"Dupilumab Treatment Decreases MBC2s, Correlating with Reduced IgE Levels in Pediatric AD".

BACKGROUND: A preference for type 2 immunity plays a central role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-4α receptor subunit, inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 signaling. These cytokines contribute significantly to IgE class switch recombination in B-cells, critical in atopic diseases. Recent studies indicate IgG+CD23hiIL-4RA+ memory B-cells (MBC2) as IgE-producing B-cell precursors, linked to total IgE serum levels in atopic patients. Total IgE serum levels decreased during dupilumab treatment in previous studies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of dupilumab treatment in comparison to alternative therapies on the frequency of MBC2 and the correlation to total IgE levels in pediatric patients with AD. METHODS: Pediatric patients with AD, participating in an ongoing trial, underwent randomization into three treatment groups: dupilumab (n=12), cyclosporine (n=12), or topical treatment (n=12). Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were collected at baseline (T0) and after 6 months (T6). Flow cytometry was employed for PBMC phenotyping, ELISA was utilized to assess total IgE levels in plasma. For detailed Methods, please see the Methods section in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org RESULTS: Our findings revealed a significant reduction in MBC2 frequency and total IgE levels among patients treated with dupilumab. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed between MBC2s and total IgE levels CONCLUSION: Systemic blocking of the IL-4RA subunit leads to a decrease in circulating MBC2 cells and total IgE in pediatric AD patients. Our findings unveil a novel mechanism through which dupilumab exerts its influence on the atopic signature.

The construct validity, responsiveness, reliability and interpretability of the Recap of atopic eczema questionnaire (RECAP) in children.

BACKGROUND: The Recap of atopic eczema questionnaire (RECAP) was developed to measure eczema control in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). The measurement properties of RECAP have not yet been validated in caregivers of children with AD. OBJECTIVES: To assess the construct validity, responsiveness, reliability and interpretability of the Dutch proxy version of RECAP. METHODS: A prospective validation study was conducted in children (aged < 12 years) with AD and their caregivers (in a Dutch tertiary hospital). At three timepoints (T0 = baseline; T1 = after 1-7 days; T2 = after 4-8 weeks) RECAP and multiple reference instruments were completed by caregivers of child patients. Single- and change-score validity (responsiveness) were tested with a priori hypotheses on correlations with reference instruments. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCagreement) and standard error of agreement (SEMagreement) were reported. Bands for perceived eczema control were proposed. The smallest detectable change (SDC) and minimally important change (MIC) were determined. Two anchor-based methods based on receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and predictive modelling were used to determine the MIC. RESULTS: A total of 231 children with AD and their caregivers participated. Of our a priori hypotheses for single-score and change-score validity, 77% and 80% were confirmed, respectively. A stronger correlation than hypothesized was found for all rejected hypotheses.Excellent reliability was found (ICCagreement = 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.96). The SEMagreement was 1.9 points. The final banding was 0-1 (completely controlled), 2-7 (mostly controlled), 8-12 (moderately controlled), 13-18 (a little controlled) and 19-28 (not at all controlled). A cutoff point of ≥ 8 was selected to identify children whose AD is not under control. The SDC was 5.3 and the MIC values were 1.5 and 3.6 for the ROC and predictive modelling approaches, respectively. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The proxy version of RECAP is a valid, reliable and responsive measurement instrument for measuring eczema control in children with AD. An improvement of ≥ 6 points can be regarded as a real and important change in children with AD.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disease that affects children and adults. People with AD (eczema) and other stakeholders have identified perceived 'eczema control' as an important outcome to investigate in research. For this purpose, the Recap of atopic eczema (RECAP) questionnaire was developed, consisting of seven items to measure eczema control in people with AD. However, when developing questionnaires, they must be examined to ensure they are relevant, reliable and sensitive enough to detect meaningful change before and after any new treatment. Prior studies have demonstrated that the RECAP is suitable for adults with AD, but studies investigating whether the RECAP is suitable for children are lacking. A study of 231 children (under 12 years old) with AD and their caregivers was conducted in the Netherlands. Caregivers completed the RECAP questionnaire at three time points: at the start of the study, after 1­7 days and after 4­8 weeks. The researchers assessed AD severity and eczema control using other measures for comparison. RECAP scores from children whose caregivers reported unchanged eczema control were used to assess how reproducible this questionnaire was. RECAP scores of caregivers who reported change in eczema control were used to examine sensitivity to change. Statistical tests were used to analyse findings. The researchers found that RECAP accurately measures changes in eczema control over time and was sensitive enough to detect small changes in eczema control. Overall, the authors concluded that the RECAP questionnaire is valid, reproducible and responsive. Furthermore, they consider an improvement of at least 6 points to represent a genuine improvement in Dutch children.

Effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing vs. nonantibacterial therapeutic clothing in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled observer-blind pragmatic trial (ABC trial).

BACKGROUND: Increased Staphylococcus aureus (SA) colonization is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Antibacterial therapeutic clothing aims to reduce SA colonization and AD inflammation; however, its role in the management of AD remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of antibacterial therapeutic clothing + standard topical treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe AD vs. standard therapeutic clothing + standard topical treatment; and, if effectiveness was demonstrated, to demonstrate its cost-effectiveness. METHODS: A pragmatic double-blinded multicentre randomized controlled trial (NCT04297215) was conducted in patients of all ages with moderate-to-severe AD. Patients were centrally randomized 1 : 1 : 1 to receive standard therapeutic clothing or antibacterial clothing based on chitosan or silver. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) measured over 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported outcomes (PROs), topical corticosteroid (TCS) use, SA colonization, safety and cost-effectiveness. Outcomes were assessed by means of (generalized) linear mixed-model analyses. RESULTS: Between 16 March 2020 and 20 December 2021, 171 patients were enrolled. In total, 159 patients were included (54 in the standard therapeutic clothing group, 50 in the chitosan group and 55 in the silver group). Adherence was high [median 7 nights a week wear (interquartile range 3-7)]. Median EASI scores at baseline and at 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks were 11.8, 4.3, 4.6, 4.2 and 3.6, respectively, in the standard therapeutic clothing group vs. 11.3, 5.0, 3.0, 3.0 and 4.4, respectively, in the chitosan group, and 11.6, 5.0, 5.4, 4.6 and 5.8, respectively, in the silver group. No differences in EASI over 52 weeks between the standard therapeutic clothing group, the chitosan group [-0.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.3 to 0.2; P = 0.53] or the silver group (-0.1, 95% CI -0.3 to 0.2; P = 0.58) were found. However, a small significant group × time interaction effect between the standard and silver groups was found (P = 0.03), in which the silver group performed worse after 26 weeks. No differences between groups were found in PROs, TCS use, SA skin colonization and healthcare utilization. No severe adverse events or silver absorption were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest no additional benefits of antibacterial agents in therapeutic clothing in patients with moderate-to-severe AD.

Growing up with juvenile vulvar lichen sclerosus, the experiences and care needs of adult women with lichen sclerosus since childhood: a qualitative exploration.

BACKGROUND: Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic remitting condition affecting the genital skin of females of all ages. Although qualitative studies have been conducted focusing on women with VLS in mid-life or older, less is known about the experiences of individuals with VLS from childhood or adolescence onward. OBJECTIVE: To gain understanding of the experiences of women with a history of juvenile VLS (JVLS) regarding the impact of the disease on their personal lives, and their experiences and needs regarding care and guidance. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted consisting of 27 in-depth face-to-face interviews with adult women with a histologically confirmed history of JVLS, striving for maximum variation and saturation. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. A thorough thematic content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified. I. Varying impact of living with JVLS: Women experienced diverse emotional and physical impact, from shame and denial to complete acceptance, from restrictions in daily functioning to no limitations. They felt hindered by their own lack of knowledge about JVLS, and generally expressed a positive influence of sharing their experiences with people close to them. II. Finding one's way in care and guidance: While navigating care and guidance, women often felt hindered by knowledge gaps among health care professionals (HCPs), lack of continuity in care and guidance, lack of life-stage adjusted and future-oriented information provision, inadequate guidance around life events, and insufficient monitoring of determinants of therapy adherence. III. Need for patient-tailored care: Patients stressed the need for age-appropriate and life-phase adjusted information, guidance around life-events and compassionate contact with knowledgeable HCPs, aware of the determinants of therapy adherence and influencing factors. CONCLUSIONS: Age-appropriate life-phase adjusted individually tailored care for women diagnosed with VLS in childhood or adolescence is needed. Care and guidance from childhood onward should encompass a standard of care adapted to the individual as needs change over time. This involves taking interpersonal differences into account, including differences in support network and coping strategies. These findings demonstrate the need for improving awareness and knowledge about (J)VLS among HCPs, especially primary care providers, and among the general public.

Mental Health of School-Aged Children Treated with Propranolol or Atenolol for Infantile Hemangioma and Their Parents.

BACKGROUND: Infants with infantile hemangioma (IH) have been effectively treated with propranolol or atenolol. Concerns were raised about the mental health of these children at school age, due to central nervous system effects of propranolol and visible nature of IH. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the mental health at school age of children treated with propranolol to children treated with atenolol for IHs and their parents. METHODS: This two-centered cross-sectional study included children aged ≥6 years and treated with either propranolol or atenolol for IH during infancy. Children's outcomes were performance-based affect recognition (Dutch version of the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment-II [NEPSY-II-NL]), parent-reported emotional and behavioral functioning (Child Behavioral Checklist [CBCL]), and health-related quality of life (KIDSCREEN-27). Parents' outcome was parenting stress (Parenting Stress Questionnaire [OBVL]). RESULTS: Data of 105 children (36 propranolol, 69 atenolol; 6.0-11.8 years) were analyzed. Mental health outcomes did not differ between both ß-blocker groups. Although overall functioning was in line with norms, children presented specific problems concerning affect recognition, parent-reported attention, and social quality of life. Parents showed increased physical symptoms, depressive symptoms, and parent-child relationship problems. CONCLUSION: No difference in mental health at school age was found between children treated with propranolol or atenolol for IH. Although few overall mental health problems were found, specific problems require follow-up. Follow-up of children should be directed toward affect recognition, attention, and social functioning in daily life. Problems reported by parents could be ameliorated by mental health support during and after their infant's ß-blocker treatment.

Outcome Measures in Adult Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Case Series of Women Diagnosed as Juveniles.

OBJECTIVES: Studies on the consequences of juvenile vulvar lichen sclerosus (JVLS) in adulthood are limited. A number of measuring tools are available for analyzing adult vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS), but these have not been applied in studies on JVLS. The aim is to study physical findings, quality of life, sexual well-being, and self-image in adult women with a history of juvenile VLS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult women with a biopsy proven history of JVLS were recruited to be examined and surveyed using available standardized measurement tools. This took place in an outpatient setting by physicians who were not involved in the treatment of participants. RESULTS: Twenty-seven women (median age 29 years) with a history of JVLS and median time since biopsy of 19.5 years were recruited. Of these women, 59% currently had symptoms, 63% had signs of active disease, and 85% had moderate to severe architectural changes. Despite these residual signs, vulvar specific-quality of life and vulvar self-image scored favorably while generic health-related quality of life was somewhat effected. CONCLUSIONS: JVLS has consequences in adulthood involving physical findings and vulvar quality of life. The use of standardized outcome measures for clinical practice and research purposes facilitates a better understanding of the sequelae to JVLS.

Outcome Measures in Adult Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: Core outcome domains (CODs) for treatment of adult vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) have recently been established through a Delphi study. A number of measuring tools are available for evaluating VLS. The aim of this study is to identify available standardized measurement tools for the major CODs for VLS that have recently been defined, namely, physical findings and quality of life (QoL) specific to VLS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search through September 8, 2023, for measuring tools applicable to VLS regarding physical findings and QoL including sexual function or sexual well-being and self-image was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies were included in the systematic review describing 26 tools covering the following 6 outcome domains: QoL-general health, QoL-lichen sclerosus specific, symptoms, clinical signs, emotional impact, and sexual functioning. CONCLUSIONS: In current research, there is no uniformity in use of measurement tools for evaluating VLS. The established CODs to evaluate treatment of VLS are applicable for evaluating disease course as well. A comprehensive study to reach consensus regarding measurement of physical findings, QoL-lichen sclerosus specific, sexuality, and self-image taking the predetermined CODs and other factors such as age into account is needed.

Treatment Experiences with Intravenous Immunoglobulins, Ixekizumab, Dupilumab, and Anakinra in Netherton Syndrome: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare potential life-threatening disorder that causes severe defects to the skin barrier. No effective treatment options are available for patients with NS and current therapy is mostly supportive. The effects of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs), ixekizumab, and dupilumab have scarcely been reported. Additionally, the role of anakinra in patients with NS has never been investigated. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to report our experiences of treatment with IVIG, ixekizumab, dupi-lumab, and anakinra in patients with NS. METHODS: A retrospective case series, including 5 patients with NS, was performed in a tertiary referral hospital between 2016 and 2021. Patients were treated with IVIG, ixekizumab, dupilumab, and/or anakinra. Long-term experiences with treatment regimens and adverse events requiring medical attention were reported. RESULTS: IVIG, ixekizumab, dupilumab, and anakinra were well tolerated with no severe adverse events. The 2 patients that received IVIG showed clinical response for 6 months and 2.5 years. Ixekizumab was effective in 1 of our patients for 3.5 years, while in another patient ixekizumab lost its effect after 1.5 years. Dupilumab treatment did not result in persistent improvement of NS-related skin symptoms in 1 patient. Anakinra showed physician-assessed clinical response during the first months of treatment in 4 patients with NS. During anakinra treatment, no changes in blood levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were measured at routine blood examinations. CONCLUSIONS: This case series suggests that the use of IVIG, ixekizumab, dupilumab, and anakinra in NS is safe and moderately effective on the short term. On the long term, a decline in effect was observed. Our experiences may help clinicians and researchers to provide adequate care and develop treatment for these severely affected patients. More international research, especially on the long term, is needed to determine if and which patients benefit most from the emerging therapies for NS.

Prognostic Factors for Long-term Aesthetic Outcome of Infantile Haemangioma Treated with Beta-blockers.

Parents of infants treated with beta-blockers for infantile haemangioma are often concerned about the long-term aesthetic outcome. This cross-sectional study assessed the influence on the long-term aesthetic outcome of characteristics of the infantile haemangioma, the beta-blocker treatment, and the infant. The study included 103 children aged 6-12 years, treated with beta-blockers (propranolol or atenolol) for infantile haemangioma during infancy (age at treatment initiation ≤1 year) for ≥6 months. Dermatologists and parents scored the Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale, and the child scored a visual analogue scale. Dermatologists identified whether telangiectasia, fibrofatty tissue, and atrophic scar tissue were present. The long-term aesthetic outcome of infantile haemangioma was judged more negatively by dermatologists and parents in case of a superficial component, ulceration, older age at treatment initiation, higher cumulative dose, and/or shorter follow-up time. According to children, infantile haemangioma located on the head had better aesthetic outcome than infantile haemangioma located elsewhere. Close monitoring, particularly of infantile haemangioma with a superficial component, is essential for early initiation of treatment, and to prevent or treat ulceration. These outcome data can support parental counselling and guide treatment strategy.

Long-term neurocognitive functioning of children treated with propranolol or atenolol for infantile hemangioma.

The purpose of this study was to compare long-term neurocognitive functioning (working memory, processing speed, and attention) between children who had been treated with either propranolol or atenolol for infantile hemangioma during infancy. All eligible children (n = 158) aged 6 years or older and treated with propranolol or atenolol as infants were invited to participate in this two-center cross-sectional study. The primary outcome was the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI), a measure of working memory, processing speed, and attention. Secondary outcomes were general intelligence, auditory, visuospatial, and narrative memory, as well as executive functioning and sleep. A total of 105 children, of whom 36 had been treated with propranolol (age 6.0-11.8 years, follow-up time 1.6-9.7 years, 19% male) and 69 had been treated with atenolol (age 6.9-9.7 years, follow-up time 4.5-8.4 years, 19% male), were analyzed. The CPI and other neurocognitive outcomes did not differ between the propranolol and atenolol groups and were in line with general population test norms. Post hoc analyses revealed lower CPI scores for males, both compared to participating females (10.3 IQ points, medium effect size) and compared to matched test norms (12.4 IQ points, medium effect size). CONCLUSIONS:  Long-term neurocognitive functioning did not differ between children treated with propranolol and those treated with atenolol for IH. Overall, propranolol and atenolol appear to be safe treatments for IH regarding long-term neurocognitive functioning. The substantially lower CPI scores in males warrant further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION:  Netherlands Trial Register, NL7703 https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/7703 What is Known: • Infants with infantile hemangioma are effectively treated with propranolol or atenolol. • Parents and professionals are concerned about long-term neurocognitive effects. WHAT IS NEW: • No long-term (≥ 6 years) differences in neurocognitive functioning were found between children treated with propranolol or atenolol. • Males treated with beta-blockers had substantially lower IQ scores than treated females and males from the general population, which is a matter of concern and should be considered when evaluating the risk/benefit ratio in less severe forms of infantile hemangioma.

Long-term consequences of juvenile vulvar lichen sclerosus: A cohort study of adults with a histologically confirmed diagnosis in childhood or adolescence.

INTRODUCTION: Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) occurs in at least one in 900 girls. There is limited knowledge as to what extent the disease persists in adulthood and what the repercussions in adulthood may be. The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term consequences of VLS diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The population of females histologically diagnosed with VLS in childhood or adolescence in the Netherlands between 1991 and 2015 was identified through the national pathology database. Histological specimens were retrieved and re-evaluated. Potential participants for whom the diagnosis was reconfirmed and who are now adults, were then traced and surveyed. Descriptive statistics were calculated and compared with the literature. Main outcome measures are the demographics of the cohort, their scores on standardized quality of life (QoL) and sexuality questionnaires and answers to additional questions regarding patients' experience with the disease. The questionnaires used were the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), the Skindex-29, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R). Secondary outcome measures include obstetric history and histological features found in the original tissue specimens. RESULTS: A total of 81 women participated, median age 29.0 years, median follow-up from childhood diagnosis 19.5 years. Both QoL and sexuality were somewhat affected in 51.9% of cases. Less than half (45%) reported having regular check-ups. Forty-five (56%) reported symptoms within the past year; of those with symptoms, 14 (31%) were not under surveillance. Cesarean section rate (14.5%) was comparable to the general population, and there were more high-grade obstetric anal sphincter injuries with vaginal deliveries than expected. Sixteen respondents (20%) were not aware of the childhood diagnosis prior to this study. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms due to VLS are reported by most adults diagnosed as juveniles. QoL and sexuality are affected and correlate to recent symptoms. VLS as a juvenile does not preclude a vaginal delivery. Women diagnosed with VLS in childhood or adolescence are often lost to follow-up.

Alpine altitude climate treatment for severe and uncontrolled asthma: An EAACI position paper.

Currently available European Alpine Altitude Climate Treatment (AACT) programs combine the physical characteristics of altitude with the avoidance of environmental triggers in the alpine climate and a personalized multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation approach. The reduced barometric pressure, oxygen pressure, and air density, the relatively low temperature and humidity, and the increased UV radiation at moderate altitude induce several physiological and immunological adaptation responses. The environmental characteristics of the alpine climate include reduced aeroallergens such as house dust mites (HDM), pollen, fungi, and less air pollution. These combined factors seem to have immunomodulatory effects controlling pathogenic inflammatory responses and favoring less neuro-immune stress in patients with different asthma phenotypes. The extensive multidisciplinary treatment program may further contribute to the observed clinical improvement by AACT in asthma control and quality of life, fewer exacerbations and hospitalizations, reduced need for oral corticosteroids (OCS), improved lung function, decreased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), improved exercise tolerance, and improved sinonasal outcomes. Based on observational studies and expert opinion, AACT represents a valuable therapy for those patients irrespective of their asthma phenotype, who cannot achieve optimal control of their complex condition despite all the advances in medical science and treatment according to guidelines, and therefore run the risk of falling into a downward spiral of loss of physical and mental health. In the light of the observed rapid decrease in inflammation and immunomodulatory effects, AACT can be considered as a natural treatment that targets biological pathways.

Content validity of the Recap of atopic eczema (RECAP) instrument in Dutch, English and German to measure eczema control in young people with atopic eczema: a cognitive interview study.

BACKGROUND: Recap of atopic eczema (RECAP) is a patient-reported outcome measure assessing eczema control. This instrument has been developed and validated in the UK. There are self-reported and proxy-reported versions in English, Dutch and German. However, it is unclear whether the self-reported version shows adequate content validity when completed by young people (8-16 years) in these languages. OBJECTIVES: To assess the content validity (comprehensibility, relevance and comprehensiveness) of the English, German and Dutch versions of the self-reported RECAP in young people with atopic eczema and to identify the most appropriate age cutoff for self-completion. METHODS: We conducted 23 semistructured cognitive interviews with young people aged 8-16 years, using the 'think-aloud' method. In Germany and the Netherlands, participants were recruited in dermatology clinics and in the UK through social media and existing mailing lists. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed in the three languages, using a problem-focused coding manual. Transcripts were coded by two independent reviewers in each country. Themes were translated into English and compared across the three countries. RESULTS: Significant age-related comprehensibility issues with the last three items of the questionnaire occurred with young people aged 8-11 years, causing difficulties completing RECAP without help. However, older children had only minor problems and were able to complete the questionnaire by themselves. The self-reported version of RECAP has sufficient content validity for self-completion in young people aged 12 years and above. However, the German version with some translational adaptations may be appropriate for children from the age of 8 years. There may be some situations where the proxy version is needed for older children too. CONCLUSIONS: The self-reported version of RECAP is appropriate for use from the age of 12 years. The proxy version can be used in children younger than 12 years. Other measurement properties should be further investigated. What is already known about this topic? Recap of atopic eczema (RECAP) is an instrument recommended by the Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema initiative for the core outcome domain of long-term control of atopic eczema. Content validity of RECAP for self-completion by adults and of the proxy version has been assessed. What does this study add? In this study, content validity (comprehensibility, relevance and comprehensiveness) of the self-reported version of RECAP among young people (aged 8-16 years) with atopic eczema across the UK, Germany and the Netherlands is assessed. Based on these findings, key recommendations on how to measure eczema control in young people with atopic eczema are formulated. What are the clinical implications of this work? The Dutch, English and German self-completion versions of RECAP are recommended for use in adolescents from the age of 12 years. The proxy version could be used in children younger than 12 years or where children are cognitively or physically incapable of reporting their experience of eczema control. Caregivers should be encouraged to complete RECAP together with their child where possible.

The Skin and Nose Microbiome and Its Association with Filaggrin Gene Mutations in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between the skin barrier, immune system, and microbiome underlie the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the skin and nasal microbiome in relation to filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 77 children with difficult-to-treat AD. The entire encoding region of FLG was screened for mutations using single molecule molecular inversion probes and next-generation sequencing. Bacterial swabs from the anterior nares, lesional and nonlesional skin were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. For skin samples, additional qPCR was performed for Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. RESULTS: The prevalence of patients with a mutation in FLG was 40%, including 10 different mutations. Analyzing bacterial swabs from all three niches showed a significant effect for both niche and FLG mutation status on the overall microbiome composition. Using a subset analysis to test the effect of FLG mutation status per niche separately did not show a significant association to the microbiome. Shannon diversity and S. aureus abundance were significantly affected by the niche, but not by the presence of an FLG mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest only a minor role for FLG mutation status on the overall microbiome, which is rather caused by differences in the present genera than by microbe richness and evenness.

Aesthetic Outcome of Propranolol vs Atenolol Treatment of Children with Infantile Haemangioma.

Infantile haemangiomas are common benign tumours of infancy, which can be treated effectively with beta-blockers such as propranolol and atenolol. Different types of beta-blockers may result in different long-term aesthetic outcomes. This study evaluated the difference in long-term aesthetic outcomes between infantile haemangiomas treated with either propranolol or atenolol, including the perspective of physicians, parents, and children. Children, aged ≥6 years, treated with propranolol or atenolol for infantile haemangioma during infancy, participated in this 2-centre cross-sectional study. The primary endpoint was change in appearance of the infantile haemangioma from pre-treatment to follow-up, using a physician-rated visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes were the Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale (physician- and parent-rated) and a VAS (child-rated), assessing the residual lesion. In total, 103 children (35 treated with propranolol, 68 with atenolol) were analysed. No differences were found between children treated with propranolol and children treated with atenolol on physician-rated VAS (p = 0.10) or any secondary outcomes. Physicians indicated a large aesthetic improve-ment from pre- treatment to follow-up. Physicians, parents and children were positive about the current state of the residual lesion. Minor sequelae were common (86%). These results, in combination with the favourable safety profile of atenolol, should be considered when choosing beta-blocker treatment for infantile haemangioma.

Histopathological characteristics are instrumental to distinguish monomorphic from polymorphic maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis in children.

BACKGROUND: Mastocytosis is characterized by the accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in the skin or other organs, and can manifest at any age. A significant number of paediatric mastocytosis cases persist after puberty. In particular, monomorphic maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (mMPCM) is often persistent and associated with systemic mastocytosis. However, clinical differentiation of MPCM from polymorphic (p)MPCM can be difficult. AIM: To identify histopathological features that can help to distinguish mMPCM from other subtypes of paediatric mastocytosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study using skin biopsies from patients with any subtype of mastocytosis. The localization and density of the MC infiltrate, MC morphology and expression of aberrant markers were evaluated and correlated with clinical characteristics. RESULTS: In total, 33 biopsies were available for evaluation from 26 children [(10 with mMPCM, 5 with mastocytoma, 3 with diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM), 8 with pMPCM)] and 7 adults with MPCM. The MC number was increased in all patients, but was higher in children than adults (P < 0.01). The presence of mMPCM was associated with sparing of the papillary dermis from MC infiltration, whereas MC density in the papillary dermis was highest in pMPCM and DCM (P < 0.01). The positive predictive value of the presence of a reticular MC infiltrate for mMPCM was 72.7% (95% CI 51.4-87.0), and the negative predictive value was 83.3% (95% CI 42.2-97.2). There were no relevant differences in the expression of CD2, CD25 or CD30 between the different subtypes. CONCLUSION: Skin histopathology might enhance the phenotypical differentiation of mMPCM from other subtypes in children, thereby increasing the accuracy of one's prognosis.

A population-based study on associations of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children.

BACKGROUND: Infants with less diverse gut microbiota seem to have higher risks of atopic diseases in early life, but any associations at school age are unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the associations of diversity, relative abundance, and functional pathways of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study within an existing population-based prospective cohort among 1440 children 10 years of age. On stool samples, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed, and taxonomic and functional tables were produced. Physician-diagnosed eczema, allergy, and asthma were measured by questionnaires, allergic sensitization by skin prick tests, and lung function by spirometry. RESULTS: The α-diversity of stool microbiota was associated with a decreased risk of eczema (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97, 1.00), and ß-diversity was associated with physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy (R2 = 0.001; P = .047). Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group species were associated with decreased risks of eczema, inhalant allergic sensitization, and physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy (OR range, 0.88-0.94; 95% CI range, 0.79-0.96 to 0.88-0.98), while Agathobacter species were associated with an increased risk of physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08-1.42). Functional pathways related to heme and terpenoid biosynthesis were associated with decreased risks of physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy and asthma (OR range, 0.89-0.86; 95% CI range, 0.80-0.99 to 0.73-1.02). No associations of stool microbiota with lung function were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The diversity, relative abundance and functional pathways of stool microbiota were most consistently associated with physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy in school-age children and less consistently with other atopic diseases.

Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children With a Cleft Lip With or Without Palate or an Infantile Hemangioma.

OBJECTIVE: Life can be challenging for children with a visible difference due to a medical condition, and they might be at risk for emotional and behavioral problems. This study examines emotional and behavioral problems in children with a cleft lip with or without palate (CL ± P) or an infantile hemangioma (IH) in relation to the visibility of the condition, the presence of additional condition-related problems, and parental affect. SETTING: This cross-sectional study took place in an academic medical hospital in the Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 309 parents (mean age = 40.34, 44.00% male) of 182 children with CL ± P and 48 parents (mean age = 39.21, 37.50% male) of 33 children with an IH completed questionnaires. Children were 1.5 to 12 years old. RESULTS: Parents reported fewer child emotional and behavioral problems compared to normative data. Problems reported were mainly related to learning difficulties and parent gender, while visibility of the condition had no significant influence. Parental negative affect was related to child internalizing problems. Parental positive affect was not related to any of the outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Parents reported fewer problems for their children compared to normative data. This is inconsistent with previous research, showing similar or worse scores for these children compared to peers. Our findings may be explained by a protective parenting style, a response shift in parents, or problems developing at a later point in life.

Association between nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in early life and eczema phenotypes.

BACKGROUND: An association has been reported between early life Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and higher risk of childhood eczema, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal and associations with other bacterial species are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of early life nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema phenotypes, and the direction of any associations identified. METHODS: Among 996 subjects of a population-based prospective cohort study, nasal swabs for Staphylococcus  aureus, and nasopharyngeal swabs for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae were collected and cultured from age 6 weeks to 6 years. Never, early, mid-, late transient and persistent eczema phenotypes were identified from parental-reported physician-diagnosed eczema from age 6 months until 10 years. Multinomial regression models and cross-lagged models were applied. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage at 6 months was associated with an increased risk of early transient and persistent eczema (OR (95% CI): 2.69 (1.34, 5.39) and 4.17 (1.12, 15.51)). The associations between Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and eczema were mostly cross-sectional, and not longitudinal. No associations of Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema and eczema phenotypes were observed (OR range (95% CI): 0.71 (0.35, 1.44) to 1.77 (0.84, 3.73)). CONCLUSIONS: Early life Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, but not Staphylococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza nasopharyngeal carriage, was associated with early transient and persistent eczema. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and eczema were mostly cross-sectionally associated, and not longitudinally, making a causal relationship in either direction unlikely.

Increased Th22 cell numbers in a general pediatric population with filaggrin haploinsufficiency: The Generation R Study.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) affect epidermal barrier function and increase the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD). We hypothesized that FLG mutations affect immune cell composition in a general pediatric population. Therefore, we investigated whether school-aged children with and without FLG mutations have differences in T- and B-cell subsets. METHODS: This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study, the Generation R Study, and included 523 children of European genetic ancestry aged 10 years. The most common FLG mutations in the European population (R501X, S1085CfsX36, R2447X, and S3247X) were genotyped. Additionally, 11-color flow cytometry was performed on peripheral blood samples to determine helper T (Th), regulatory T (Treg), and CD27+ and CD27- memory B cells. Subset analysis was performed in 358 non-AD and 102 AD cases, assessed by parental questionnaires. RESULTS: FLG mutations were observed in 8.4% of the total population and in 15.7% of the AD cases. Children with any FLG mutation had higher Th22 cell numbers compared to FLG wild-type children in the general and non-AD population. Children with and without FLG mutations had no difference in Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, or memory B-cell numbers. Furthermore, in children with AD, FLG mutation carriership was not associated with differences in T- and B-cell subsets. CONCLUSIONS: School-aged children of a general population with FLG mutations have higher Th22 cell numbers, which reflects the immunological response to the skin barrier dysfunction. FLG mutations did not otherwise affect the composition of the adaptive immunity in this general pediatric population.