Behavioral Health Workforce Development in the era of COVID-19: Examples From a State-Funded Intermediary Organization.

Intermediary and purveyor organizations (IPOs) play a key role in disseminating and implementing behavioral health evidence-based practices. The COVID-19 pandemic created a time of crisis and disruption to behavioral health care delivery. Using the conceptual framework of basic, targeted, and intensive technical assistance (TA) from the Training and Technology Transfer Centers, case studies are used to describe how programs at The Center for Practice Innovations a state funded-intermediary organization, adapted its training and technical assistance to be delivered entirely remotely, to include content related to COVID-19 and to provide guidance on telehealth-based behavioral health care.

"Everything Changed, Would You Like Me to Elaborate?": A Qualitative Examination of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Community Participation Among Young Adults with Early Psychosis and Their Families.

OnTrackNY provides early intervention services to young people with early psychosis throughout New York State. This report describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on community participation of OnTrackNY program participants and their families. Thirteen participants and nine family members participated in five focus groups and three individual semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using a summary template and matrix analysis approach. Major themes highlight the negative impacts of the pandemic with reports of decreased socializing or using online means to connect, unemployment, challenges with online learning and a decrease in civic engagement. Positive impacts include more time to deepen connections with family and valued friendships and engage in activities that promote wellness and goal attainment. Implications for coordinated specialty care programs include adapting services to promote mainstream community integration and creating new strategies for community involvement of young people within a new context brought forth by the pandemic.

Acceptability, feasibility and outcome of a screening programme for complicated grief in integrated primary and behavioural health care clinics.

BACKGROUND: Complicated grief, a syndrome of persistent grief diagnosed >6 months following the loss of someone close is expected to be included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases as a new diagnosis called prolonged grief disorder. Complicated grief is associated with impaired functioning and health comorbidity and does not respond to treatments for depression. Individuals may seek help in primary care where providers need to be familiar with the syndrome. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the acceptability, feasibility and outcome of a screening programme for complicated grief among diverse adults receiving behavioural health services in integrated primary care. METHODS: Behavioural health providers (n = 14) administered the Brief Grief Questionnaire and the Inventory of Complicated Grief during routine assessment and completed an acceptability survey. Descriptive statistics described rates of complicated grief symptoms and sample demographics, health and service use. RESULTS: Most providers (71%) reported the Brief Grief Questionnaire to be a moderate to very useful assessment instrument and the Inventory of Complicated Grief moderate to very useful for developing a treatment plan (57%). Of the 2425 patients screened, 1015 reported a loss over 6 months ago. Of these 1015, 28% (n = 282) screened positive on the Brief Grief Questionnaire and 22% (n = 228) endorsed symptoms of complicated grief (Inventory of Complicated Grief score ≥25), considered at high risk for needing clinical care. CONCLUSIONS: A screening programme for identifying complicated grief was acceptable to providers, feasible to implement and useful in identifying complicated grief in integrated primary care clinics.

Primary care providers' bereavement care practices: recommendations for research directions.

OBJECTIVE: Bereaved patients are often seen in primary care settings. Although most do not require formal support, physicians may be called upon to provide support to some bereaved, particularly those with bereavement-related mental health disorders like complicated grief and bereavement-related depression. Research evidence on physician bereavement care is scant. We make recommendations for future research in this area. DESIGN: Literature review focuses on studies conducted between 1996 and 2013 in the United States. Searches of Medline and PsychInfo, along with hand searches of reference sections, were conducted. RESULTS: The limited existing research indicates substantial gaps in the research literature, especially in the areas of primary care physician skill and capacity, patient-level outcomes, and the quality of research methodology. No US studies have focused specifically on care for bereavement-related mental health disorders. We provide recommendations about how to improve research about primary care bereavement care. CONCLUSIONS: The primary care sector offers ample opportunities for research on bereavement care. With greater research efforts, there may be improvements to quality of bereavement care in primary care, in general, and also to the accurate detection and appropriate referral for bereavement-related mental health conditions.

Support From Intermediary Organizations for Evidence-Based Practices in Behavioral Health Care.

Intermediary and purveyor organizations play a key role in disseminating and implementing evidence-based behavioral health best practices (EBPs). The authors provide a case example to describe how state-funded intermediaries can enhance the implementation and sustainment of EBP. Benefits of using state-funded intermediaries include the ability to collaborate with state entities to address barriers to and then incentivize best practices, access to resources to develop a robust infrastructure to support EBP training and implementation, and enhanced capacity to support organizations beyond individual EBPs (e.g., developing an internal quality-improvement process, supporting cross-cutting competencies, and helping organizations to identify synergies across EBP and to prioritize what to implement first).

Evidence-Based Supported Employment for Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder, experience high rates of occupational impairment. OCD symptoms commonly affect individuals' vocational aspirations and result in disability and the need for financial support, problems that are not addressed by current clinical practice guideline recommendations for treating OCD. This Open Forum highlights the need to address occupational impairment caused by OCD and makes the case for formally evaluating whether evidence-based supported employment can help individuals with OCD find and succeed in meaningful work.

Client and family experiences with telehealth-delivered early psychosis services.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a significant shift to delivering early psychosis services using telehealth. Little is known about the experience of using telehealth in early psychosis services. This quality improvement qualitative project investigated the experiences of program participants and family members with telehealth services in OnTrackNY, an early intervention program for psychosis in New York State during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The project team conducted individual interviews and focus groups. Data analyses used a matrix approach. RESULTS: Nineteen OnTrackNY program participants and nine family members participated in five focus groups and nine individual interviews. Data were organized into five themes (a) accessibility: most individuals had a device and internet access and challenges were related to connectivity, such as image freezing and sound breaking; (b) convenience/flexibility: benefits included the reduced commute and costs; (c) levels of comfort/privacy with telehealth: program participants felt less judged and less anxiety leading up to in-person appointments while also expressing privacy concerns; (d) sense of connectedness: in-person social connections were deemed important and not replaceable by telehealth; and (e) suggestions: program participants expressed a preference for in-person group activities and suggested hybrid options, highlighting the importance of in-person visits to establish rapport at the beginning of treatment before transitioning to telehealth. CONCLUSIONS: Telehealth services were generally well accepted. Suggestions for future service delivery include offering a combination of telehealth and in-person services based on program participants' preferences and prioritizing in-person services during the early phase of treatment.

Qualitative Study of Telehealth Delivery of Suicide-Specific Group Treatment "Project Life Force".

Minimal evidence exists for suicide-specific group treatment for high-risk patients offered over telehealth. This qualitative study assessed the acceptability, feasibility, and impact of a telehealth suicide safety planning intervention (SPI) multi-session group. High-risk suicidal Veterans (n = 17) participating in "Project Life Force-telehealth" (PLF-T); a manualized, 10-session SPI video group completed semi-structured qualitative interviews including measures of acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. We also interviewed the PLF-T coordinator and PLF-T group facilitators to identify adaptations to deliver PLF-T and learn about barriers and facilitators to implementation. A summary template and matrix analysis approach was used to analyze qualitative data. Veteran group participants were mostly male (88%), age 50 (SD = 15.6), ethnically diverse, and either divorced or separated (54%). Suicide symptoms upon study entry included past month ideation with methods (100%); and past year aborted, interrupted, or actual suicide attempt (59%). Participant interviews revealed an overall positive endorsement of PLF-telehealth with enhanced suicidal disclosure, and improved ability to manage urges and mitigate loneliness. On scales from 1 to 20, PLF-T was rated as highly acceptable (M = 17.50; SD = 2.92), appropriate (M = 17.25; SD = 3.59), and feasible (M = 18; SD = 2.45) by participants. Adaptations to deliver PLF-T included using a communications coordinator to conduct assertive outreach and engagement, adding a telehealth orientation session, restructuring sessions to review suicide severity, and screen-sharing safety plans to maximize learning. PLF-T enhanced convenience and access without compromising safety. Concerns included privacy and technological limitations including connectivity. Project Life Force-telehealth is acceptable and feasible to deliver via telehealth. This opens the possibility of delivery to hard-to-reach high-risk populations. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0365363.

Retrospective State Medicaid Claims Analysis of Children and Adults With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: With a lifetime U.S. prevalence of 2.3%, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic condition often producing reduced quality of life and disability when left untreated. Little is known about the prevalence or treatment of diagnosed OCD in public behavioral health systems. METHODS: Using a claims analysis of 2019 New York State Medicaid data (N=2,245,084 children; N=4,274,100 adults), the authors investigated the prevalence and characteristics of children and adults with OCD. The authors also examined whether these individuals received treatment with medication or psychotherapy. RESULTS: The prevalence of OCD was 0.2% among children and 0.3% among adults. Fewer than half of children (40.0%) and adults (37.5%) received U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved medications (with or without psychotherapy); another 19.4% of children and 11.0% of adults received 45- or 60-minute psychotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the need for public behavioral health systems to increase their capacity to identify and treat OCD.

A theory-informed, rapid cycle approach to identifying and adapting strategies to promote sustainability: optimizing depression treatment in primary care clinics seeking to sustain collaborative care (The Transform DepCare Study).

BACKGROUND: Few real-world examples exist of how best to select and adapt implementation strategies that promote sustainability. We used a collaborative care (CC) use case to describe a novel, theory-informed, stakeholder engaged process for operationalizing strategies for sustainability using a behavioral lens. METHODS: Informed by the Dynamic Sustainability Framework, we applied the Behaviour Change Wheel to our prior mixed methods to identify key sustainability behaviors and determinants of sustainability before specifying corresponding intervention functions, behavior change techniques, and implementation strategies that would be acceptable, equitable and promote key tenets of sustainability (i.e., continued improvement, education). Drawing on user-centered design principles, we enlisted 22 national and local stakeholders to operationalize and adapt (e.g., content, functionality, workflow) a multi-level, multi-component implementation strategy to maximally target behavioral and contextual determinants of sustainability. RESULTS: After reviewing the long-term impact of early implementation strategies (i.e., external technical support, quality monitoring, and reimbursement), we identified ongoing care manager CC delivery, provider treatment optimization, and patient enrollment as key sustainability behaviors. The most acceptable, equitable, and feasible intervention functions that would facilitate ongoing improvement included environmental restructuring, education, training, modeling, persuasion, and enablement. We determined that a waiting room delivered shared decision-making and psychoeducation patient tool (DepCare), the results of which are delivered to providers, as well as ongoing problem-solving meetings/local technical assistance with care managers would be the most acceptable and equitable multi-level strategy in diverse settings seeking to sustain CC programs. Key adaptations in response to dynamic contextual factors included expanding the DepCare tool to incorporate anxiety/suicide screening, triage support, multi-modal delivery, and patient activation (vs. shared decision making) (patient); pairing summary reports with decisional support and yearly onboarding/motivational educational videos (provider); incorporating behavioral health providers into problem-solving meetings and shifting from billing support to quality improvement and triage (system). CONCLUSION: We provide a roadmap for designing behavioral theory-informed, implementation strategies that promote sustainability and employing user-centered design principles to adapt strategies to changing mental health landscapes.

Statewide Workforce Development Program to Improve Care for Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a frequently disabling disorder characterized by distressing thoughts and behaviors, often goes undetected, or individuals with this disorder do not receive evidence-based care. Educating clinicians and individuals with OCD and their families about OCD is a necessary first step to improving quality of care. This Open Forum describes the creation of a workforce development program named Improving Providers' Assessment, Care Delivery, and Treatment of OCD (IMPACT-OCD). This program used implementation science methods to engage stakeholders, assess practice determinants, and develop a multifaceted training strategy to raise awareness of OCD and to improve clinician knowledge and skills in OCD care.

Decision making for depression treatment during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

BACKGROUND: To explore women's perspectives about the treatment decision-making process for depression during pregnancy and after birth. METHOD: One hundred pregnant and postpartum women completed an anonymous web-based surveys regarding treatment decision making for depression. RESULTS: Survey data reveal that most women in this sample prefer an active collaborative role in treatment decision making for depression. Sixty-five percent of the sample made a decision for treatment of their major depressive disorder, including a decision for no treatment, and 34% reported not having made a decision or feeling unsure about their decision. More than half of the sample preferred combination treatment with medications and counseling (55%) followed by counseling (22%), no treatment (8%), and medications (8%). Overall, respondents in this sample had low levels of decisional conflict (uncertainty) with younger women in the sample reporting higher levels of decisional conflict. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment decision making for depression during the perinatal period is complex. Asking women about their preferences for participation in decision making, their treatment preferences and their decision making needs during the clinical encounter may lead to improved communication, decision making and quality of care.

Innovations in the Delivery of Exposure and Response Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is an important cause of global health-related disability. In the last several decades, exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) has emerged as one of the most evidence-based treatments for adult and pediatric OCD. Recommended as a first-line treatment in practice guidelines for OCD, EX/RP, when expertly delivered, can be superior to serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medications alone and superior to adding antipsychotic medication to augment SRI treatment response. Despite a robust evidence base, EX/RP is not widely available. Moreover, although effective, only about half of patients who receive a standard course of EX/RP will achieve remission.This chapter will review innovations in delivering EX/RP, focusing on technology-based methods designed to increase access to EX/RP and translational neuroscience approaches to personalizing and optimizing EX/RP. Technology-based innovations to deliver EX/RP include video conferencing, internet-based treatment, and smartphone apps. Of these, internet-based, clinician-supported treatment has the most evidence base to date. Relevant to all technology-based innovations are the need for advances in the ethical, regulatory and financial aspects of understanding how access to EX/RP may be delivered to individuals of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds in accordance with professional standards and regulations and covered by healthcare.Advances in our understanding of the neural processes underlying learning and memory have led to new ways to combine EX/RP with medications, behavioral interventions, or neuromodulatory methods, with the goal of enhancing the functioning of brain circuits that subserve fear processing and cognitive control. Among the pharmacological approaches to enhancing EX/RP outcome, both ketamine and cannabinoids show promise in small open trials but are in need of further study. Studies to train cognitive control are at an early stage of development yet provide preliminary evidence that training neural processes may be a new path to personalize treatment. How best to combine EX/RP with different types of neuromodulation is being actively studied.Together these innovations in the delivery of EX/RP for OCD hold great promise for improving outcomes of care for individuals with OCD by increasing the availability and the individual treatment effects of this already effective treatment.

Applying Implementation Drivers to Scale-up Evidence-Based Practices in New York State.

Mental health authorities in several states, often working with academic partners, have played important roles in disseminating evidence-based practices (EBPs) for adults diagnosed with serious mental illness. This work has been facilitated by intermediary organizations that work directly with providers to implement EBPs. This report uses two case studies to describe how the Center for Practice Innovations (CPI), an intermediary organization, has used the Active Implementation Research Network's nine implementation drivers to successfully implement EBPs across the large state of New York. One case study focuses on supported employment and the second on integrated treatment for co-occurring mental health and substance use conditions. We provide these case studies to illustrate how intermediary organizations can use implementation science to organize and select effective support strategies to disseminate and implement a range of EBPs within a state system.

Defining and Addressing Gaps in Care for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be a chronic and disabling illness with a lifetime prevalence of 2%, twice that of schizophrenia. Although effective treatments exist, OCD often remains underdetected and undertreated. METHODS: The authors performed a scoping review of the literature (of articles in PubMed and PsycINFO published from January 1, 2000, to February 1, 2020) to define gaps in OCD diagnosis and treatment among U.S. adults. Interventions at the patient, clinician, and health care system levels used to address these gaps are described, and promising approaches from around the world are highlighted. RESULTS: Of 102 potential studies identified in the search, 27 (including five non-U.S. studies) were included. The studies revealed that lack of clinician and patient knowledge about OCD and misdiagnosis contributes to its underdetection. Suboptimal prescribing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications and limited use of exposure and response prevention, as a first-line psychotherapy, contribute to OCD undertreatment. Digital health technologies show promise in increasing OCD detection and delivery of evidence-based care and in ensuring continuity of care (including during the COVID-19 pandemic). CONCLUSIONS: Given the significant rates of disability, morbidity, and mortality associated with OCD, addressing gaps in OCD care will reduce the U.S. burden of mental illness. Further research is needed to determine how the use of digital health technologies can increase the detection and management of OCD.

Predicting Treatment Outcomes From Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (ICBT) with therapist support shows promise as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet, not all patients respond to ICBT. It is therefore important to identify predictors of ICBT outcomes to determine who is likely to benefit. Relative to the large literature on predictors of outcomes for in-person CBT for OCD, very few studies have investigated ICBT predictors. Therefore, we analyzed predictors of outcome in an open trial (n=30) of ICBT for OCD using the OCD-NET platform, which consists of 10 online modules delivered with therapist support. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) was administered by independent raters as the primary outcome measure at baseline and posttreatment. In this sample, greater baseline OCD severity and OCD-related avoidance behaviors were associated with higher end-state OCD symptoms (i.e., poorer outcome). Patients with a past history of face-to-face CBT for OCD also had worse outcomes. Although these results require replication, these factors may identify individuals at risk for poor ICBT outcomes.

Adapting coordinated specialty care in the post-COVID-19 era: study protocol for an integrative mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) programs provide evidence-based services for young people with a recent onset of a psychotic disorder. OnTrackNY is a nationally recognized model of CSC treatment in New York state. In 2019, OnTrackNY was awarded a hub within the Early Psychosis Intervention Network (EPINET) to advance its learning health care system (LHS). The OnTrackNY network is comprised of 23 CSC teams across New York state. OnTrack Central, an intermediary organization, provides training and implementation support to OnTrackNY teams. OnTrack Central coordinates a centralized data collection protocol for quality improvement and evaluation of program fidelity and a mechanism to support practice based-research. OnTrackNY sites' breadth coupled with OnTrack Central oversight provides an opportunity to examine the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis in New York State, and supplementary funding was awarded to the OnTrackNY EPINET hub in 2021 for that purpose. METHODS: This project will examine the implications of modifications to service delivery within the OnTrackNY LHS during and after the COVID-19 crisis. We will use the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modification-Enhanced (FRAME) to classify systematically, code, and analyze modifications to CSC services and ascertain their impact. We will utilize integrative mixed methods. Qualitative interviews with multi-level stakeholders (program participants, families, providers, team leaders, agency leaders, trainers (OnTrack Central), and decision-makers at the state and local levels) will be used to understand the process of making decisions, information about modifications to CSC services, and their impact. Analysis of OnTrackNY program data will facilitate examining trends in team staffing and functioning, and participant service utilization and outcomes. Study findings will be summarized in a CSC Model Adaptation Guide, which will identify modifications as fidelity consistent or not, and their impact on service utilization and care outcomes. DISCUSSION: A CSC Model Adaptation Guide will inform CSC programs, and the state and local mental health authorities to which they are accountable, regarding modifications to CSC services and the impact of these changes on care process, and participant service utilization and outcomes. The guide will also inform the development of tailored technical assistance that CSC programs may need within OnTrackNY, the EPINET network, and CSC programs nationally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04021719 , July 16th, 2019.

Preferences for participation in decision making among ethnically diverse patients with anxiety and depression.

This study explored preferences for treatment decision making using the Control Preferences Scale and Problem Solving Decision Making Scale among a sample of ethnically diverse adults (N = 60) seeking treatment for anxiety and depression. Most participants expressed a desire for participation in shared decision making. Being Hispanic was significantly associated with a more passive role in decision making. Participants preferred more involvement in decision making versus problem solving tasks for both mental and general health vignettes, and more involvement in mental health versus general health decision-making. More research is needed to confirm tentative results on the influence of sociodemographic variables on preferences for role and participation in treatment decision making and the variation in these preferences. Treatment seeking individuals with anxiety and depression have identifiable preferences for participation in decision making. Asking about patient preferences and a better understanding of variability in preferences may improve patient-provider communication.

Using Instructional Design, Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate, to Develop e-Learning Modules to Disseminate Supported Employment for Community Behavioral Health Treatment Programs in New York State.

BACKGROUND: Implementation science lacks a systematic approach to the development of learning strategies for online training in evidence-based practices (EBPs) that takes the context of real-world practice into account. The field of instructional design offers ecologically valid and systematic processes to develop learning strategies for workforce development and performance support. OBJECTIVE: This report describes the application of an instructional design framework-Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate (ADDIE) model-in the development and evaluation of e-learning modules as one strategy among a multifaceted approach to the implementation of individual placement and support (IPS), a model of supported employment for community behavioral health treatment programs, in New York State. METHODS: We applied quantitative and qualitative methods to develop and evaluate three IPS e-learning modules. Throughout the ADDIE process, we conducted formative and summative evaluations and identified determinants of implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Formative evaluations consisted of qualitative feedback received from recipients and providers during early pilot work. The summative evaluation consisted of levels 1 and 2 (reaction to the training, self-reported knowledge, and practice change) quantitative and qualitative data and was guided by the Kirkpatrick model for training evaluation. RESULTS: Formative evaluation with key stakeholders identified a range of learning needs that informed the development of a pilot training program in IPS. Feedback on this pilot training program informed the design document of three e-learning modules on IPS: Introduction to IPS, IPS Job development, and Using the IPS Employment Resource Book. Each module was developed iteratively and provided an assessment of learning needs that informed successive modules. All modules were disseminated and evaluated through a learning management system. Summative evaluation revealed that learners rated the modules positively, and self-report of knowledge acquisition was high (mean range: 4.4-4.6 out of 5). About half of learners indicated that they would change their practice after watching the modules (range: 48-51%). All learners who completed the level 1 evaluation demonstrated 80% or better mastery of knowledge on the level 2 evaluation embedded in each module. The CFIR was used to identify implementation barriers and facilitators among the evaluation data which facilitated planning for subsequent implementation support activities in the IPS initiative. CONCLUSION: Instructional design approaches such as ADDIE may offer implementation scientists and practitioners a flexible and systematic approach for the development of e-learning modules as a single component or one strategy in a multifaceted approach for training in EBPs.