Evaluation of frequency-selective non-linear blending technique on brain CT in postoperative children with Moyamoya disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a frequency-selective non-linear blending (BC) technique can improve tissue contrast and infarct detection on non-enhanced brain CT (NECT) in postoperative Moyamoya (MMD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2010 to December 2017, 33 children (13boys and 20girls; mean age 9.1±3.4 years) with MMD postoperatively underwent NECT followed by diffusion MRI. We compared the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in NECT and BC images and the CNR between the infarct lesion and adjacent normal-appearing brain in NECT and BC images using a paired t-test. We assessed image noise, GM-WM differentiation, artifacts, and overall quality using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. A McNemar two-tailed test was conducted to compare the diagnostic accuracy of infarct detection. RESULTS: The CNR between GM and WM and the CNR of the infarct was better in BC images than in NECT images (3.9±1.0 vs. 1.8±0.6, P<0.001 and 3.6±0.3 vs. 1.9±0.2, P<0.001), with no difference in overall image quality observed. The sensitivity and specificity of infarct detection were 55.0% and 76.9% using NECT, and 70.0% and 69.2% using BC technique. The diagnostic accuracy of NECT and BC technique was 63.6% (21/33) and 69.7% (23/33), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the BC technique improved CNR and maintained image quality. This technique may also be used to identify ischemic brain changes in postoperative MMD patients by improving the CNR of the infarct lesion.

Comparison of submillisievert CT with standard-dose CT for urolithiasis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with renal stones receive multiple computed tomography (CT) examinations. We investigated whether submillisievert (sub-mSv) CT for stone detection could reduce radiation dose at exposure levels comparable to kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB) radiography. PURPOSE: To evaluate the radiation dose exposure, diagnostic performance, and image quality of sub-mSv non-contrast CT using advanced modelled iterative reconstruction algorithm with spectral filtration for the detection of urolithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 145 consecutive patients underwent non-contrast CT using a third-generation dual-source scanner to obtain two datasets, i.e. 16.7% (sub-mSv CT, tube detector A) and 100% (standard-dose CT, combination of tube detector A and B) tube loads with spectral filtration. The performance of sub-mSv CT for the detection of stones was analyzed by two readers and compared with that of standard-dose CT. Image quality was measured subjectively and objectively. RESULTS: In total, 171 stones were detected in 79 patients. The mean effective radiation doses of sub-mSv CT was 0.3 mSv. The sensitivity and specificity values for diagnosis of stones measuring ≥3 mm was 95.1% and 100% for sub-mSv CT. The sensitivity and specificity for all stone detection was 74.9% and 97.8%, respectivey, for sub-mSv CT. The image quality was lower for sub-mSv CT than for standard-dose CT (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Sub-mSv CT can be achieved with radiation doses close to KUB radiography. Sub-mSv CT with spectral filtration can be used to detect stones measuring ≥3 mm and be used as a follow-up imaging modality as an alternative to KUB radiography.

Diagnostic performance of advanced modeled iterative reconstruction applied images for detecting urinary stones on submillisievert low-dose computed tomography.

Background Repeated computed tomography (CT) scans may be an issue in young adults with urinary stones. Therefore, it is important to know how far the dose can be reduced while maintaining the diagnostic performance. Purpose To generate a hypothesis that it is feasible to decrease the radiation dose to a sub-millisievert (mSv) level with the addition of advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) while maintaining the sensitivity to standard-dose CT (SDCT) for the detection of urinary stones. Material and Methods Ninety-two consecutive patients with urinary stones underwent non-enhanced CT that consisted of standard (120 kVp, 200 mAs) and lose-dose (LDCT) (80 kVp, 60 mAs). The LDCT images were reconstructed separately with five different strengths of ADMIRE (hereafter, S1-S5) and filtered back projection (FBP). Two blinded radiologists independently recorded a number of urinary stones in the six LDCT datasets and SDCT. The sensitivity of each set for detecting urinary stones was compared using the McNemar test. Results A total of 240 urinary stones were analyzed. The sensitivities of the six LDCT datasets showed no difference (FBP, S1-S5, for reader 1: 78%, 79%, 79%, 80%, 80%, and 80%; for reader 2: 64%, 63%, 64%, 64%, 65%, and 66%, P > 0.05, respectively), which were lower than those of SDCT for both readers (reader 1: 88%; reader 2: 81%, P < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion Despite the addition of ADMIRE, it may not be feasible to decrease the radiation dose to a sub-mSv level while maintaining the sensitivity to SDCT for the detection of urinary stones.

Advanced virtual monochromatic reconstruction of dual-energy unenhanced brain computed tomography in children: comparison of image quality against standard mono-energetic images and conventional polychromatic computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Advanced virtual monochromatic reconstruction from dual-energy brain CT has not been evaluated in children. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective advanced virtual monochromatic imaging energy level for maximizing pediatric brain parenchymal image quality in dual-energy unenhanced brain CT and to compare this technique with conventional monochromatic reconstruction and polychromatic scanning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using both conventional (Mono) and advanced monochromatic reconstruction (Mono+) techniques, we retrospectively reconstructed 13 virtual monochromatic imaging energy levels from 40 keV to 100 keV in 5-keV increments from dual-source, dual-energy unenhanced brain CT scans obtained in 23 children. We analyzed gray and white matter noise ratios, signal-to-noise ratios and contrast-to-noise ratio, and posterior fossa artifact. We chose the optimal mono-energetic levels and compared them with conventional CT. RESULTS: For Mono+maximum optima were observed at 60 keV, and minimum posterior fossa artifact at 70 keV. For Mono, optima were at 65-70 keV, with minimum posterior fossa artifact at 75 keV. Mono+ was superior to Mono and to polychromatic CT for image-quality measures. Subjective analysis rated Mono+superior to other image sets. CONCLUSION: Optimal virtual monochromatic imaging using Mono+ algorithm demonstrated better image quality for gray-white matter differentiation and reduction of the artifact in the posterior fossa.

Advanced virtual monoenergetic imaging algorithm for lower extremity computed tomography angiography: effects on image quality, artifacts, and peripheral arterial disease evaluation

PURPOSE: To investigate the image quality of lower extremity computed tomography angiography (LE-CTA) using a reconstruction algorithm for monoenergetic images (MEIs) to evaluate peripheral arterial disease (PAD) at different kiloelectron volt (keV) levels. METHODS: A total of 146 consecutive patients who underwent LE-CTA on a dual-energy scanner to obtain MEIs at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 keV were included. The overall image quality, segmental image quality of the arteries and PAD segments, venous contamination, and metal artifacts from prostheses, which may compromise quality, were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean overall image quality of each MEI was 2.9 ± 0.7, 3.6 ± 0.6, 3.9 ± 0.3, 4.0 ± 0.2, and 4.0 ± 0.2 from 40 to 80 keV, respectively. The segmental image quality gradually increased from 40 to 70-80 keV until reaching its highest value. Among 295 PAD segments in 68 patients, 40 (13.6%) were scored at 1-2 at 40 keV and 13 (4.4%) were scored at 2 at 50 keV, indicating unsatisfactory image quality due to the indistinguishability between high-contrast areas and arterial calcifications. The segments exhibiting metal artifacts and venous contamination were reduced at 70-80 keV (2.6 ± 1.2, 2.7 ± 0.5) compared with at 40 keV (2.4 ± 1.1, 2.5 ± 0.7). CONCLUSION: The LE-CTA method using a reconstruction algorithm for MEIs at 70-80 keV can enhance the image quality for PAD evaluation and improve mitigate venous contamination and metal artifacts.

Imaging Findings of Peripheral Arterial Disease on Lower-Extremity CT Angiography Using a Virtual Monoenergetic Imaging Algorithm.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is common in elderly patients. Lower-extremity CT angiography (LE-CTA) can be useful for detecting PAD and planning its treatment. PAD can also be accurately evaluated on reconstructed monoenergetic images (MEIs) from low kiloelectron volt (keV) to high keV images using dual-energy CT. Low keV images generally provide higher contrast than high keV images but also feature more severe image noise. The noise-reduced virtual MEI reconstruction algorithm, called the Mono+ technique, was recently introduced to overcome such image noise. Therefore, this pictorial review aimed to present the imaging findings of PAD on LE-CTA and compare low and high keV images with those subjected to the Mono+ technique. We found that, in many cases, the overall and segmental image qualities were better and metal artifacts and venous contamination were decreased in the high keV images.

Dual-source abdominopelvic computed tomography: Comparison of image quality and radiation dose of 80 kVp and 80/150 kVp with tin filter.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the radiation dose and the objective and subjective image quality of 80 kVp and 80/150 kVp with tin filter (80/Sn150 kVp) computed tomography (CT) in oncology patients. METHODS: One-hundred-and-forty-five consecutive oncology patients who underwent third-generation dual-source dual-energy CT of the abdomen for evaluation of malignant visceral, peritoneal, extraperitoneal, and bone tumor were retrospectively recruited. Two radiologists independently reviewed each observation in 80 kVp CT and 80/Sn150 kVp CT. Modified line-density profile of the tumor and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured. Diagnostic confidence, lesion conspicuity, and subjective image quality were calculated and compared between image sets. The effective dose and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) were calculated in the image sets. RESULTS: Modified line-density profile analysis revealed higher attenuation differences between the tumor and normal tissue in 80 kVp CT than in 80/Sn150 kVp CT (127 vs. 107, P = 0.05). The 80 kVp CT showed increased CNR in the liver (8.0 vs. 7.6) and the aorta (18.9 vs. 16.3) than the 80/Sn150 kVp CT. The 80 kVp CT yielded higher enhancement of organs (4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 4.7 ± 0.4, P<0.001) and lesion conspicuity (4.9 ± 0.3 vs. 4.8 ± 0.5, P = 0.035) than the 80/Sn150 kVp CT; overall image quality and confidence index were comparable. The effective dose was reduced by 45.2% with 80 kVp CT (2.3 mSv ± 0.9) compared to 80/Sn150 kVp CT (4.1 mSv ± 1.5). The SSDE was 7.4 ± 3.8 mGy on 80/Sn150 kVp CT and 4.1 ± 2.2 mGy on 80 kVp CT. CONCLUSIONS: The 80 kVp CT reduced the radiation dose by 45.2% in oncology patients while showing comparable or superior image quality to that of 80/Sn150 kVp CT for abdominal tumor evaluation.

Comparison of image quality and focal lesion detection in abdominopelvic CT: Potential dose reduction using advanced modelled iterative reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate radiation dose exposure, diagnostic performance, and image quality of low-dose and ultralow-dose abdominopelvic CT using the advanced modelled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) algorithm for focal lesion detection. METHODS: One hundred thirty-nine consecutive patients underwent contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT using a third-generation dual-source scanner to obtain three data sets with the following tube loads: 33.3% (ultralow-dose CT), 66.7% (low-dose CT), and 100% (standard-dose CT). The diagnostic performances of standard-dose CT, low-dose CT, and ultralow-dose CT for focal lesion detection and characterization in organs of the abdominopelvic cavity were analyzed by two readers and compared with the reference standard. Image quality was measured subjectively and objectively. RESULTS: Focal lesion detection showed 96.5-100% sensitivity and 97.7-100% accuracy in all representative organs on low-dose CT with acceptable image quality; it showed 87.4% sensitivity and 97.9% accuracy in the liver and 80.0% sensitivity and 88.2% accuracy in the rectal shelf on ultralow-dose CT with suboptimal image quality. Indeterminate lesions were significantly more common in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys on ultralow-dose CT than on low-dose CT. Enlarged lymph nodes showed 100% sensitivity and accuracy on ultralow-dose CT. Mean effective radiation doses of low-dose CT and ultralow-dose CT were 2.6 mSv and 1.3 mSv, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic performance of low-dose CT is similar to that of standard-dose abdominopelvic CT with acceptable image quality. Ultralow-dose CT cannot safely assess focal liver, pancreas, kidneys, and rectal shelf lesions but may be useful for the evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes.

Optimal Kiloelectron Volt for Noise-Optimized Virtual Monoenergetic Images of Dual-Energy Pediatric Abdominopelvic Computed Tomography: Preliminary Results.

OBJECTIVE: To compare quantitative and qualitative image quality parameters in pediatric abdominopelvic dual-energy CT (DECT) using noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic image (VMI) and conventional VMI at different kiloelectron volt (keV) levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive abdominopelvic DECT scans were retrospectively included. Noise-optimized VMI and conventional VMI were reconstructed at seven energy levels, from 40 keV to 100 keV at 10 keV intervals. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the liver, pancreas, and aorta were objectively measured and compared. Image quality was evaluated subjectively regarding image noise, image blurring of solid organ, bowel image quality and severity of beam-hardening artifacts. Optimal monoenergetic levels in keV for both algorithms were determined based on overall image quality score. RESULTS: The maximal CNR and SNR values for all investigated organs were observed at 40 keV in noise-optimized VMI (CNR and SNR of liver, pancreas, aorta in order [CNR; 20.93, 17.34, 46.75: SNR; 37.39, 33.80, 63.21]), at 60-70 keV and at 70 keV in conventional VMI (CNR; 8.12, 5.67, 15.97: SNR; 19.57, 16.66, 26.65). In qualitative image analysis, noise-optimized VMI and conventional VMI showed the best overall image quality scores at 60 keV and at 70 keV, respectively. Noise-optimized VMI at 60 keV showed superior CNRs, SNRs, and overall image quality scores compared to conventional VMI at 70 keV (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Optimal energy levels for noise-optimized VMI and conventional VMI were 60 keV and at 70 keV, respectively. Noise-optimized VMI shows superior CNRs, SNRs and subjective image quality over conventional VMI, at the optimal energy level.