors occurring during the first year of life are rare. In Mexico, cancer is the tenth leading cause of mortality in this age group. However there is insufficient information about the characteristics of these children. This report aims to present our experience in a single hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out in all patients diagnosed with solid malignant tumors during the first year of life who were treated in our institution during the previous 5 years. The variables analyzed were age at diagnosis, sex, birth weight, congenital malformations, time since onset of presenting features, type of neoplasm, treatment modalities, overall survival and sequelae. RESULTS: We analyzed 45 patients; the mean age at diagnosis was 150 days and the time since onset of presenting features ranged from 1-180 days. The most frequent tumors found were neuroblastoma (31%), nephroblastoma (13%) and retinoblastoma (13%). Two thirds of the patients presented with advanced stages. Complete tumoral resection was achieved in 55% of the patients, chemotherapy was administered in 80% and radiotherapy in only 2%. Complications after treatment were observed in 24% of the patients. The overall survival was 81% at 66 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Because cancer is rare in this age group and most of the patients had advanced disease at diagnosis, pediatricians should be more aware of these tumors to increase their early detection. In addition, multicenter studies should be performed to develop better treatment protocols that would improve prognosis and quality of life in these patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of single doses of quinfamide and secnidazole in the treatment of amoebic non-dysenteric colitis in children. DESIGN: This was a prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, randomised, comparative study. SETTING: The participants were students or relatives of students at two urban elementary schools in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged between 2 and 15 years of age with cysts of Entamoeba histolytica in stool samples for 3 consecutive days as detected by Faust's concentration method were enrolled in this study. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Single doses of quinfamide 4.3 mg/kg or secnidazole 30 mg/kg were administered. Patients were asked about the acceptability of the flavour of the drugs. Efficacy was evaluated by the presence or absence of E. histolytica cysts in stool samples on the fifth, sixth and seventh days after administration of the drugs. Adverse events were evaluated by direct questioning of patients. RESULTS: 734 patients were evaluated by coproparasitoscopy, of whom 239 (32.6%) had E. histolytica cysts. 112 patients were randomised to receive quinfamide and 127 to receive secnidazole. Differences in age, bodyweight, size and gender distribution were not statistically significant between the groups. 108 patients (96%) in the quinfamide group and 15 patients (12%) in the secnidazole group reported the flavour as good (p < 0.0001). 95 patients (85%) in the quinfamide group and 93 patients (73%) in the secnidazole group had negative stool samples at the end of treatment (p = 0.04). Nausea (p < 0.0001), abdominal pain (p < 0.05) and unpleasant taste (i.e. metallic taste 3 to 5 days after administration of secnidazole) in mouth (p < 0.0001) were more common in the secnidazole group than in the quinfamide group. CONCLUSIONS: Quinfamide is an excellent option for amoebic non-dysenteric colitis because of its high parasitoscopic efficacy, minimum adverse effects and good acceptance by children. The single-dose schedule guarantees completion of treatment.