Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals that Bisphenol A activates immune responses in skeletal muscle.

Cumulative human exposure to the environmental toxin, bisphenol A (BPA), has raised important health concerns in recent decades. However, the direct genomic regulation of BPA in skeletal muscles and its clinical significance are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptome analysis after daily oral administration of BPA at the lowest observed adverse-effect level (LOAEL, 50 mg/kg) in male mice for six weeks to explore the gene-expression regulations in skeletal muscle induced by BPA. The primary Gene Ontology terms linked to BPA-dependent, differentially expressed genes at LOAEL comprised adaptive-immune response, positive regulation of T cell activation, and immune system process. The gene-set enrichment analysis disclosed increased complement-associated genes [complement components 3 (C3) and 4B, complement factor D, complement receptor 2, and immunoglobulin lambda constant 2] in the group administered with BPA, with a false-discovery rate of <0.05. Subsequent validation analysis conducted in BPA-fed animal skeletal muscle tissue and in vitro experiments confirmed that BPA induced immune activation, as evidenced by increased levels of C3 and C4α proteins in mice, C2C12 myoblasts, and mouse skeletal muscle cells. In addition, BPA markedly upregulated the transcription of tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnfα) in C2C12 myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscle cells, which was substantially inhibited by 5z-7-oxozeanol and parthenolide, providing further evidence of BPA-induced inflammation in muscle cells. Our bioinformatics and subsequent animal and in vitro validations demonstrate that BPA can activate inflammation in skeletal muscle, which could be a risk factor underlying chronic muscle weakness and wastage.

Short-term storage of semen samples in acidic extender increases the proportion of females in pigs.

BACKGROUND: Sex preselection is a desired goal of the animal industry to improve production efficiency, depending on industry demand. In the porcine industry, there is a general preference for pork from female and surgically castrated male pigs. Therefore, the birth of more females than males in a litter leads to economic benefits and improved animal welfare in the pig production industry. Our previous study suggested that the porcine semen extender (BTS) adjusted to pH 6.2 maximises the differences in viability between X-chromosome-bearing (X) spermatozoa and Y-chromosome-bearing (Y) spermatozoa without affecting sperm's functional parameters. In this study we aimed to evaluate whether the pH 6.2 extender is applicable at the farm level for increasing the number of female piglets without a decline in spermatozoa fertility. Artificial insemination (AI) was carried out with spermatozoa stored at pH 6.2 and pH 7.2 (original BTS) at day 1 and day 2 of storage. Next, the functional parameters of the spermatozoa, litter size, farrowing rate, and female-to-male ratio of offspring were determined. RESULTS: Although sperm motility decreased significantly after 2 d of storage, the viability of spermatozoa was preserved at pH 6.2 for 3 d. There was no significant difference in the farrowing rate and average litter size between the group inseminated with the spermatozoa stored in (pH 7.2) and that inseminated with spermatozoa stored in acidic BTS. The percentage of female piglets was approximately 1.5-fold higher in sows inseminated on day 1 in the pH 6.2 than in the pH 7.2 group. Furthermore, although there was no significant difference in the female-to-male ratio, the percentage of female piglets born was slightly higher in the pH 6.2 group than in the pH 7.2 group on day 2. CONCLUSIONS: The method optimised in our study is simple, economical, and may enhance the number of female births without any decline in spermatozoa fertility.

Bisphenol A exposure increases epididymal susceptibility to infection in mice.

Male fertility is linked with several well-orchestrated events including spermatogenesis, epididymal maturation, capacitation, the acrosome reaction, fertilization, and beyond. However, the detrimental effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on sperm maturation compared to spermatogenesis and sperm cells remain unclear. Therefore, this study was to investigate whether pubertal exposure to BPA induces male infertility via interruption of the immune response in the epididymis. CD-1 male mice (5 weeks old) were treated daily with vehicle (corn oil) and 50 mg BPA/kg-BW for 6 weeks by oral gavage. Following BPA exposure, we observed decreased intraepithelial projection of basal cells, indicative of changes to the luminal environment. We also observed decreased projection of macrophages and protrusion of apoptotic cells into the lumen induced by incomplete phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the caput epididymis. Exposure to BPA also reduced the anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-7 in the epididymis, while the chemotaxis-associated cytokines CCL12, CCL17, CXCL16, and MCP-1 increased. This study suggests two possible mechanisms for BPA induction of male infertility. First, exposure to BPA may induce an imbalance of immune homeostasis by disrupting the ability of basal cells to perceive environmental changes. Second, exposure to BPA may lead to collapse of macrophage phagocytosis via downregulation of intraepithelial projection and inflammatory-related cytokines. In conclusion, the observed potential pathways can lead to autoimmune disorders such epididymitis and orchitis.

New technique of sex preselection for increasing female ratio in boar sperm model.

In this study, we tried to optimize the porcine semen extender conditions to maximize the differences between live X chromosome-bearing (X) spermatozoa and to Y chromosome-bearing (Y) spermatozoa without a decline in the fertility rate at different pH conditions during storage. We observed the viability of X and Y boar spermatozoa in acidic (pH 6.2), original (pH 7.2), and alkaline condition (pH 8.2) for 5 days to investigate the effect of storage conditions on the X to Y spermatozoa ratio. The functional parameters of spermatozoa were also examined to evaluate sperm quality. Sperm motility was preserved at pH 7.2 and pH 6.2 for 3 days, while sperm motility at pH 8.2 decreased significantly after 2 days. Non-capacitated spermatozoa increased while capacitated spermatozoa decreased during storage. Sperm viability decreased significantly duration-dependent under all pH conditions, but there was no significant difference during storage at pH 6.2 and 7.2. The X: Y ratio of live spermatozoa in acidic condition was maximized (1.2:1) without affecting the sperm function and fertility-related protein expression after 2 days compared to original conditions. Moreover, insemination of sows using acidic extender increased the number of female pups on days 1 and 2 of preservation. These results indicate that the production of female offspring may increase when acidic BTS is used for 2 days without affecting the success rate of AI. Above all, this method is simple and economical compared to other methods.

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Infectious Diseases: From Endocrine Disruption to Immunosuppression.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are hormonally active compounds in the environment that interfere with the body's endocrine system and consequently produce adverse health effects. Despite persistent public health concerns, EDCs remain important components of common consumer products, thus representing ubiquitous contaminants to humans. While scientific evidence confirmed their contribution to the severity of Influenza A virus (H1N1) in the animal model, their roles in susceptibility and clinical outcome of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cannot be underestimated. Since its emergence in late 2019, clinical reports on COVID-19 have confirmed that severe disease and death occur in persons aged ≥65 years and those with underlying comorbidities. Major comorbidities of COVID-19 include diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and kidney and liver diseases. Meanwhile, long-term exposure to EDCs contributes significantly to the onset and progression of these comorbid diseases. Besides, EDCs play vital roles in the disruption of the body's immune system. Here, we review the recent literature on the roles of EDCs in comorbidities contributing to COVID-19 mortality, impacts of EDCs on the immune system, and recent articles linking EDCs to COVID-19 risks. We also recommend methodologies that could be adopted to comprehensively study the role of EDCs in COVID-19 risk.

Role of Insulin in Health and Disease: An Update.

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone mainly secreted by ß cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The hormone potentially coordinates with glucagon to modulate blood glucose levels; insulin acts via an anabolic pathway, while glucagon performs catabolic functions. Insulin regulates glucose levels in the bloodstream and induces glucose storage in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue, resulting in overall weight gain. The modulation of a wide range of physiological processes by insulin makes its synthesis and levels critical in the onset and progression of several chronic diseases. Although clinical and basic research has made significant progress in understanding the role of insulin in several pathophysiological processes, many aspects of these functions have yet to be elucidated. This review provides an update on insulin secretion and regulation, and its physiological roles and functions in different organs and cells, and implications to overall health. We cast light on recent advances in insulin-signaling targeted therapies, the protective effects of insulin signaling activators against disease, and recommendations and directions for future research.

Multigenerational and transgenerational impact of paternal bisphenol A exposure on male fertility in a mouse model.

STUDY QUESTION: How does paternal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) affect the fertility of male offspring in mice in future generations? SUMMARY ANSWER: Paternal exposure to BPA adversely affects spermatogenesis, several important sperm functions and DNA methylation patterns in spermatozoa, which have both multigenerational (in F0 and F1) and partial transgenerational (mainly noticed in F2, but F3) impacts on the fertility of the offspring. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: BPA, a synthetic endocrine disruptor, is used extensively to manufacture polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Growing evidence suggests that exposure to BPA during the developmental stages results in atypical reproductive phenotypes that could persist for generations to come. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: CD-1 male mice (F0) were treated with BPA (5 or 50 mg/kg body weight per day (bw/day)) or ethinylestradiol (EE) (0.4 µg/kg bw/day) for 6 weeks. Control mice were treated with vehicle (corn oil) only. The treated male mice were bred with untreated female mice to produce first filial generation (F1 offspring). The F2 and F3 offspring were produced similarly, without further exposure to BPA. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Histological changes in the testis along with functional, biochemical and epigenetic (DNA methylation) properties of spermatozoa were investigated. Subsequently, each parameter of the F0-F3 generations was compared between BPA-treated mice and control mice. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Paternal BPA exposure disrupted spermatogenesis by decreasing the size and number of testicular seminiferous epithelial cells, which eventually led to a decline in the total sperm count of F0-F2 offspring (P < 0.05). We further showed that a high BPA dose decreased sperm motility in F0-F2 males by mediating the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (F0-F1) and decreasing intracellular ATP (F0-F2) in spermatozoa (P < 0.05). These changes in spermatozoa were associated with altered global DNA methylation patterns in the spermatozoa of F0-F3 males (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we noticed that BPA compromised sperm fertility in mice from the F0-F2 (in the both dose groups) and F3 generations (in the high-dose group only). The overall reproductive toxicity of BPA was equivalent to or higher (high dose) than that of the tested dose of EE. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Further research is required to determine the variables (e.g. lowest BPA dose) that are capable of producing changes in sperm function and fertility in future generations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: These results may shed light on how occupational exposure to BPA can affect offspring fertility in humans. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant No. NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025159). M.S.R. was supported by Korea Research Fellowship Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (Grant No. 2017H1D3A1A02013844). There are no competing interests.

Bisphenol A affects the maturation and fertilization competence of spermatozoa.

Although there are numerous studies on bisphenol A (BPA) on the testis and spermatozoa, the effect of BPA on the physiological link between the testis and maturation of spermatozoa has not been studied. To provide an optimal environment (acidic pH) for sperm maturation in the epididymis, clear cells secrete protons and principal cells reabsorb bicarbonate and the secreted proton. Because of its crucial role in sperm maturation and fertility, functional changes in the epididymis following BPA exposure must be considered to fully understand the mechanisms of BPA on male fertility. Here, we identified the adverse effects of BPA exposure during puberty in male mice. CD-1 male mice were gavaged daily with vehicle (corn oil) and 50 mg BPA/kg-BW for 6 weeks. We determined the changes in epididymis, functional sperm parameters including motility, capacitation status, tyrosine phosphorylation, and fertility-related protein expression and in vitro and in vivo fertility rate following BPA exposure. Expression of vacuolar-type H + -ATPase is necessary for the secretion of protons by clear cells of the caput epididymis and was directly down-regulated following BPA exposure, while there were no changes in the other epithelial cell types in the epididymis. Also, pERK 1/2 signaling pathway was increased significantly in the caput epididymis following BPA exposure. Consequently, the luminal pH slightly increased, resulting in premature capacitation of spermatozoa. Moreover, there was a significant loss of the acrosomal membrane following an increase of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, while PKA activity decreased during sperm capacitation. Fertility-related proteins also showed aberrant expression upon BPA exposure. These modifications resulted in decreased male fertility in vitro and in vivo.

Paternal Exposure to Bisphenol-A Transgenerationally Impairs Testis Morphology, Germ Cell Associations, and Stemness Properties of Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) exposure in an adult male can affect the reproductive system, which may also adversely affect the next generation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the BPA-induced disruption of the association and functional characteristics of the testicular germ cells, which the present study sought to investigate. Adult male mice were administered BPA doses by gavage for six consecutive weeks and allowed to breed, producing generations F1-F4. Testis samples from each generation were evaluated for several parameters, including abnormal structure, alterations in germ cell proportions, apoptosis, and loss of functional properties of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). We observed that at the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) dose, the testicular abnormalities and alterations in seminiferous epithelium staging persisted in F0-F2 generations, although a reduced total spermatogonia count was found only in F0. However, abnormalities in the proportions of germ cells were observed until F2. Exposure of the male mice (F0) to BPA alters the morphology of the testis along with the association of germ cells and stemness properties of SSCs, with the effects persisting up to F2. Therefore, we conclude that BPA induces physiological and functional disruption in male germ cells, which may lead to reproductive health issues in the next generation.

Research update and opportunity of non-hormonal male contraception: Histone demethylase KDM5B-based targeting.

With the continued increase in global human population, diverse contraception approaches have become increasingly essential, including non-hormonal male contraception. Non-hormonal approaches to contraception are very convenient; however, such options are limited because data regarding the identification and characterization of tissue/cell-specific targets and appropriate small molecule candidate contraceptives are lacking. Based on in-silico studies of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, performed by mining datasets in PubMed, we first reviewed testis-, epididymis-, and germline cell-specific genes/proteins, with the aim of presenting evidence that many of these could become 'druggable' targets for the development of non-hormonal male contraceptives in the future. Although many hurdles remain before the successful therapeutic use of non-hormonal contraceptive, to facilitate this approach, we describe here the changing perspectives on several potential non-hormonal contraceptives (e.g. small molecules, plant extracts, etc.) that are under development; continued effort may yield marketable products. Further, we highlight specific enzymes within the histone lysine demethylase subfamily that play a central role in germ line regulation. In particular, we focused on several prospective candidate small-molecules suggested to interact with the catalytic domain of histone lysine demethylase KDM5B, which is ubiquitously expressed in the testis/spermatozoa of both mice and human.

Functional and Proteomic Alterations of F1 Capacitated Spermatozoa of Adult Mice Following Gestational Exposure to Bisphenol A.

Studies regarding bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and male (in)fertility have conventionally focused on modifications in ejaculated spermatozoa function from exposed individuals. However, mammalian spermatozoa are incapable of fertilization prior to achieving capacitation, the penultimate step in maturation. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate BPA-induced changes in capacitated spermatozoa and assess the consequences on subsequent fertilization. Here, we demonstrate the effect of gestational BPA exposure (50 µg/kg bw/day, 5 mg/kg bw/day, and 50 mg/kg bw/day) on the functions, biochemical properties, and proteomic profiles of F1 capacitated spermatozoa from adult mice. The data showed that high concentrations of BPA inhibited motility, motion kinematics, and capacitation of spermatozoa, perhaps because of increased lipid peroxidation and protein tyrosine nitration, and decreased intracellular ATP levels and protein kinase-A activity in spermatozoa. We also found that BPA compromised the rates of fertilization and early embryonic development. Differentially expressed proteins identified between BPA-exposed and control groups play a critical role in energy metabolism, stress responses, and fertility. Protein function abnormalities were responsible for the development of several diseases according to bioinformatics analysis. On the basis of these results, gestational exposure to BPA may alter capacitated spermatozoa function and the proteomic profile, ultimately affecting their fertility potential.

Applications of capacitation status for litter size enhancement in various pig breeds.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported the development of new molecular methods for the prognosis and diagnosis of male fertility based on biomarkers aimed at overcoming the limitations of conventional male fertility analysis tools. However, further studies are needed for the field application of these methods. Therefore, alternative methods based on existing semen analysis methods are required to improve production efficiency in the animal industry. METHODS: we examined the possibility of improving litter size in various pig breeds using combined Hoechst 33258/chlortetracycline fluorescence (H33258/CTC) staining. The correlation between field fertility and capacitation status by combined H33258/CTC staining in different ejaculates spermatozoa (n = 3) from an individual boar (20 Landrace, 20 Yorkshire, and 20 Duroc) was evaluated as well as overall accuracy. RESULTS: The acrosome reacted (AR) pattern after capacitation (%) was positively correlated with the litter size of Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc pigs and the overall accuracy was 75%, 75%, and 70% in Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc pigs, respectively. The difference (Δ) in AR pattern before and after capacitation was positively correlated with the litter size of Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc pigs and the overall accuracy was 80%, 65%, and 55% in Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc pigs, respectively. However, the difference (Δ) in capacitated (B) pattern before and after capacitation was negatively correlated with the litter size of Landrace pigs and the overall accuracy was 75%. Moreover, average litter size was significantly altered according to different combined H33258/CTC staining parameters. CONCLUSION: These results show that combined H33258/CTC staining may be used to predict male fertility in various breeds. However, the selection of specific efficiency combined H33258/CTC staining parameters requires further consideration. Taken together, these findings suggest that combined H33258/CTC staining may constitute an alternative method for predicting male fertility until such time as fertility-related biomarkers are further validated.

Sex chromosome-dependent differential viability of human spermatozoa during prolonged incubation.

STUDY QUESTION: Are there significant differences in the ability of X chromosome-bearing (X) spermatozoa and Y chromosome-bearing (Y) spermatozoa to survive incubation under stressful conditions? SUMMARY ANSWER: Y spermatozoa are more vulnerable to stress than their X counterparts depending on culture period and temperature, and show higher expression of apoptotic proteins. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The primary sex ratio is determined by there being an equal number of spermatozoa carrying X and Y chromosomes. This balance can be skewed by exposure to stressful environmental conditions such as changes in pH, pollutants or endocrine disruptors. However, less is known about the ability of sperm carrying either sex chromosome to withstand environmental stress. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: The difference in survival between X and Y spermatozoa was evaluated by measuring motility, viability and Y:X chromosome ratio during incubation for 5 days, at three temperatures (4, 22 and 37°C), and three pH conditions (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5). To identify the critical factors that determine the survival of X and Y bearing spermatozoa, we analysed the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl, Bax and Caspase-3), as well as the extent of DNA damage under a subset of conditions. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Semen samples were obtained by masturbation from normozoospermic donors after 3 days of sexual abstinence. Four samples with >60% motility from different donors were mixed to obtain sufficient semen and eliminate sampling-related bias. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Mean age of donors was 28.7 ± 3.2 years. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In total, 58 489 spermatozoa were scored. The viability of Y spermatozoa was lower after exposure to different temperatures and culture periods than that of X spermatozoa (P < 0.05). Increased expression of apoptotic proteins in live Y spermatozoa was observed, despite the addition of tocopherol to the culture medium (P < 0.05). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Spermatozoa were cultured in vitro during the treatment period. It is difficult to extrapolate the observed lifespan differences to spermatozoa survival in vivo. The experiments were replicated only three times. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The prolonged survival of X spermatozoa under stressful conditions might lead to shifts in the ratio of male-to-female births. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (no. NRF-2014R1A2A2A01002706). The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Prediction of male fertility using capacitation-associated proteins in spermatozoa.

Infertility and subfertility account for huge economic losses in the animal industry; indeed, 50% of animal breeding failure is associated with male infertility. Approximately 70% of cattle and 90% of pig livestock are currently produced by artificial insemination. Therefore, breeding-male selection is extremely important for the genetic benefits of progeny. Although conventional semen analysis provides an initial measure of male fertility, its clinical value is questionable. Proteomics approaches recently identified candidate protein markers in spermatozoa for evaluating male fertility. Fertility-related proteins in capacitated boar spermatozoa were shown to predict boar fertility more precisely then those detected in ejaculated spermatozoa, which motivated the development of more accurate and sensitive tools for the assessment of male fertility in relation to sperm function and fertilization. Although protein markers in spermatozoa are capable of discriminating fertile and infertile males, clinical trials are required to validate their predictive utility. This review outlines recent findings regarding the capacitation-related proteome of spermatozoa, and discusses how these proteins may be utilized to better understand the fertility of domestic animals.

Discovery of predictive biomarkers for litter size in boar spermatozoa.

Conventional semen analysis has been used for prognosis and diagnosis of male fertility. Although this tool is essential for providing initial quantitative information about semen, it remains a subject of debate. Therefore, development of new methods for the prognosis and diagnosis of male fertility should be seriously considered for animal species of economic importance as well as for humans. In the present study, we applied a comprehensive proteomic approach to identify global protein biomarkers in boar spermatozoa in order to increase the precision of male fertility prognoses and diagnoses. We determined that l-amino acid oxidase, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (MDH2), cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1B, lysozyme-like protein 4, and calmodulin (CALM) were significantly and abundantly expressed in high-litter size spermatozoa. We also found that equatorin, spermadhesin AWN, triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), Ras-related protein Rab-2A (RAB2A), spermadhesin AQN-3, and NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2 (NDUFS2) were significantly and abundantly expressed in low-litter size spermatozoa (>3-fold). Moreover, RAB2A, TPI, and NDUFS2 were negatively correlated with litter size, whereas CALM and MDH2 were positively correlated. This study provides novel biomarkers for the prediction of male fertility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that shows significantly increased litter size using male fertility biomarkers in a field trial. Moreover, these protein markers may provide new developmental tools for the selection of superior sires as well as for the prognosis and diagnosis of male fertility.

Proteomic Analysis of One-carbon Metabolism-related Marker in Liver of Rat Offspring.

Maternal food intake has a significant effect on the fetal environment, and an inadequate maternal diet may result in intrauterine growth restriction. Intrauterine growth restriction newborn rat pups nursed by normal diet-fed dams exhibited rapid catch-up growth, which plays a critical role in the risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease in later life. Specifically, one-carbon metabolism in the liver plays a critical role in placental and fetal growth. Impaired functioning of one-carbon metabolism is associated with increased homocysteine levels. In this study, we applied a comprehensive proteomic approach to identify differential expression of proteins related to one-carbon metabolism in the livers of rat offspring as an effect of maternal food restriction during gestation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002578. We determined that betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1, and ATP synthase subunit beta mitochondrial (ATP5B) expression levels were significantly reduced in the livers of rat offspring exposed to maternal food restriction during gestation compared with in the offspring of rats fed a normal diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1, and ATP synthase subunit beta mitochondrial were negatively correlated with serum homocysteine concentration in male offspring exposed to maternal food restriction during gestation and normal diet during lactation. However, in female offspring only expression levels of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 were negatively correlated with homocysteine concentration. This study shows that maternal food restriction during late gestation and normal diet during lactation lead to increased homocysteine concentration through disturbance of one-carbon metabolism in the livers of male offspring. This suggests that male offspring have an increased gender-specific susceptibility to disease in later life through fetal programming.

Determination of Highly Sensitive Biological Cell Model Systems to Screen BPA-Related Health Hazards Using Pathway Studio.

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical. Recently, many issues have arisen surrounding the disease pathogenesis of BPA. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to investigate the proteomic biomarkers of BPA that are associated with disease processes. However, studies on identifying highly sensitive biological cell model systems in determining BPA health risk are lacking. Here, we determined suitable cell model systems and potential biomarkers for predicting BPA-mediated disease using the bioinformatics tool Pathway Studio. We compiled known BPA-mediated diseases in humans, which were categorized into five major types. Subsequently, we investigated the differentially expressed proteins following BPA exposure in several cell types, and analyzed the efficacy of altered proteins to investigate their associations with BPA-mediated diseases. Our results demonstrated that colon cancer cells (SW480), mammary gland, and Sertoli cells were highly sensitive biological model systems, because of the efficacy of predicting the majority of BPA-mediated diseases. We selected glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1 (UQCRC1), and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) as highly sensitive biomarkers to predict BPA-mediated diseases. Furthermore, we summarized proteomic studies in spermatozoa following BPA exposure, which have recently been considered as another suitable cell type for predicting BPA-mediated diseases.

A novel approach to assessing bisphenol-A hazards using an in vitro model system.

BACKGROUND: Although the toxicological impacts of the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) have been studied extensively, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Eventually, no standard method exists for evaluating the possible health hazards of BPA exposure. Considering mice spermatozoa as a potential in vitro model, we investigated the effects of BPA exposure (0.0001, 0.01, 1, and 100 µM for 6 h) on spermatozoa and the related mechanisms of action. The same doses were also employed to evaluate protein profiles of spermatozoa as a means to monitor their functional affiliation to diseases. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that high concentrations of BPA negatively affect sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial functions, and intracellular ATP levels by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase-A pathways. Moreover, short-term exposure of spermatozoa to high concentrations of BPA induced differential expressions of 24 proteins. These effects appeared to be caused by protein degradation and phosphorylation in spermatozoa. Proteins differentially expressed in spermatozoa from BPA treatment groups are putatively involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, mainly cancer, carcinoma, neoplasm, and infertility. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we propose that BPA adversely affects sperm function by the activation of several kinase pathways in spermatozoa. In addition, BPA-induced changes in the sperm proteome might be partly responsible for the observed effects in spermatozoa, subsequently involve in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Therefore, we anticipated that current strategy might broadly consider for the health hazards assessment of other toxicological agents.

Proteomic analysis of fetal programming-related obesity markers.

The objectives of this study were to analyze fetal programming in rat brain using proteomic analysis and to identify fetal programming-related obesity markers. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four feeding groups: (i) the Ad Libitum (AdLib)/AdLib group was given a normal diet during pregnancy and the lactation period; (ii) the AdLib/maternal food restriction group (FR) was subjected to 50% FR during the lactation period; (iii) the FR/AdLib group was subjected to 50% FR during pregnancy; and (iv) the FR/FR group was subjected to 50% FR during pregnancy and the lactation period. Offspring from each group were sacrificed at 3 weeks of age and whole brains were dissected. To obtain a maximum number of protein markers related to obesity, 2DE and Pathway Studio bioinformatics analysis were performed. The identities of the markers among the selected and candidate proteins were confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Proteomic and bioinformatics analyses revealed that expression of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) and Secernin 1 (SCRN1) were significantly different in the FR/AdLib group compared with the AdLib/AdLib group for both male and female offspring. These findings suggest that UCHL1 and SCRN1 may be used as fetal programming-related obesity markers.

Effects of motor vehicle exhaust on male reproductive function and associated proteins.

Air pollution is consistently associated with various diseases and subsequent death among children, adult, and elderly people worldwide. Motor vehicle exhaust contributes to a large proportion of the air pollution present. The motor vehicle exhaust systems emit a variety of toxic components, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ozone, particulate matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Several epidemiological studies and laboratory studies have demonstrated that these components are potentially mutagenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine disrupting agents. However, their impact on male reproductive function and associated proteins is not very clear. Therefore, a comprehensive review on the effects of motor vehicle exhaust on male reproductive function and associated proteins is needed to better understand the risks of exhaust exposure for men. We found that motor vehicle exhaust can cause harmful effects on male reproductive functions by altering organ weights, reducing the spermatozoa qualities, and inducing oxidative stress. Remarkably, motor vehicle exhaust exposure causes significant changes in the expression patterns of proteins that are key components involved in spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis. In conclusion, this review helps to describe the risks of vehicle exhaust exposure and its relationship to potential adverse effects on the male reproduction system.