Co-detection of respiratory pathogens among ILI patients: characterization of samples collected during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 pre-pandemic seasons.

Influenza-like illness (ILI) patients co-detected with respiratory pathogens exhibit poorer health outcomes than those with single infections. To address the paucity of knowledge concerning the incidence of concurrent respiratory pathogens, their relationships, and the clinical differences between patients detected with single and multiple pathogens, we performed an in-depth characterization of the oropharyngeal samples of primary care patients collected in Genoa (Northwest Italy), during winter seasons 2018/19-2019/20.The apriori algorithm was employed to evaluate the incidence of viral, bacterial, and viral-bacterial pairs during the study period. The grade of correlation between pathogens was investigated using the Phi coefficient. Factors associated with viral, bacterial or viral-bacterial co-detection were assessed using logistic regression.The most frequently identified pathogens included influenza A, rhinovirus, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The highest correlations were found between bacterial-bacterial and viral-bacterial pairs, such as Haemophilus influenzae-Streptococcus pneumoniae, adenovirus-Haemophilus influenzae, adenovirus-Streptococcus pneumoniae, RSV-A-Bordetella pertussis, and influenza B Victoria-Bordetella parapertussis. Viruses were detected together at significantly lower rates. Notably, rhinovirus, influenza, and RSV exhibited significant negative correlations with each other. Co-detection was more prevalent in children aged < 4, and cough was shown to be a reliable indicator of viral co-detection.Given the evolving epidemiological landscape following the COVID-19 pandemic, future research utilizing the methodology described here, while considering the circulation of SARS-CoV-2, could further enrich the understanding of concurrent respiratory pathogens.

Epidemiology and molecular characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among italian community-dwelling adults, 2021/22 season.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections worldwide. While historically RSV research has been focused on children, data on RSV infection in adults are limited. The goal of this study was to establish the prevalence of RSV in community-dwelling Italian adults and analyze its genetic variability during the 2021/22 winter season. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of naso-/oropharyngeal specimens from symptomatic adults seeking for SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing between December 2021 and March 2022 were tested for RSV and other respiratory pathogens by means of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RSV-positive samples were further molecularly characterized by sequence analysis. RESULTS: Of 1,213 samples tested, 1.6% (95% CI: 0.9-2.4%) were positive for RSV and subgroups A (44.4%) and B (55.6%) were identified in similar proportions. The epidemic peak occurred in December 2021, when the RSV prevalence was as high as 4.6% (95% CI: 2.2-8.3%). The prevalence of RSV detection was similar (p = 0.64) to that of influenza virus (1.9%). All RSV A and B strains belonged to the ON1 and BA genotypes, respectively. Most (72.2%) RSV-positive samples were also positive for other pathogens being SARS-CoV-2, Streptococcus pneumoniae and rhinovirus the most frequent. RSV load was significantly higher among mono-detections than co-detections. CONCLUSION: During the 2021/22 winter season, characterized by the predominant circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and some non-pharmaceutical containment measures still in place, a substantial proportion of Italian adults tested positive for genetically diversified strains of both RSV subtypes. In view of the upcoming registration of vaccines, establishment of the National RSV surveillance system is urgently needed.

Exploring missed opportunities for influenza vaccination and influenza vaccine co-administration patterns among Italian older adults: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Missed opportunities constitute a main driver of suboptimal seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) coverage in older adults. Vaccine co-administration is a way to reduce these missed opportunities. In this study, we quantified missed opportunities for SIV, identified some of their socio-structural correlates and documented SIV co-administration patterns. METHODS: In this registry-based retrospective cohort study, we verified the SIV status of all subjects aged ≥65 years who received at least one dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), pneumococcal or herpes zoster vaccines during the 2022/23 influenza season. The frequency of concomitant same-day administration of SIV with other target vaccines was also assessed. RESULTS: Among 41 112, 5482 and 3432 older adults who received ≥1 dose of COVID-19, pneumococcal and herpes zoster vaccines, missed opportunities for SIV accounted for 23.3%, 5.0% and 13.2%, respectively. Younger, male and foreign-born individuals were generally more prone to missing SIV. The co-administration of SIV with other recommended vaccines was relatively low, being 11.0%, 53.1% and 17.1% in COVID-19, pneumococcal and herpes zoster cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A sizeable proportion of older adults who received other recommended vaccines during the last influenza season did not receive SIV. This share of missed opportunities, which are subject to some social inequalities, may be addressed by increasing vaccine co-administration rates and implementing tailored health promotion interventions.

Identifying people at risk for influenza with low vaccine uptake based on deprivation status: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Influenza vaccination is an important public health intervention for controlling disease burden, but coverage rates are still low also in risk groups. In order to identify non-vaccinating subgroups, deprivation and socio-economic indices, i.e. measures used to synthetically describe people's socio-economic status while taking into account several dimensions, may be used. We aimed to synthetize evidence from studies investigating association between deprivation/socio-economic indices and influenza vaccination coverage in population at risk-persons ≥65 years of age, individuals with comorbidities, pregnant women and health-care workers. METHODS: We searched PubMed, ISI WoS, CINAHL and Scopus to identify observational studies published up to October 10th 2017 in English or Italian. Studies reporting quantitative estimates of the association between deprivation/socio-economic indices and influenza vaccination coverage in populations at risk were included. RESULTS: A total of 1474 articles were identified and 12 were eventually included in the final review. Studies were mostly cross-sectional, performed in European countries, from 2004 to 2017. Seven studies focussed on deprivation and five on socio-economic indices. Studies on deprivation indices and vaccination coverage showed that people from the most deprived areas had lower coverage. Regarding socio-economic condition, results were contrasting, even though it may also be concluded that people from lower groups have lower vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Our work supports the possibility to identify people likely to have lower influenza vaccination coverage based on deprivation/socio-economic indices. Efforts should be performed in order to further strengthen robustness, transferability and suitability of these indices in addressing public health problems.

[ESCULAPIO: A project to elaborate strategies and actions of multi-purpose health communication on vaccine preventable infectious diseases in order to increase vaccination coverage in the population]. / Progetto ESCULAPIO: Elaborazione di Strategie e di interventi di Comunicazione sanitaria mUlti-obiettivo sulle maLAttie infettive Prevenibili e sulle vaccInazioni come mezzo per aumentare le cOperture vaccinali nella popolazione.

ESCULAPIO Project, funded by the Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM) of the Italian Ministry of Health, for the program 2013, aims at increasing awareness on vaccine preventable infectious diseases (VPID) and vaccination in different targets of population and at spreading the culture of prevention by the development of information/training interventions on VPID. In Tuscany Region (Central Italy), educational courses on VPID in high schools were organized and students were stimulated to prepare informative materials on VPID for lower grade school pupils. Educational games for school pupils were realized in Liguria Region (Northern Italy) with the aim to increase awareness and knowledge of vaccination among primary school children, their families, and teachers. The Sicilian Operative Unit (OU) developed and validated a questionnaire to collect data on the main factors influencing vaccine uptake in a population from Southern Italy and spreading information on vaccines to the general population. Aim of the activities performed in Apulia Region (Southern Italy) was to collect, directly from the public, a set of issues to which people were more "sensitive," in order to perceive the dimension of informative needs and the misinformation in the field of vaccinations. A toll-free telephone line to answer questions on VPID was also the aim of the Apulian activities. The objective of the OU of Sardinia (Southern Italy) was to increase knowledge on VPID and adherence to immunization campaigns in health care workers (HCW) by realizing traditional and e-learning training courses and initiatives of health promotion in healthcare and hospital setting. Interventions to promote vaccinations in maternal and child health services and outreach interventions in case of parental non-compliance with vaccination schedules were performed in the Veneto Region (Northern Italy), with the aim to reach a particular subgroup of the general population: new or future parents. The activities of Veneto Region aimed also at realizing individual interviews with parents and/or home visit, if considered useful, for families not respondents to the active ordinary call.

Clustering of health-related behaviors among early and mid-adolescents in Tuscany: results from a representative cross-sectional study.

Background: A huge amount of literature suggests that adolescents' health-related behaviors tend to occur in clusters, and the understanding of such behavioral clustering may have direct implications for the effective tailoring of health-promotion interventions. Despite the usefulness of analyzing clustering, Italian data on this topic are scant. This study aimed to evaluate the clustering patterns of health-related behaviors. Methods: The present study is based on data from the Health Behaviors in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in Tuscany in 2010, which involved 3291 11-, 13- and 15-year olds. To aggregate students' data on 22 health-related behaviors, factor analysis and subsequent cluster analysis were performed. Results: Factor analysis revealed eight factors, which were dubbed in accordance with their main traits: 'Alcohol drinking', 'Smoking', 'Physical activity', 'Screen time', 'Signs & symptoms', 'Healthy eating', 'Violence' and 'Sweet tooth'. These factors explained 67% of variance and underwent cluster analysis. A six-cluster κ-means solution was established with a 93.8% level of classification validity. The between-cluster differences in both mean age and gender distribution were highly statistically significant. Conclusions: Health-compromising behaviors are common among Tuscan teens and occur in distinct clusters. These results may be used by schools, health-promotion authorities and other stakeholders to design and implement tailored preventive interventions in Tuscany.

[The economic value of vaccinations: a systematic review of Italian economic evaluations and HTA reports]. / Le implicazioni economiche delle vaccinazioni: una revisione sistematica delle valutazioni economiche e di HTA condotte in Italia.

INTRODUCTION: Decision-making in healthcare should rely on evidence-based approaches able to make possible a transparent and robust assessment of all the aspects related to health technologies. One of the assessment elements is represented by the efficiency that is the specific objective of economic evaluations and also of Health Technology Assessment (HTA). The collection and synthesis of evidence is the first indispensable step in order to foster a proper convey of scientific knowledge to the decision-makers. This work, carried out within a broader project on the transfer of evidence from the scientific to the decision making world, is aimed to release an overview of economic evaluations and HTA on vaccines conducted in Italy. The project was carried out within the activities of the ISPOR Italy-Rome Chapter. METHODS: A systematic review of Italian economic evaluations and HTA performed on vaccines and published up to May 2015 was carried out. PubMed, Scopus and the NIHR HTA databases were queried and a hand-search was performed on key journals in the field (Global & Regional Health Technology Assessment; PharmacoEconomics Italian Research Articles; Giornale italiano di HTA; Politiche Sanitarie; HTA Focus - Pills of Clinical Governance; Pillole di Farmacoeconomia; Giornale Italiano di Farmacoeconomia e Farmacoutilizzazione; IJPH; Quaderni dell'IJPH). Studies were considered eligible if showing the results of a full economic evaluations and if performed in Italy. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 10 HTA reports and 33 economic evaluations. Among the latter, 20 (60,6%) were cost-effectiveness analyses. Ten studies (23,3%) assessed the vaccination against S. pneumoniae figuring out that it is cost-effectiveness and even costsaving in cases of newborns and subjects at risk. Nine studies (20,9%) addressed influenza vaccination and demonstrated its dominance on non-vaccination in the elderly. Eight studies (18,6%) evaluated the HPV vaccines concluding that they are cost-effective. Five studies (11,6%) devoted to anti-rotavirus vaccination showing its dominance on non-vaccination, in particular from the society perspective. Vaccination against pertussis, hepatitis B, chicken pox, measles, rubella, mumps were eventually shown cost-saving. The vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis was considered potentially cost-effective. CONCLUSION: The Italian scientific evidence on efficiency of vaccination is broad and allows concluding that vaccinations are value for money interventions.

An eHealth Project on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Comprehensive Evaluation of a Promotional Campaign.

BACKGROUND: The recently launched Pneumo Rischio eHealth project, which consists of an app, a website, and social networking activity, is aimed at increasing public awareness of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The launch of this project was prompted by the inadequate awareness of IPD among both laypeople and health care workers, the heavy socioeconomic burden of IPD, and the far from optimal vaccination coverage in Italy, despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of our study were to analyze trends in Pneumo Rischio usage before and after a promotional campaign, to characterize its end users, and to assess its user-rated quality. METHODS: At 7 months after launching Pneumo Rischio, we established a 4-month marketing campaign to promote the project. This intervention used various approaches and channels, including both traditional and digital marketing strategies. To highlight usage trends, we used different techniques of time series analysis and modeling, including a modified Mann-Kendall test, change-point detection, and segmented negative binomial regression of interrupted time series. Users were characterized in terms of demographics and IPD risk categories. Customer-rated quality was evaluated by means of a standardized tool in a sample of app users. RESULTS: Over 1 year, the app was accessed by 9295 users and the website was accessed by 143,993 users, while the project's Facebook page had 1216 fans. The promotional intervention was highly effective in increasing the daily number of users. In particular, the Mann-Kendall trend test revealed a significant (P ≤.01) increasing trend in both app and website users, while change-point detection analysis showed that the first significant change corresponded to the start of the promotional campaign. Regression analysis showed a significant immediate effect of the intervention, with a mean increase in daily numbers of users of 1562% (95% CI 456%-4870%) for the app and 620% (95% CI 176%-1777%) for the website. Similarly, the postintervention daily trend in the number of users was positive, with a relative increase of 0.9% (95% CI 0.0%-1.8%) for the app and 1.4% (95% CI 0.7%-2.1%) for the website. Demographics differed between app and website users and Facebook fans. A total of 69.15% (10,793/15,608) of users could be defined as being at risk of IPD, while 4729 users expressed intentions to ask their doctor for further information on IPD. The mean app quality score assigned by end users was approximately 79.5% (397/500). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its specific topic, Pneumo Rischio was accessed by a considerable number of users, who ranked it as a high-quality project. In order to reach their target populations, however, such projects should be promoted.

Development and validation of the Italian version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale and its generalisability to apps targeting primary prevention.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature affirms the usefulness of mobile technologies, including mobile applications (apps), in the primary prevention field. The quality of health apps, which today number in the thousands, is a crucial parameter, as it may affect health-related decision-making and outcomes among app end-users. The mobile application rating scale (MARS) has recently been developed to evaluate the quality of such apps, and has shown good psychometric properties. Since there is no standardised tool for assessing the apps available in Italian app stores, the present study developed and validated an Italian version of MARS in apps targeting primary prevention. METHODS: The original 23-item version of the MARS assesses mobile app quality in four objective quality dimensions (engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information) and one subjective dimension. Validation of this tool involved several steps; the universalist approach to achieving equivalence was adopted. Following two backward translations, a reconciled Italian version of MARS was produced and compared with the original scale. On the basis of sample size estimation, 48 apps from three major app stores were downloaded; the first 5 were used for piloting, while the remaining 43 were used in the main study in order to assess the psychometric properties of the scale. The apps were assessed by two raters, each working independently. The psychometric properties of the final version of the scale was assessed including the inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, convergent, divergent and concurrent validities. RESULTS: The intralingual equivalence of the Italian version of the MARS was confirmed by the authors of the original scale. A total of 43 apps targeting primary prevention were tested. The MARS displayed acceptable psychometric properties. The MARS total score showed an excellent level of both inter-rater agreement (intra-class correlation coefficient of .96) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α of .90 and .91 for the two raters, respectively). Other types of validity, including convergent, divergent, discriminative, known-groups and scalability, were also established. CONCLUSIONS: The Italian version of MARS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the health-related primary prevention apps available in Italian app stores.

Human papillomavirus detection in paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissues.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has a well-recognized aetiological role in the development of cervical cancer and other anogenital tumours. Recently, an association between colorectal cancer and HPV infection has been suggested, although this is still controversial. This study aimed at detecting and characterizing HPV infection in 57 paired biopsies from colorectal cancers and adjacent intact tissues using a degenerate PCR approach. All amplified fragments were genotyped by means of sequencing. Overall, HPV prevalence was 12.3 %. In particular, 15.8 % of tumour tissues and 8.8 % of non-cancerous tissue samples were HPV DNA-positive. Of these samples, 85.7 % were genotyped successfully, with 41.7 % of sequences identifying four genotypes of the HR (high oncogenic risk) clade Group 1; the remaining 58.3 % of HPV-genotyped specimens had an unclassified ß-HPV. Examining additional cases and analysing whole genomes will help to outline the significance of these findings.

Trends in overweight and obesity prevalence in Tuscan schoolchildren (2002-2012).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence and time trends in childhood overweight including obesity and obesity among Tuscan children from 2002 to 2012. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study at five time points (Tuscan Nutritional Surveillance Surveys conducted in the years of 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012). Trained personnel directly measured the height and weight of the subjects. BMI was assessed by means of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and WHO cut-offs. SETTING: Representative sample of children in the Tuscany region (Italy). SUBJECTS: Children (n 7183) aged between 7·5 and 9·5 years (3711 boys and 3472 girls). RESULTS: With respect to the estimation of the absolute prevalence level of childhood overweight, a discrepancy was observed between the two criteria. In all surveys, more boys than girls were overweight (including obesity). Trend analysis showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of overweight including obesity and obesity in Tuscan children from 2002 to 2012 (32·0 % v. 25·8 %, P<0·001 on using IOTF criteria and 37·7 % v. 34·3 %, P<0·001 on using WHO criteria for overweight including obesity; and 10·0 % v. 6·7 %, P<0·001 on using IOTF criteria and 12·5 % v. 11·3 %, P=0·035 on using WHO criteria for obesity). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first report from an Italian region showing a significant decrease in childhood obesity and overweight in the last 10 years. This reduction is probably a result of regional and local actions that have taken place in many sectors of society. However, efforts should be made to lower the prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight further.

Uncontrolled Web-based administration of surveys on factual health-related knowledge: a randomized study of untimed versus timed quizzing.

BACKGROUND: Health knowledge and literacy are among the main determinants of health. Assessment of these issues via Web-based surveys is growing continuously. Research has suggested that approximately one-fifth of respondents submit cribbed answers, or cheat, on factual knowledge items, which may lead to measurement error. However, little is known about methods of discouraging cheating in Web-based surveys on health knowledge. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at exploring the usefulness of imposing a survey time limit to prevent help-seeking and cheating. METHODS: On the basis of sample size estimation, 94 undergraduate students were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to complete a Web-based survey on nutrition knowledge, with or without a time limit of 15 minutes (30 seconds per item); the topic of nutrition was chosen because of its particular relevance to public health. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The first was the validated consumer-oriented nutrition knowledge scale (CoNKS) consisting of 20 true/false items; the second was an ad hoc questionnaire (AHQ) containing 10 questions that would be very difficult for people without health care qualifications to answer correctly. It therefore aimed at measuring cribbing and not nutrition knowledge. AHQ items were somewhat encyclopedic and amenable to Web searching, while CoNKS items had more complex wording, so that simple copying/pasting of a question in a search string would not produce an immediate correct answer. RESULTS: A total of 72 of the 94 subjects started the survey. Dropout rates were similar in both groups (11%, 4/35 and 14%, 5/37 in the untimed and timed groups, respectively). Most participants completed the survey from portable devices, such as mobile phones and tablets. To complete the survey, participants in the untimed group took a median 2.3 minutes longer than those in the timed group; the effect size was small (Cohen's r=.29). Subjects in the untimed group scored significantly higher on CoNKS (mean difference of 1.2 points, P=.008) and the effect size was medium (Cohen's d=0.67). By contrast, no significant between-group difference in AHQ scores was documented. Unexpectedly high AHQ scores were recorded in 23% (7/31) and 19% (6/32) untimed and timed respondents, respectively, very probably owing to "e-cheating". CONCLUSIONS: Cribbing answers to health knowledge items in researcher-uncontrolled conditions is likely to lead to overestimation of people's knowledge; this should be considered during the design and implementation of Web-based surveys. Setting a time limit alone may not completely prevent cheating, as some cheats may be very fast in Web searching. More complex and contextualized wording of items and checking for the "findability" properties of items before implementing a Web-based health knowledge survey may discourage help-seeking, thus reducing measurement error. Studies with larger sample sizes and diverse populations are needed to confirm our results.

Molecular and serological diversity of Neisseria meningitidis carrier strains isolated from Italian students aged 14 to 22 years.

Neisseria meningitidis is an obligate human commensal that commonly colonizes the oropharyngeal mucosa. Carriage is age dependent and very common in young adults. The relationships between carriage and invasive disease are not completely understood. In this work, we performed a longitudinal carrier study in adolescents and young adults (173 subjects). Overall, 32 subjects (18.5%) had results that were positive for meningococcal carriage in at least one visit (average monthly carriage rate, 12.1%). Only five subjects tested positive at all four visits. All meningococcal isolates were characterized by molecular and serological techniques. Multilocus sequence typing, PorA typing, and sequencing of the 4CMenB vaccine antigens were used to assess strain diversity. The majority of positive subjects were colonized by capsule null (34.4%) and capsular group B strains (28.1%), accounting for 23.5% and 29.4% of the total number of isolates, respectively. The fHbp and nhba genes were present in all isolates, while the nadA gene was present in 5% of the isolates. The genetic variability of the 4CMenB vaccine antigens in this collection was relatively high compared with that of other disease-causing strain panels. Indications about the persistence of the carriage state were limited to the time span of the study. All strains isolated from the same subject were identical or cumulated minor changes over time. The expression levels and antigenicities of the 4CMenB vaccine antigens in each strain were analyzed by the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS), which revealed that expression can change over time in the same individual. Future analysis of antigen variability and expression in carrier strains after the introduction of the MenB vaccine will allow for a definition of its impact on nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal carriage.

Do the omeprazole family compounds exert a protective effect against influenza-like illness?

BACKGROUND: Infections by influenza viruses place a heavy burden on public health and economies worldwide. Although vaccines are the best weapons against influenza, antiviral drugs could offer an opportunity to alleviate the burden of influenza. Since omeprazole family compounds block the "proton pump", we hypothesized that they could interfere with the mechanism of fusion of the virus envelope and endosomal membrane, thereby hindering the M2 proton pump mechanism of influenza viruses. METHODS: A matched case-control study was performed in 2010-2011 in Italy. Cases were subjects aged over 18 years with a diagnosis of Influenza-like Illness (ILI); 254 case-control pairs were recruited. A multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between the prevention of ILI and the administration of omeprazole family compounds. The interaction between omeprazole family compounds and influenza vaccination was also examined. RESULTS: After control for potential confounders, subjects treated with omeprazole family compounds displayed a lower risk of catching ILI (ORadj = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15-0.52). The risk of ILI in unvaccinated non-OFC users was about six times than that in vaccinated OFC users. CONCLUSIONS: Although confirmation is necessary, these results suggest that omeprazole family compounds could be profitably used in the prevention of ILI.

Development of a User-friendly Health Promotion Website to Spread Evidence-based Information in Italy.

Introduction: Appropriate communication models and strategies are crucial in order to strengthen preventive and health promotion interventions via digital platforms. Today, 52.23% of the Italian population use the Internet as a source of health-related information. The aim of the "Insegna Salute" project was to create a website that would enable people to satisfy their knowledge health needs and increase their awareness in the field of prevention. Methods: To develop the website, a qualitative literature research was carried out to collect an overview of effective online health communication strategies and tools before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, we implemented the website insegnasalute.it according to the one-to-many (screen-to-face) communication model. The second part of the research focused on identifying tools to ensure the constant update of the platform. Finally, we proceeded with the creation of the visual identity. Results: The research resulted in 28 sources regarding health communication, vaccine hesitancy, online health information seeking, visual identity, current digital and social trends and mis/disinformation. Many publications reported that healthcare professionals (HCPs) are the main providers of evidence-based information and the most effective agents against misinformation. Furthermore, most of the articles advocated the use of digital technologies, such as social media and websites, along with proactive and targeted communication strategies. Conclusions: Vaccination hesitancy and other health prevention issues require accurate tools to build trust-based relationships between users and healthcare professionals. In line with the preventive guidelines issued by the Italian Ministry of Health, new tools, such as "Insegna Salute", integrate health knowledge with communication strategies. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, preventive measures are essential to protect the population from misinformation spread and the probability of getting ill.

Influenza-like illness surveillance may underestimate the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus in adult outpatients.

OBJECTIVES: Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs), it is unclear which of the case definitions that prompt swab collection predicts RSV best. We aimed to profile RSV-positive adults and to identify possible RSV case definitions. METHODS: This individual-based pooled analysis was based on influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance conducted among Italian outpatient adults. All samples were tested for influenza, RSV and other respiratory viruses. RESULTS: RSV was detected in 5.2% of the 1240 ILI adults tested. The prevalence of fever/feverishness was significantly lower (83.3%) in individuals positive for RSV and those negative for both viruses (79.4%) than in influenza-positive subjects (96.2%). Conversely, 98.3% of RSV-positive adults reported cough. Compared with subjects who tested negative, the adjusted relative risk ratio of cough in RSV-positive subjects was much higher than in influenza-positive subjects (6.89 vs 2.79). Using ARI with cough as the RSV case definition increased specificity. CONCLUSION: As fever/feverishness is more common among influenza than RSV cases, ILI-based surveillance may underestimate RSV incidence in adult outpatients. While broad ARI definitions are useful for routine RSV surveillance, their low specificity may hamper vaccine effectiveness studies. The use of further ARI qualifiers like cough increases specificity.

Health Technology Assessment of Vaccines in Italy: History and Review of Applications.

Background/Objectives. Many vaccines have been developed in recent decades, and many more will be available in the future. When new safe and effective vaccines are available, decision-makers must extensively assess them before including them in the national immunization plan and issuing recommendations. The Health Technology Assessment (HTA) could be an objective, transparent, and comprehensive approach to guiding the decision-making process for the use of vaccines. Objectives and Methods. The aim of this study was to review the indications for HTA use contained in Italian institutional documents on vaccination, namely the National Immunization Plans (NIPs) and available full Italian HTA reports on vaccines, assessing their availability at the time of national recommendations' introductions. Results. HTA has been recognised as an eligible approach to deciding upon the introduction of vaccines through the NIPs of 2012-2014 and 2017-2019, and the last NIP, of 2023-2025, highlights the lack of funding dedicated to the production of independent HTA reports that can be used for issuing recommendations. In 2007-2023, twenty full HTA reports on vaccines were published in Italy: eight reports on influenza vaccines, five on Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), three each on meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines, and one on rotavirus vaccine. HTA was applied with different purposes, namely the evaluation of new vaccines or their re-assessment, but it was not always timely with respect to both the marketing authorisation and the issuing of national recommendations for use. Conclusions. As HTA can be considered the best tool to disentangle the overall value of vaccines, it would be desirable for it to be used more and more to provide the evidence for efficient resource use. This calls for action to improve the transfer of HTA results to decision-makers, to try to fill the gap between research and decision and foster evidence-based recommendations.

Influenza epidemiology and vaccine effectiveness during the 2023/2024 season in Italy: A test-negative case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: In order to support policymakers in allocating resources, we aimed to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) of inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) available for Italian adults in the 2023/2024 season. METHODS: A hospital-based test-negative case-control study was conducted in Genoa between mid-October 2023 and mid-April 2024. Adult (≥18 years) inpatients with prescription of a polymerase chain reaction test for influenza were eligible. RESULTS: Of 1,664 adults analyzed, most (82%) of which were ≥65 years, 114 (6.9%) tested positive for influenza A. Most (92%) cases were caused by subclades 6B.1A.5a.2a and 6B.1A.5a.2a.1 of the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype. In older adults aged ≥65 years vaccination was effective at 51% (95% CI: 8%, 74%) against any influenza A and 49% (95% CI: 2%, 73%) against A(H1N1)pdm09. Compared with non-vaccinated older adults, VE point estimates for the adjuvanted and, especially, high-dose IIVs were higher than those for the standard-dose non-adjuvanted IIV. CONCLUSION: The 2023/2024 seasonal influenza vaccination proved moderately effective in preventing hospitalization for laboratory-confirmed influenza. Being more appropriate for older adults, local policymakers and vaccinating physicians should maximize adoption of the enhanced IIVs.

First real-world data on universal respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis with Nirsevimab in infants.

Introduction: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) predominantly affects young children, with a peak incidence in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere from October to May. Children under 24 months of age are particularly vulnerable because of the immaturity of their lungs and immune systems, often leading to severe respiratory infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes RSV as a global health priority. Recently, Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody (mAb), was authorised to prevent RSV disease in infants. Methods: Our narrative review brings together the effectiveness data of Nirsevimab available in the literature, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the published studies and the prevention opportunities represented by the new preparation. Results: All reviewed studies provide evidence for the effectiveness of immunisation with Nirsevimab in real-world settings, beyond the controlled conditions of clinical trials, and highlight its safety and feasibility. Nirsevimab significantly reduces RSV hospitalisations and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions. High coverage and high efficacy of immunisation have been reported, although supply issues and variability in studies present challenges. Conclusions: Continued research and surveillance are critical to understanding the long-term effectiveness of Nirsevimab. Overall, available data provide valuable insights into the efficacy, safety, and impact of immunisation with Nirsevimab in preventing severe RSV infections in infants, highlighting its potential to reduce the burden of RSV-related hospitalisations and improve paediatric health outcomes.

Waning intra-season vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) underlines the need for more durable protection.

BACKGROUND: The question of whether influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) wanes over the winter season is still open and some contradictory findings have been reported. This study investigated the possible decline in protection provided by the available influenza vaccines. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: An individual-level pooled analysis of six test-negative case-control studies conducted in Italy between the 2018/2019 and 2022/2023 seasons was performed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate weekly change in the odds of testing positive for influenza 14 days after vaccination. RESULTS: Of 6490 patients included, 1633 tested positive for influenza. Each week that had elapsed since vaccination was associated with an increase in the odds of testing positive for any influenza (4.9%; 95% CI: 2.0-8.0%) and for A(H3N2) (6.5%; 95% CI: 2.9-10.3%). This decline in VE was, however, significant only in children and older adults. A similar increase in the odds of testing positive was seen when the dataset was restricted to vaccinees only. Conversely, VE waning was less evident for A(H1N1)pdm09 or B strains. CONCLUSIONS: Significant waning of VE, especially against influenza A(H3N2), may be one of the factors associated with suboptimal end-of-season VE. Next-generation vaccines should provide more durable protection against A(H3N2).