The effect of ethnicity on anatomic success following macular hole surgery: a multicentre cohort study.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to assess the effect of ethnicity on surgical macular hole closure. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken in five UK National Health Service Hospitals. We included all patients with known ethnicity undergoing vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peel, and gas/oil tamponade for all stages of primary full-thickness macular hole (FTMH). The primary outcome was anatomic success, defined as FTMH closure with one operation. The secondary outcome was mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) comparing baseline with final review. RESULTS: Of 334 operations, the ethnicity profile comprised 78.7% White patients, 11.7% Black patients, 8.1% Asian patients, and 1.5% in mixed/other ethnicities. Mean age was 69.7 years with 68.5% females. Overall, 280 (83.8%) had anatomic success. Anatomic failure occurred in 38.5% of Black patients versus 12.6% of White patients (relative risk: 1.788; 95% CI: 1.012 to 3.159; P = 0.045). Overall, baseline logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA improved by 0.34, from 0.95 (95% CI: 0.894 to 1.008) to 0.62 (95% CI: 0.556 to 0.676). Mean BCVA improved by 0.35 in White patients, 0.37 in Black patients, 0.23 in Asian patients, and 0.38 in mixed/other ethnicity (P = 0.689). Greater FTMH minimum linear diameter was associated with an increased risk of anatomic failure (relative risk: 1.004; 95% CI: 1.002 to 1.005; P < 0.0001), whereas better pre-operative BCVA (F [1,19] = 162.90; P < 0.0001) and anatomic success (F [1,19] = 97.69; P < 0.0001) were associated with greater BCVA improvement. Socio-economic status did not significantly influence anatomic success or BCVA change. CONCLUSIONS: Black ethnicity is associated with an approximately twofold greater risk of failed FTMH surgery. The reasons for this difference warrant further study.

New application of membrane blue-dual dye for retinal or iatrogenic break staining in retinal detachment surgery.

INTRODUCTION: The principles of surgery for managing primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) are to precisely identify and correctly treat all causative retinal breaks. Estimates regarding unidentified breaks complicating RRDs vary from 2.2%-22.5%. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of membrane blue-dual heavy dye solution for staining of undetected preoperatively retinal and iatrogenic breaks. SUBJECTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1. This is a prospective interventional study. 23 and 27-gauge vitrectomy surgeries were evaluated for primary repair of 5 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). No breaks where identified prior to surgery despite meticulous pre-operative examination using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy with indentation. 0.1ml of MembraneBlue-Dual™ was applied onto the vitreous cavity, while it was completely filled with fluid, and all excess dye was immediately aspirated with a blunt backflush instrument. In all eyes with RRD, the surgery was completed by gas tamponade (C3F8 or SF6). Follow up was 6 months. RESULTS: We compared the number of breaks identified when examined intraoperative with internal peripheral indentation before and after injection of the dye and found that in all cases (100%) at least one more break was found after injection of dye which was subsequently treated with cryotherapy or endolaser. At last follow up six months after surgery the success rate was 100% and none of our cases re-detached. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest advantage of use of this "heavy" dye solution membrane blue-dual is improved intraoperative identification of ILM at the edges of retinal breaks and the discrimination of them from surrounding intraocular structures. Due to its increased molecular weight and viscosity properties it eliminates the need for fluid-air exchange, injection of PFCL or subretinal injection.

Association of genetic variants in RAB23 and ANXA11 with uveitis in sarcoidosis.

Purpose: Uveitis occurs in a subset of patients with sarcoidosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetic variants that have been associated previously with overall sarcoidosis are associated with increased risk of developing uveitis. Methods: Seventy-seven subjects were enrolled, including 45 patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis-related uveitis as cases and 32 patients with systemic sarcoidosis without ocular involvement as controls. Thirty-eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis severity, or other organ-specific sarcoidosis involvement were identified. Allele frequencies in ocular sarcoidosis cases versus controls were compared using the chi-square test, and p values were corrected for multiple hypotheses testing using permutation. All analyses were conducted with PLINK. Results: SNPs rs1040461 and rs61860052, in ras-related protein RAS23 (RAB23) and annexin A11 (ANXA11) genes, respectively, were associated with sarcoidosis-associated uveitis. The T allele of rs1040461 and the A allele of rs61860052 were found to be more prevalent in ocular sarcoidosis cases. These associations remained after correction for the multiple hypotheses tested (p=0.01 and p=0.02). In a subanalysis of Caucasian Americans only, two additional variants within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes on chromosome 6, in HLA-DRB5 and HLA-DRB1, were associated with uveitis as well (p=0.009 and p=0.04). Conclusions: Genetic variants in RAB23 and ANXA11 genes were associated with an increased risk of sarcoidosis-associated uveitis. These loci have previously been associated with overall sarcoidosis risk.

Validation of the Retinal Detachment after Open Globe Injury (RD-OGI) Score as an Effective Tool for Predicting Retinal Detachment.

PURPOSE: The Retinal Detachment after Open Globe Injury (RD-OGI) Score is a clinical prediction model that was developed at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary to predict the risk of retinal detachment (RD) after open globe injury (OGI). This study sought to validate the RD-OGI Score in an independent cohort of patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: The predictive value of the RD-OGI Score was evaluated by comparing the original RD-OGI Scores of 893 eyes with OGI that presented between 1999 and 2011 (the derivation cohort) with 184 eyes with OGI that presented from January 1, 2012, to January 31, 2014 (the validation cohort). METHODS: Three risk classes (low, moderate, and high) were created and logistic regression was undertaken to evaluate the optimal predictive value of the RD-OGI Score. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis evaluated survival experience between the risk classes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to RD. RESULTS: At 1 year after OGI, 255 eyes (29%) in the derivation cohort and 66 eyes (36%) in the validation cohort were diagnosed with an RD. At 1 year, the low risk class (RD-OGI Scores 0-2) had a 3% detachment rate in the derivation cohort and a 0% detachment rate in the validation cohort, the moderate risk class (RD-OGI Scores 2.5-4.5) had a 29% detachment rate in the derivation cohort and a 35% detachment rate in the validation cohort, and the high risk class (RD-OGI scores 5-7.5) had a 73% detachment rate in the derivation cohort and an 86% detachment rate in the validation cohort. Regression modeling revealed the RD-OGI to be highly discriminative, especially 30 days after injury, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.939 in the validation cohort. Survival experience was significantly different depending upon the risk class (P < 0.0001, log-rank chi-square). CONCLUSIONS: The RD-OGI Score can reliably predict the future risk of developing an RD based on clinical variables that are present at the time of the initial evaluation after OGI.

Association of serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate area in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding whether serum lipid levels are associated with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy. The majority of studies have assessed hard exudates only as a dichotomous trait (presence vs. absence) and included limited numbers of African Americans (AA). The purpose of this study was to determine if there are any associations between serum lipid levels and hard exudates in AA with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: 890 AA participants with T2D were enrolled from 5 sites. Macular fundus photographs were graded by masked ophthalmologist investigators. Hard exudate areas were measured using a semi-automated algorithm and ImageJ software. Multivariate regression models were used to determine the association between serum lipid levels and (1) presence of hard exudate and (2) area of hard exudate. RESULTS: Presence of hard exudates was associated with higher total cholesterol [(odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.13, P = 0.001)] and higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (OR = 1.08, 95 % CI 1.03-1.14, P = 0.005) in models controlling for other risk factors. Hard exudate area was also associated with both higher total and LDL cholesterol levels (P = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively) in multivariate models controlling for other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Higher total and LDL cholesterol were associated with the presence of hard exudates and a greater hard exudate area in AA with T2D. This information can be used to counsel diabetic patients regarding the importance of lipid control to decrease the risk of macular hard exudates.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF MACULAR EDEMA AND HARD EXUDATES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH LIPID SERUM LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES.

PURPOSE: To determine whether hyperreflective foci (HF) and macular thickness on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography are associated with lipid levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-eight participants from four sites had fundus photographs and spectral domain ocular coherence tomography images graded for hard exudates and HF, respectively. Regression models were used to determine the association between serum lipid levels and 1) presence of HF and hard exudates and 2) central subfield macular thickness, central subfield macular volume, and total macular volume. RESULTS: All patients with hard exudates on fundus photographs had corresponding HF on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography, but 57% of patients with HF on optical coherence tomography did not have hard exudates detected in their fundus photographs. Presence of HF was associated with higher total cholesterol (odds ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.27, P = 0.03) and higher low-density lipoprotein levels (odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.35, P = 0.02) in models adjusting for other risk factors. The total macular volume was also associated with higher total cholesterol (P = 0.009) and triglyceride (P = 0.02) levels after adjusting for other risk factors. CONCLUSION: Higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with presence of HF on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography. Total macular volume was associated with higher total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Intravitreal aflibercept (A-IVI) for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nv-AMD): one year experience.

OBJECTIVE: To report the anatomical and functional results of intravitreal injections of aflibercept (Eylea) (A-IVI) for the treatment of naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nv-AMD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This retrospective, one-center, non-comparative chart review included 26 treatment naïve eyes with nv-AMD of 26 patients (14 male) with a mean age of 80.5 (range 63-91) who had a complete follow-up of 14 months. The morphological analysis included spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography, while the functional assessment included logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) best correct visual acuity (BCVA). The timing of the follow-up was: baseline, 3, 6, and 14 months. All patients received 8 A-IVI according to the protocol (first 3 consecutive monthly A-IVI, followed by bi-monthly retreatment for the first year, regardless of disease activity as per local guidelines). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. Improvement of visual acuity more than 15 letters was considered as "improvement", less than 5 letters as "stable" and any letter loss as "worsening". RESULTS: Mean±standard deviation LogMAR visual acuity improved from 0.26±0.15 at presentation to 0.14±0.20 at the final follow-up of 14 months (P=0.02). BCVA was stable in 23.1%, improved in 61.5% (16 eyes) worsened in 15.4%. A mean pretreatment central macular thickness of 409µm reduced significantly to 229µm at month 14 (P<0.02). The OCT of eyes with worsened BCVA showed resolution of retinal fluid but presence of subretinal fibrosis. No adverse events were attributed to aflibercept. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who had a worsening in visual acuity were found to have longer duration of symptoms prior to treatment and presence of geographic atrophy, and/or subretinal haemorrhage and/or subretinal fibrosis at baseline. From our experience, with 14 months follow-up, A-IVI is an effective treatment for treatment naïve patients with nv-AMD. Our real world results were similar to pivotal trials.

Real-world treatment of diabetic macular oedema: a comparison of combined ranibizumab plus macular LASER with macular LASER monotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: To study real world outcomes of ranibizumab (Lucentis) intravitreal injection in diabetic macular oedema (DMO). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We included 100 patients with DMO. Those who had optical coherence tomography central retinal thickness (CRT) of 400µm or more (Group 1) underwent combination treatment with ranibizumab and macular LASER, while those with CRT less than 400µm (Group 2) had LASER monotherapy. The primary outcome measure was change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline. Secondary outcomes were change of CRT from baseline, the number of intravitreal injections in group one during the first and second year of follow-up and the proportion of LASER sessions in both groups at 2 years follow-up. Patients' lipid profile was compared to the presence and extent of macular hard exudates, quantified using masked readers and image analysis software. RESULTS: Group 1 showed better outcomes in terms of BCVA and CRT compared to Group 2 during the two-year follow-up period. The mean number of ranibizumab intravitreal injections in Group 1 was reduced from 3.86 (standard deviation±1.37) in the first year to 2.02 in the second year. At 2 years, Group 1 had a higher proportion of individuals that had undergone 3 macular LASER treatments (4% Group 1, 28% Group 2). The presence of hard exudates was associated with higher total cholesterol (P=0.004 and P=0.041 group 1 and 2 respectively) and with higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P=0.01 and P=0.045 respectively). The size of hard exudates was associated with higher total cholesterol (P=0.02 and P=0.03 respectively) and with higher LDL cholesterol (P=0.003 and P=0.01 respectively). Neither high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, nor triglycerides were related to the presence or size of hard exudates. No serious adverse events were attributed to either LASER or ranibizumab. CONCLUSIONS: Combination treatment of intravitreal ranibizumab injections and macular LASER appears safe and effective over two years. The need for injection declines over time. There is an association between higher levels of serum total and LDL cholesterol and the presence and the extent of hard exudates.

An effective programme to systematic diabetic retinopathy screening in order to reduce diabetic retinopathy blindness.

The number of people identified with diabetes in England increased by nearly 5% during 2011-2012 to well over 2.5 million. During 2011-2012 the NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme screened more than 1.9 million people. In general, the UK is doing very well with its DR screening targets. It is a world leader in diabetic retinopathy screening, having offered 85.7% of eligible diabetic patients the screening programme. However, the target is 100% and efforts are still being made to improve screening locally. Our aim is to evaluate the prevalence of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) (proliferative retinopathy or maculopathy), the number of patients needing laser treatment or vitrectomy and registered blind in the last 12 months in a defined population. We did a twelve-month retrospective database review at the Systematic Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service at Wirral University Hospital Trust, United Kingdom. The effectiveness of different screening modalities has been widely investigated. UK studies show sensitivity levels for the detection of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy of 41%-67% for general practitioners, 48%-82% for optometrists, 65% for ophthalmologists, and 27%-67% for diabetologists and hospital physicians using direct ophthalmoscopy. Sensitivity for the detection of referable retinopathy by optometrists have been found to be 77%-100%, with specificity of 94%-100%. Photographic methods currently use digital images with subsequent grading by trained individuals. Sensitivity for the detection of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy have been found 87%-100% for a variety of trained personnel reading mydriatic 45° retinal photographs, with specificities of 83%-96%. The British Diabetic Association (Diabetes UK) has established standard values for any diabetic retinopathy screening programme of at least 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity. We used descriptive analyses to characterise the study population and patterns of diabetic retinopathy, and used t tests and χ(2) tests to explore differences between patients without any retinopathy and those who developed any, background, or referable retinopathy. Parametric survival analysis with covariates identified those factors associated with the development of referable retinopathy. The presence of diabetic retinopathy was determined after each screening event during the study period. Although intended to occur annually, screening took place at variable times during the one year period. Of known diabetics in a total population 325.000, 84% accessed screening and 15.196 (4.7%) were screened. 748 were referred with referable retinopathy. 16% of the patients needed laser treatment for the first time, 30 patients needed vitrectomy, and 16 were registered blind. To evaluate the effectiveness of diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) service we did a retrospective comparative analysis of 2 year DRS data in Wirral (2010-2012). An increase of 6.8% in the number of diabetics was noted over the last 12 months compared to the previous period. Referable retinopathy decreased from 5.6% for 2010-2011 to 4.94% during the same period in 2011-2012. In particular, the incidence of proliferative retinopathy (R3) has dropped from 0.7% last year to 0.52% this year. STDR has significant impact on ophthalmic services, but a well-implemented program provides timely treatment, reducing the need for vitrectomy and blind registration and serving as a benchmark to plan service delivery in a similar population.

Intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator, perfluoropropane (C3F8), and ranibizumab or photodynamic therapy for submacular hemorrhage secondary to wet age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To report a combined intravitreal treatment for submacular hemorrhage. METHODS: This retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series included 7 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and 2 with idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, presenting with fovea-involving submacular hemorrhage ≥ 4 disk areas in size, of <10 days of duration. All patients received a single 0.05-mL intravitreal injection of 50 µg alteplase, 0.3 mL of 100% C3F8, and facedown positioning for 1 week. Patients with newly diagnosed age-related macular degeneration received 3 consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of 0.5 mg ranibizumab, followed by monthly retreatment as needed. Those with idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy were treated with photodynamic therapy. RESULTS: Mean (± SD) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity improved from 0.75 ± 0.35 at presentation to 0.35 ± 0.30 at a mean final follow-up of 15.1 months (P = 0.0078). Median Snellen acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/32. Visual acuity was stable in one case and improved in eight. The average size of submacular hemorrhage was 6.8 disk areas at presentation, reducing to 2.6 within 1 month (P = 0.0039). Subfoveal hemorrhage was displaced in all cases within 9 weeks. The mean pretreatment central retinal thickness of 669 µm reduced to 528 µm (P = 0.0039). One case developed transiently elevated intraocular pressure. Two developed breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage. No adverse events were attributed to tissue plasminogen activator. CONCLUSION: Tissue plasminogen activator and C3F8, combined with intravitreal ranibizumab or photodynamic therapy, may result in anatomical clearance of submacular hemorrhage and improved visual acuity, in a condition with an otherwise poor visual prognosis.

RITONAVIR-ASSOCIATED TOXICITY MIMICKING RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA IN AN HIV-INFECTED PATIENT ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY.

PURPOSE: To report ritonavir-associated retinal pigment epithelium toxicity in a patient infected with the HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy including ritonavir. METHODS: Retrospective single case report. The authors describe a case of gradual onset of blurry vision in both eyes in an HIV-positive male. Visual acuity, clinical examination findings, and functional testing (electroretinogram and Goldmann perimetry) were reviewed. Diagnostic imaging, including fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and fundus autofluorescence were assessed. RESULTS: 59-year-old HIV-infected male, treated with ritonavir for eight years, presented with a history of decreased night vision and peripheral field loss. Ophthalmologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of retinal toxicity. Goldmann perimetry showed areas of central and para-central scotomas. Electroretinograms demonstrated mild to moderate photoreceptor dysfunction. Fundus examination revealed a diffuse pattern of retinal pigment epithelium mottling in both eyes. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography confirmed the presence of choroidal thinning, whereas fundus autofluorescence showed mottled hypoautofluorescence. CONCLUSION: Although ritonavir-associated retinal toxicity is clinically uncommon, the clinical features of our findings support this diagnosis. Consideration of highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated retinal toxicity should be given to the differential diagnosis in HIV-positive patients with retinopathy of unclear etiology. This report also highlights the need for constant monitoring of patients using the ritonavir for early detection of possible retinal toxicity.

SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN CONVALESCENT PHASE OF TREATED SARCOID CHOROIDAL GRANULOMAS.

PURPOSE: To report swept-source optical coherence tomography findings of sarcoid choroidal granulomas in the posttreatment convalescent stage of disease. PATIENTS/METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed charts from patients with sarcoid-related choroidal granulomas and recorded pertinent examination and imaging findings. Swept-source optical coherence tomography was performed using the DRI 3D-OCT-1 Atlantis (Topcon) over the areas of previous choroidal granulomas after the patients had been treated. RESULTS: Three patients with sarcoid choroidal granulomas were imaged with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Findings included loss or alteration of choroidal architecture, subretinal fibrosis, and outer retinal tubulations in the areas of the sarcoid granulomas after treatment. In one case with an associated choroidal neovascular membrane, there was also disruption of Bruch membrane and loss of normal choroidal vascular network in the area of the lesion. CONCLUSION: Swept-source optical coherence tomography demonstrated significant anatomical sequelae that persisted after treatment of sarcoid granulomas. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of outer retinal tubulations over healed sarcoid granulomas.

Ipilimumab-induced Ocular and Orbital Inflammation--A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE: Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the immune protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), characteristically induces side effects called "immune-related adverse events" (IRAE). Although ophthalmic involvement is rare, we report 7 cases of eye and orbit complications related to ipilimumab therapy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients with metastatic melanoma who developed ipilimumab-related ocular or orbital inflammation who were seen at our institutions. RESULTS: Seven patients were identified: 4 patients had orbital inflammation, 2 had uveitis, and 1 had peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Four patients developed inflammation after the second ipilimumab infusion, 2 after the third infusion and 1 after the first infusion. All 4 patients with orbital inflammation were treated with systemic corticosteroids. Two patients with uveitis were treated with topical steroids, but were also treated with systemic corticosteroids for other IRAE, including colitis and hypophysitis. The patient with keratitis was treated with topical corticosteroids alone with resolution of inflammation. All 7 patients discontinued ipilimumab therapy, 5 due to systemic IRAE and 2 due to tumor progression. Five of 7 patients had tumor progression on ipilimumab therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular and orbital inflammation may occur in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving ipilimumab, is frequently accompanied by other IRAEs, and resolves with corticosteroid treatment, often leaving no long-term sequelae.

Risk Factors for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes.

PURPOSE: To assess personal and demographic risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In this prospective, non-interventional, cross-sectional case-control study, 380 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Participants were recruited prospectively and had to have either: (1) absence of diabetic retinopathy after ≥10 years of type 2 diabetes, or (2) presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy when enrolled. Dilated, 7-field fundus photographs were graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale. Covariates including hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), blood pressure, height, weight and waist circumference were collected prospectively. Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, sex and site were constructed to assess associations between risk factors and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio, OR, 1.62, p < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.65, p < 0.001) and insulin use (OR 6.65, p < 0.001) in the multivariate regression analysis. HbA1C was associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the univariate analysis (OR 1.31, p = 0.002) but was no longer significant in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this case-control study of African Americans with type 2 diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic hypertension and insulin use were strong risk factors for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Interestingly, HbA1C did not confer additional risk in this cohort.

Birdshot chorioretinopathy in a male patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

We report a case of birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR) in a patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). A 40-year-old male with history of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy with significant facial diplegia and lagophthalmos presents for an evaluation of bilateral choroiditis with vasculitis and optic disc edema. Clinical examination included fundus and autofluorescence photographs, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. To our knowledge, this patient represents the first reported case of birdshot chorioretinopathy with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Patients with FSHD can present with ocular findings and should be screened with dilated fundus examinations for retinal vascular changes and posterior uveitis.

Ocular ischemic syndrome presenting as retinal vasculitis in a patient with moyamoya syndrome.

PURPOSE: To report a case of ocular ischemic syndrome presenting as retinal vasculitis in a patient with Moyamoya syndrome. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted to record clinical data including fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and serologic testing. A review of the literature from 1969 to 2014 of ocular involvement in Moyamoya syndrome was performed. RESULTS: A 51-year-old woman with long history of bilateral retinal vasculitis and refractory cystoid macular edema was eventually diagnosed with Moyamoya syndrome after sustaining a perioperative cerebrovascular accident. Moyamoya syndrome has been associated in the literature with ocular ischemic syndrome, presenting with narrowed retinal arteries, dilated veins, and midperipheral retinal hemorrhages, but retinal vasculitis with cystoid macular edema has not been reported. CONCLUSION: Moyamoya-related ocular ischemic syndrome can present as retinal vascular leakage and macular edema. Ophthalmologists should be cognizant that signs of the disease may be first observed in the eye before manifestations in the cerebrovascular system.

Phacoemulsification surgery in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose. To evaluate the visual outcomes and effect of phacoemulsification surgery on the progression of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. Retrospective, noncomparative, and interventional case series. Thirty eyes from 29 subjects with neovascular AMD treated with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections who underwent phacoemulsification and had a postsurgery follow-up of 6 months were included. LogMAR best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed preoperatively; 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively; and finally at the last visit. The frequency of anti-VEGF therapy, calculated as the number of intravitreal injections per month, and central macular thickness (CMT) before and after cataract surgery were determined. Results. Median (range) logMAR BCVA was 0.69 (0.16 to 1.32) preoperatively; 0.55 (-0.04 to 1.32) at 1 month, 0.52 (-0.1 to 1.32) at 3 months, and 0.50 (0.0 to 1.32) at 6 months postoperatively; and 0.6 (0.0 to 1.4) at final visit (P = 0.0011). There was no difference in the frequency of anti-VEGF injections between the immediate 6 months before and after phacoemulsification, which was equal to 0.1667 injections per month (P = 0.6377). Median CMT measured 203 µ m preoperatively, which temporarily increased to 238 µ m at 1 month after surgery (P = 0.0093) and then spontaneously returned to baseline, measuring 212.5 µ m at 3 months postoperatively (P = 0.3811). Conclusion. Phacoemulsification surgery significantly improved vision in patients with neovascular AMD, with no increased need for anti-VEGF injections to keep the macula dry postoperatively.

Autofluorescence and high-definition optical coherence tomography of retinal artery occlusions.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to illustrate the fundus autofluorescence and high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) features of acute and long-standing retinal artery occlusions. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with acute and chronic retinal and cilioretinal artery occlusions are included in this series. METHODS: A detailed clinical examination, color fundus photographs, autofluorescence, and HD-OCT of the subjects were performed. RESULTS: HD-OCT demonstrates the localized and well-demarcated thickening of the inner retina in the acute phase of arterial occlusions that correlates with the areas of blocked autofluorescence caused by the cloudy swelling of the retina. The areas of blocked autofluorescence disappear with chronicity of the disease and this corresponds to the thinning of the inner retinal layers on HD-OCT. CONCLUSION: Heidelberg OCT and autofluorescence are useful tools to assess retinal arterial occlusions especially in subjects with unexplained visual field loss.