Hepatic Transcript Profiles of Cytochrome P450 Genes Predict Sex Differences in Drug Metabolism.

Safety assessments of new drug candidates are an important part of the drug development and approval process. Often, possible sex-associated susceptibilities are not adequately addressed, and better assessment tools are needed. We hypothesized that hepatic transcript profiles of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes can be used to predict sex-associated differences in drug metabolism and possible adverse events. Comprehensive hepatic transcript profiles were generated for F344 rats of both sexes at nine ages, from 2 weeks (preweaning) to 104 weeks (elderly). Large differences in the transcript profiles of 29 drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters were found between adult males and females (8-52 weeks). Using the PharmaPendium data base, 41 drugs were found to be metabolized by one or two P450 enzymes encoded by sexually dimorphic mRNAs and thus were candidates for evaluation of possible sexually dimorphic metabolism and/or toxicities. Suspension cultures of primary hepatocytes from three male and three female adult rats (10-13 weeks old) were used to evaluate the metabolism of 11 drugs predicted to have sexually dimorphic metabolism. The pharmacokinetics of the drug or its metabolite was analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using multiple reaction monitoring. Of those drugs with adequate metabolism, the predicted significant sex-different metabolism was found for six of seven drugs, with half-lives 37%-400% longer in female hepatocytes than in male hepatocytes. Thus, in this rat model, transcript profiles may allow identification of potential sex-related differences in drug metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The present study showed that sex-different expression of genes coding for drug metabolizing enzymes, specifically cytochrome P450s, could be used to predict sex-different drug metabolism and, thus, provide a new tool for protecting susceptible subpopulations from possible adverse drug events.

Distinct lipid signatures are identified in the plasma of rats with chronic inflammation induced by estradiol benzoate and sex hormones.

INTRODUCTION: Prostatitis is likely to occur in younger or middle-aged men, while prostate cancer is likely to occur in older men. Although amino acids and lipids as biomarkers of prostate cancer have been examined using prostate cancer cell lines/tissues, no previous studies have evaluated amino acids or lipids as potential chronic prostatitis biomarkers. OBJECTIVES: The study's aim was to identify amino acids and lipids that could serve as potential biomarkers of chronic prostatitis. METHODS: We profiled the amino acids and lipids found in plasma from rats collected in a previous study. In brief, a total of 148 Sprague-Dawley rats (offspring) were dosed with estradiol benzoate (EB) on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3 and 5, and subsequently dosed with testosterone (T)/estradiol (E) tubes via subcutaneous implants from PND 90 to 200. Plasma was collected on PNDs 30, 90, 100, 145 and 200. Analysis was conducted with a Xevo TQ-S triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer using a Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. RESULTS: Plasma acylcarnitines [(C2, C16:1, C18, C18:1, C18:1-OH, and C18:2)], glycerophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine-acyl, -di-acyl, and -di-acyl acyl-alkyl) and sphingomyelins [SM (OH) C16:1, SM C18:0, SM C18:1, and SM C20:2] significantly increased on PND 145, when chronic inflammation was observed in the dorsolateral prostate of rats dosed with EB, T, and E. No statistical significances of amino acid levels were observed in the EB + T + E group on PND 145. CONCLUSION: Exposure to EB, T, and E altered lipid levels in rat plasma with chronic prostate inflammation. These findings suggest that the identified lipids may be predictive chronic prostatitis biomarkers. The results require confirmation through additional nonclinical and human studies.

An Integrated Analysis of Metabolites, Peptides, and Inflammation Biomarkers for Assessment of Preanalytical Variability of Human Plasma.

Discrepancies in blood sample collection and processing could have a significant impact on levels of metabolites, peptides, and protein biomarkers of inflammation in the blood; thus, sample quality control is critical for successful biomarker identification and validation. In this study, we analyzed the effects of several preanalytical processing conditions, including different storage times and temperatures for blood or plasma samples and different centrifugation forces on the levels of metabolites, peptides, and inflammation biomarkers in human plasma samples using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant. Temperature was found to be the major factor for metabolite variation, and both time and temperature were identified as major factors for peptide variation. For inflammation biomarkers, temperature played different roles depending on the sample type (blood or plasma). Low temperature affected inflammation biomarkers in blood, while room temperature impacted inflammation biomarkers in plasma.

Stability of the Human Plasma Proteome to Pre-analytical Variability as Assessed by an Aptamer-Based Approach.

Variable processing and storage of whole blood and/or plasma are potential confounders in biomarker development and clinical assays. The goal of the study was to investigate how pre-analytical variables impact the human plasma proteome. Whole blood obtained from 16 apparently healthy individuals was collected in six EDTA tubes and processed randomly under six pre-analytical variable conditions including blood storage at 0 °C or RT for 6 h (B6h0C or B6hRT) before processing to plasma, plasma storage at 4 °C or RT for 24 h (P24h4C or P24hRT), low centrifugal force at 1300 × g, (Low×g), and immediate processing to plasma under 2500 × g (control) followed by plasma storage at -80 °C. An aptamer-based proteomic assay was performed to identify significantly changed proteins (fold change ≥1.2, P < 0.05, and false discovery rate < 0.05) relative to the control from a total of 1305 proteins assayed. Pre-analytical conditions Low×g and B6h0C resulted in the most plasma proteome changes with 200 and 148 proteins significantly changed, respectively. Only 36 proteins were changed under B6hRT. Conditions P24h4C and P24hRT yielded changes of 28 and 75 proteins, respectively. The complement system was activated in vitro under the conditions B6hRT, P24h4C, and P24hRT. The results suggest that particular pre-analytical variables should be controlled for clinical measurement of specific biomarkers.

Early metabolomics changes in heart and plasma during chronic doxorubicin treatment in B6C3F1 mice.

The present study aimed to identify molecular markers of early stages of cardiotoxicity induced by a potent chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX). Male B6C3F1 mice were dosed with 3 mg kg(-1) DOX or saline via tail vein weekly for 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 weeks (cumulative DOX doses of 6, 9, 12, 18 or 24 mg kg(-1) , respectively) and euthanized a week after the last dose. Mass spectrometry-based and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry-based metabolic profiling were employed to identify initial biomarkers of cardiotoxicity before myocardial injury and cardiac pathology, which were not noted until after the 18 and 24 mg kg(-1) cumulative doses, respectively. After a cumulative dose of 6 mg kg(-1) , 18 amino acids and four biogenic amines (acetylornithine, kynurenine, putrescine and serotonin) were significantly increased in cardiac tissue; 16 amino acids and two biogenic amines (acetylornithine and hydroxyproline) were significantly altered in plasma. In addition, 16 acylcarnitines were significantly increased in plasma and five were significantly decreased in cardiac tissue compared to saline-treated controls. Plasma lactate and succinate, involved in the Krebs cycle, were significantly altered after a cumulative dose of 6 mg kg(-1) . A few metabolites remained altered at higher cumulative DOX doses, which could partly indicate a transition from injury processes at 2 weeks to repair processes with additional injury happening concurrently before myocardial injury at 8 weeks. These altered metabolic profiles in mouse heart and plasma during the initial stages of injury progression due to DOX treatment may suggest these metabolites as candidate early biomarkers of cardiotoxicity. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Changes in mouse liver protein glutathionylation after acetaminophen exposure.

The role of protein glutathionylation in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury was investigated in this study. A single oral gavage dose of 150 or 300 mg/kg APAP in B6C3F1 mice produced increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels and liver necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. The ratio of GSH to GSSG was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that APAP produced a more oxidizing environment within the liver. Despite the increased oxidation state, the level of global protein glutathionylation was decreased at 1 h and continued to decline through 24 h. Immunohistochemical localization of glutathionylated proteins showed a complex dynamic change in the lobule zonation of glutathionylated proteins. At 1 h after APAP exposure, the level of glutathionylation decreased in the single layer of hepatocytes around the central veins but increased mildly in the remaining centrilobular hepatocytes. This increase correlated with the immunohistochemical localization of APAP covalently bound to protein. Thereafter, the level of glutathionylation decreased dramatically over time in the centrilobular regions with major decreases observed at 6 and 24 h. Despite the overall decreased glutathionylation, a layer of cells lying between the undamaged periportal region and the damaged centrilobular hepatocytes exhibited high levels of glutathionylation at 3 and 6 h in all samples and in some 24-h samples that had milder injury. These temporal and zonal pattern changes in protein glutathionylation after APAP exposure indicate that protein glutathionylation may play a role in protein homeostasis during APAP-induced hepatocellular injury.

Effects of Serum and Compound Preparation Methods on Delayed Repolarization Evaluation With Human iPSC-CMs.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been widely used in the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA). The notable difference of the electrophysiological (EP) responses of hiPSC-CMs in serum and serum-free media (SFM) is puzzling and may impact regulatory decision-making on the cardiac safety of candidate drugs in inducing QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). In this study, we compared the EP responses of hiPSC-CMs to 10 CiPA compounds and moxifloxacin in serum and SFM; explained the potential reason behind the different EP responses-abiotic compound loss to plastic tubes/plates of hydrophobic compounds prepared in SFM; and investigated the impact of compound preparation methods on drug bioavailability in exposure media, which affects the TdP risk prediction of drugs tested in serum-containing and SFM. For assays to be conducted in SFM, awareness of abiotic compound loss of hydrophobic compounds in serum-free preparations is critical for delay repolarization evaluation and data extrapolation from in vitro to in vivo.

Serum metabolite profiles predict outcomes in critically ill patients receiving renal replacement therapy.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is associated with increased incidence of dialysis dependence and portends high mortality in critically ill patients. At the early stage of RRT, serum metabolic biomarkers might differntiate patients with a high risk of mortality or permanent kidney injury from those who can recover. Serum samples from participants enrolled in the Veteran's Affairs/National Institutes of Health Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study were collected on day 1 (n = 97) and day 8 (n = 105) of randomized RRT. The samples were further evaluated using LC/MS-based metabolic profiling. A model predicting mortality by day 8 was built from samples collected on day 1 and based on four metabolites with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.641. A model most predictive of mortality by day 28 was built from the levels of 11 serum metabolites from day 8 with an AUC of 0.789. Both day 1 and day 8 samples had lower serum levels of 1-arachidonoyl-lysoPC and 1-eicosatetraenoyl-lysoPC (involved in anti-inflammatory processes) in the critically ill patients who died by day 8 or day 28. Higher levels of amino acids and amino acid metabolites in the day 8 model predicting < day 28 mortality may be indicative of muscle wasting. A kidney recovery biomarker panel based on the serum levels of three metabolites from day 8 samples with an AUC of 0.70 was devised. Serum metabolic profiling of AKI critically ill patients requiring RRT revealed predictive models of mortality based on observed differences in four serum metabolites at day 1 and 11 metabolites at day 8 which were predictive of mortality. Significant changes in the levels of these metabolites suggest links to inflammatory processes and/or muscle wasting.

Discovery of Novel Proteomic Biomarkers for the Prediction of Kidney Recovery from Dialysis-Dependent AKI Patients.

BACKGROUND: AKI requiring dialysis (AKI-D) is associated with prolonged hospitalization, mortality, and progressive CKD among survivors. Previous studies have examined only select urine or serum biomarkers for predicting kidney recovery from AKI. METHODS: Serum samples collected on day 8 of randomized RRT from 72 patients enrolled in the Veteran's Affairs/National Institutes of Health Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study were analyzed by the SOMAscan proteomic platform to profile 1305 proteins in each sample. Of these patients, 38 recovered kidney function and dialysis was discontinued, whereas another 34 patients remained on dialysis by day 28. RESULTS: Differential serum levels of 119 proteins, with 53 higher and 66 lower, were detected in samples from patients who discontinued dialysis, compared with patients who remained on dialysis by day 28. Patients were classified into tertiles on the basis of SOMAscan protein measurements for the 25 proteins most differentially expressed. The association of serum levels of each protein with kidney recovery was further evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Higher serum levels of CXCL11, CXCL2/CXCL3, CD86, Wnt-7a, BTK, c-Myc, TIMP-3, CCL5, ghrelin, PDGF-C, survivin, CA2, IL-9, EGF, and neuregulin-1, and lower levels of soluble CXCL16, IL1RL1, stanniocalcin-1, IL-6, and FGF23 when classified in tertiles were significantly associated with better kidney recovery. This significant association persisted for each of these proteins after adjusting for potential confounding risk factors including age, sex, cardiovascular SOFA score, congestive heart failure, diabetes, modality of intensive dialysis treatment, cause of AKI, baseline serum creatinine, day 8 urine volume, and estimated 60-day mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest concerted changes between survival-related proteins and immune-regulatory chemokines in regulating angiogenesis, endothelial and epithelial remodeling, and kidney cell regeneration, illustrating potential mechanisms of kidney recovery. Thus, this study identifies potential novel predictive biomarkers of kidney recovery in patients with AKI-D.

Testicular function in cultured postnatal mouse testis fragments is similar to that of animals during the first wave of spermatogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Previously, we evaluated optimal organ culture conditions to produce elongated spermatids in an in vitro mouse testis culture system. However, differences in testicular function between the cultured testis fragments and animal testis have not been determined. METHODS: To examine how closely cultured testis fragments in vitro approximates what typically occurs during the first wave of spermatogenesis in vivo, C57BL/6J mouse testis fragments obtained on postnatal day (PND) 5 were cultured in AlbuMAX™ I/ α-Minimal Essential Medium for 15, 23, 30, 35, 42, and 49 days, and compared to mouse testes obtained at PND 5, 14, 20, 24, 28, 30, 35, and 40. At the specified days of culture or PND of mice, the following analyses were conducted: histology, flow cytometry for haploid cell detection, qPCR for spermatid markers, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for testosterone levels. RESULTS: Round spermatids were initially observed at 23 days, and their percentage of the total number of cells continued to increase with culture time, as did gene expression of the spermatid markers and haploid cell percentage in the cultured testis fragments. These results were similar in temporal sequence to those in animals. Testosterone levels in the testis fragments reached a maximum at Day 49. CONCLUSION: These findings show this in vitro mouse testis organ culture model may be a useful and convenient tool for mechanistic studies. However, because germ cell differentiation in all seminiferous tubules was not observed, improvements in the system/methods are needed to more closely replicate spermatogenesis as observed in animals.

Modeling and assaying dioxin-like biological effects for both dioxin-like and certain non-dioxin-like compounds.

13C NMR data have been correlated to Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) of the 29 PCDDs, PCDFs, or PCBs for which non-zero TEFs have been defined. Such correlations are called quantitative spectrometric data-activity relationship (QSDAR) models. An improved QSDAR model predicted TEFs of 0.037 and 0.004, respectively, for 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 1,2,3,4,7-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), both among the 390 congeners for which zero value TEFs are assumed. A QSDAR model of Relative Potency (REP) values estimated the corresponding values as 0.115 and 0.020. Results from both models indicated that these two congeners may exhibit significant dioxin-like toxicity. If other such congeners have non-zero toxicity, TEF-based risk assessments of some dioxin-, furan-, or PCB-contaminated sites or foods may underestimate toxicity. Both models were extensively cross-validated and the TEF model was externally validated. We confirmed the predictions by an independent in vitro method, a luciferase gene expression assay based on mouse liver cells that found REPs of 0.027 and 0.013, respectively, for 1,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,4,7-PeCDD. The QSDAR-estimated and gene-expression assayed values agreed. The models were used to predict activity for an applicability domain including 108 non-2,3,7,8 dioxin, furan, or PCB congeners and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorophenothiazine, a dioxin analog proposed as a drug candidate. This study showed that QSDAR prediction followed by a relatively inexpensive in vitro assay could be used to nominate a few candidates among hundreds for further investigation. It suggested that in silico and in vitro nomination protocols may facilitate practical risk assessment when chemical family members exhibit different degrees of toxicity operating via a common mechanism.

Targeted metabolomic profiling indicates structure-based perturbations in serum phospholipids in children with acetaminophen overdose.

Phospholipids are an important class of lipids that act as building blocks of biological cell membranes and participate in a variety of vital cellular functions including cell signaling. Previous studies have reported alterations in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) metabolism in acetaminophen (APAP)-treated animals or cell cultures. However, little is known about phospholipid perturbations in humans with APAP toxicity. In the current study, targeted metabolomic analysis of 180 different metabolites including 14 lysoPCs and 73 PCs was performed in serum samples from children and adolescents hospitalized for APAP overdose. Metabolite profiles in the overdose group were compared to those of healthy controls and hospitalized children receiving low dose APAP for treatment of pain or fever (therapeutic group). PCs and lysoPCs with very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were significantly decreased in the overdose group, while those with comparatively shorter chain lengths were increased in the overdose group compared to the therapeutic and control groups. All ether linked PCs were decreased in the overdose group compared to the controls. LysoPC-C26:1 was highly reduced in the overdose group and could discriminate between the overdose and control groups with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The PCs and lysoPCs with VLCFAs showed significant associations with changes in clinical indicators of drug metabolism (APAP protein adducts) and liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, or ALT). Thus, a structure-dependent reduction in PCs and lysoPCs was observed in the APAP-overdose group, which may suggest a structure-activity relationship in inhibition of enzymes involved in phospholipid metabolism in APAP toxicity.

Comparison of Bile Acids and Acetaminophen Protein Adducts in Children and Adolescents with Acetaminophen Toxicity.

Metabolomics approaches have enabled the study of new mechanisms of liver injury in experimental models of drug toxicity. Disruption of bile acid homeostasis is a known mechanism of drug induced liver injury. The relationship of individual bile acids to indicators of oxidative drug metabolism (acetaminophen protein adducts) and liver injury was examined in children with acetaminophen overdose, hospitalized children with low dose exposure to acetaminophen, and children with no recent exposure to acetaminophen. Nine bile acids were quantified through targeted metabolomic analysis in the serum samples of the three groups. Bile acids were compared to serum levels of acetaminophen protein adducts and alanine aminotransferase. Glycodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid were significantly increased in children with acetaminophen overdose compared to healthy controls. Among patients with acetaminophen overdose, bile acids were higher in subjects with acetaminophen protein adduct values > 1.0 nmol/mL and modest correlations were noted for three bile acids and acetaminophen protein adducts as follows: taurodeoxycholic acid (R=0.604; p<0.001), glycodeoxycholic acid (R=0.581; p<0.001), and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (R=0.571; p<0.001). Variability in bile acids was greater among hospitalized children receiving low doses of acetaminophen than in healthy children with no recent acetaminophen exposure. Compared to bile acids, acetaminophen protein adducts more accurately discriminated among children with acetaminophen overdose, children with low dose exposure to acetaminophen, and healthy control subjects. In children with acetaminophen overdose, elevations of conjugated bile acids were associated with specific indicators of acetaminophen metabolism and non-specific indicators of liver injury.

Methylation potential associated with diet, genotype, protein, and metabolite levels in the Delta Obesity Vitamin Study.

Micronutrient research typically focuses on analyzing the effects of single or a few nutrients on health by analyzing a limited number of biomarkers. The observational study described here analyzed micronutrients, plasma proteins, dietary intakes, and genotype using a systems approach. Participants attended a community-based summer day program for 6-14 year old in 2 years. Genetic makeup, blood metabolite and protein levels, and dietary differences were measured in each individual. Twenty-four-hour dietary intakes, eight micronutrients (vitamins A, D, E, thiamin, folic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxal, and pyridoxine) and 3 one-carbon metabolites [homocysteine (Hcy), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)], and 1,129 plasma proteins were analyzed as a function of diet at metabolite level, plasma protein level, age, and sex. Cluster analysis identified two groups differing in SAM/SAH and differing in dietary intake patterns indicating that SAM/SAH was a potential marker of nutritional status. The approach used to analyze genetic association with the SAM/SAH metabolites is called middle-out: SNPs in 275 genes involved in the one-carbon pathway (folate, pyridoxal/pyridoxine, thiamin) or were correlated with SAM/SAH (vitamin A, E, Hcy) were analyzed instead of the entire 1M SNP data set. This procedure identified 46 SNPs in 25 genes associated with SAM/SAH demonstrating a genetic contribution to the methylation potential. Individual plasma metabolites correlated with 99 plasma proteins. Fourteen proteins correlated with body mass index, 49 with group age, and 30 with sex. The analytical strategy described here identified subgroups for targeted nutritional interventions.

Genetic associations with micronutrient levels identified in immune and gastrointestinal networks.

The discovery of vitamins and clarification of their role in preventing frank essential nutrient deficiencies occurred in the early 1900s. Much vitamin research has understandably focused on public health and the effects of single nutrients to alleviate acute conditions. The physiological processes for maintaining health, however, are complex systems that depend upon interactions between multiple nutrients, environmental factors, and genetic makeup. To analyze the relationship between these factors and nutritional health, data were obtained from an observational, community-based participatory research program of children and teens (age 6-14) enrolled in a summer day camp in the Delta region of Arkansas. Assessments of erythrocyte S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and 6 organic micronutrients (retinol, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, pyridoxal, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin E), and 1,129 plasma proteins were performed at 3 time points in each of 2 years. Genetic makeup was analyzed with 1 M SNP genotyping arrays, and nutrient status was assessed with 24-h dietary intake questionnaires. A pattern of metabolites (met_PC1) that included the ratio of erythrocyte SAM/SAH, Hcy, and 5 vitamins were identified by principal component analysis. Met_PC1 levels were significantly associated with (1) single-nucleotide polymorphisms, (2) levels of plasma proteins, and (3) multilocus genotypes coding for gastrointestinal and immune functions, as identified in a global network of metabolic/protein-protein interactions. Subsequent mining of data from curated pathway, network, and genome-wide association studies identified genetic and functional relationships that may be explained by gene-nutrient interactions. The systems nutrition strategy described here has thus associated a multivariate metabolite pattern in blood with genes involved in immune and gastrointestinal functions.

Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of serum acylcarnitines in acetaminophen toxicity in children.

AIM: Long-chain acylcarnitines have been postulated to be sensitive biomarkers of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mouse models. In the following study, the relationship of acylcarnitines with other known indicators of APAP toxicity was examined in children receiving low-dose (therapeutic) and high-dose ('overdose' or toxic ingestion) exposure to APAP. MATERIALS & METHODS: The study included three subject groups: group A (therapeutic dose, n = 187); group B (healthy controls, n = 23); and group C (overdose, n = 62). Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected for each subject. Serum samples were used for measurement of APAP protein adducts, a biomarker of the oxidative metabolism of APAP and for targeted metabolomics analysis of serum acylcarnitines using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Significant increases in oleoyl- and palmitoyl-carnitines were observed with APAP exposure (low dose and overdose) compared with controls. Significant increases in serum ALT, APAP protein adducts and acylcarnitines were observed in overdose children that received delayed treatment (time to treatment from overdose >24 h) with the antidote N-acetylcysteine. Time to peak APAP protein adducts in serum was shorter than that of the acylcarnitines and serum ALT. CONCLUSION: Perturbations in long-chain acylcarnitines in children with APAP toxicity suggest that mitochrondrial injury and associated impairment in the ß-oxidation of fatty acids are clinically relevant as biomarkers of APAP toxicity.

Acylcarnitine profiles in acetaminophen toxicity in the mouse: comparison to toxicity, metabolism and hepatocyte regeneration.

High doses of acetaminophen (APAP) result in hepatotoxicity that involves metabolic activation of the parent compound, covalent binding of the reactive intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) to liver proteins, and depletion of hepatic glutathione. Impaired fatty acid ß-oxidation has been implicated in previous studies of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. To better understand relationships between toxicity and fatty acid ß-oxidation in the liver in APAP toxicity, metabolomic assays for long chain acylcarnitines were examined in relationship to established markers of liver toxicity, oxidative metabolism, and liver regeneration in a time course study in mice. Male B6C3F1 mice were treated with APAP (200 mg/kg IP) or saline and sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 or 48 h after APAP. At 1 h, hepatic glutathione was depleted and APAP protein adducts were markedly increased. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated at 4 and 8 h, while proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, indicative of hepatocyte regeneration, was apparent at 24 h and 48 h. Elevations of palmitoyl, oleoyl and myristoyl carnitine were apparent by 2-4 h, concurrent with the onset of Oil Red O staining in liver sections. By 8 h, acylcarnitine levels were below baseline levels and remained low at 24 and 48 h. A partial least squares (PLS) model suggested a direct association of acylcarnitine accumulation in serum to APAP protein adduct and hepatic glutathione levels in mice. Overall, the kinetics of serum acylcarnitines in APAP toxicity in mice followed a biphasic pattern involving early elevation after the metabolism phases of toxicity and later depletion of acylcarnitines.

Metabolomics evaluation of hydroxyproline as a potential marker of melamine and cyanuric acid nephrotoxicity in male and female Fischer F344 rats.

Following kidney failure in domesticated pets in the US and kidney issues requiring hospitalization with some deaths in children in China, investigators determined the cause was adulteration of pet foods and baby formula with melamine. It has since been noted that exposure of rats to melamine and cyanuric acid forms melamine cyanurate crystals in the kidney leading to acute nephrotoxicity. This metabolomics study aimed to identify biomarkers of melamine and cyanuric acid-induced renal injury. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were fed a diet fortified with varying doses of melamine and cyanuric acid for 28 days. Analysis of urinary amino acids showed hydroxyproline was increased in both sexes in a manner consistent with the clinical chemistry and histopathology data; most prominent when total urine output was taken into account. Furthermore, rats with the highest levels of urinary hydroxyproline were the only rats that exhibited fibrosis within the kidney. Clinical chemistry and histopathology indicated male rats were slightly more affected than female rats following dosing with the 120 and 180 ppm formulations; hydroxyproline excretion also supports this finding. Hydroxyproline may be a noninvasive urinary biomarker for detection of acute kidney injury potentially associated with kidney fibrosis.

ZstatFlu-II test: a chemiluminescent neuraminidase assay for influenza viral diagnostics.

The ZstatFlu-II test is a highly sensitive, specific, rapid, point-of-care chemiluminescent diagnostic test for influenza infection. Influenza viral neuraminidase-specific substrate, spiroadamantyl-1,2-dioxetane-4,7-dimethoxy-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, is at the core of the ZstatFlu-II Test. The enzymatic reaction was carried out at 25 degrees C and neutral pH, representing the optimum assay conditions for influenza types A and B viral neuraminidases. The results were outputted on a Polaroid trade mark High Speed Detector Film. Positive results appeared as a '+'-shaped white film image; negative results produced no image. The 'glow' kinetics, facilitated by a unique combination of light enhancers, also 'tuned' the wavelength of emission to match the spectral properties of the film. The substrate hydrolysed non-enzymatically at acid pH or at temperatures above 25 degrees C. In order to minimize false positives, the ZstatFlu-II Test was formatted with 0.3-0.4 K(m) substrate and freezing the test kit until use. The pH optimization of the ZstatFlu-II test is discussed with reference to model compounds of sialyl-glycosides. A nucleophilic attack or an electrostatic stabilization of a developing carbonium ion under the influence of the adjacent carboxyl group was probably responsible for non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate. Intramolecular general acid catalysis is proposed as a mechanism for the lability of the O-glycosidic linkage of the substrate.

Engineering a chemical implementation device and an imaging device for detecting chemiluminescence with a Polaroid high-speed detector film: application to influenza diagnostics with the ZstatFlu-II test.

We describe the engineering and product development of the chemiluminescent ZstatFlu-II Test kit for influenza diagnostics. The reaction vessel is a chemical implementation device with a polystyrene bottom chamber and a polypropylene top chamber that screw together. The patient's specimen is dispersed in a proprietary diluent and mixed inside the bottom chamber with the influenza viral neuraminidase-specific substrate, 1,2-dioxetane-4,7-dimethoxy-Neu5Ac. Neuraminidase catalysis releases the dioxetane. The top chamber contains 40% NaOH and is sealed at the top with an ABS plastic plug-crush pin assembly. The top chamber floor is 85% thinner at the centre, forming a frangible flap. An automated imaging device serves as an incubator for the chemical implementation devices and also facilitates the piercing of the flap by the crush pin. This action results in NaOH flushing into the bottom chamber, initiating chemiluminescence. The imaging device also exposes the Polaroid high-speed detector film to chemiluminescence. At the end of exposure, the film is automatically processed and ejected. Chemiluminescence from an influenza virus-positive specimen produces a "+"-shaped white image, archiving the diagnostic outcome. The modular ZstatFlu-II test kit components are easily adaptable for the chemiluminescent detection of a wide range of analytes.