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OBJECTIVE: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has a higher prevalence in adolescents with depressive disorders than in community adolescents. This study examined the differences in NSSI behaviors between adolescents with unipolar depression (UD) and those with bipolar depression (BD). METHODS: Adolescents with UD or BD were recruited from 20 general or psychiatric hospitals across China. The methods, frequency, and function of NSSI were assessed by Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation. The Beck Suicide Ideation Scale was used to evaluate adolescents' suicidal ideation, and the 10-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale to estimate the anxiety and depression symptoms. RESULTS: The UD group had higher levels of depression (19.16 vs.17.37, F=15.23, P<0.001) and anxiety symptoms (17.73 vs.16.70, F=5.00, P=0.026) than the BD group. Adolescents with BD had a longer course of NSSI than those with UD (2.00 vs.1.00 year, Z=-3.39, P=0.001). There were no statistical differences in the frequency and the number of methods of NSSI between the UD and BD groups. Depression (r=0.408, P<0.01) and anxiety (r=0.391, P<0.01) were significantly and positively related to NSSI frequency. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with BD had a longer course of NSSI than those with UD. More importantly, NSSI frequency were positively and strongly correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms, indicating the importance of adequate treatment of depression and anxiety in preventing and intervening adolescents' NSSI behaviors.
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BACKGROUND: Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to enhance cognitive function in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Magnesium-L-threonate (MgT) is a compound with a newly discovered effect to rescue learning and memory function in aging and AD mice. AIM: To study the additive therapeutic effect of EE combined with MgT (EM) and the potential mechanism underlying the effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: APP/PS1 mice were treated with EE, MgT, or combination of EE and MgT (EM) and compared for restored memory function. RESULTS: EM was more effective in improving cognition and spatial memory than either treatment alone in either long-term (12 months, started at 3 months old, which was before disease manifestation) or short-term (3 months, started at 6 months old, which was after disease manifestation) treatment. The behavioral improvement has coincided with rescue of synaptic contacts in the hippocampal region of the AD mouse brain. Immunoblots also showed that EM but neither single treatment rescued the activity reduction in CaMKII and CREB, two important downstream molecules in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) pathway. CONCLUSION: Environmental enrichment and MgT may synergistically improve recognition and spatial memory by reducing synaptic loss and restoring the NMDAR signaling pathway in AD mice, which suggests that combination of EE and MgT may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/complicações , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Meio Ambiente , Magnésio/uso terapêutico , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Transtornos da Memória/terapia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Animais , Proteína de Ligação a CREB/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mutação/genética , Presenilina-1/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Sinapses/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinapses/patologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A 3-D porous zeolite-like metal-organic framework surviving guest removal is assembled from a well-defined tetrahedral Fe(4)L(6) cavity by the cooperativity of hydrogen bonds and [small pi]-[small pi] stacking.
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Thermodynamically controlled crystallization of a copper-containing building block [CuL] (H(2)L = 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-Delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid) from a methanol-ethanol mixture solvent leads to a combinatorial mixture of four crystalline solids, from which each of them is isolated and structurally characterized.