Risk of complications after a non-ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in a Latin-American cohort: An application of the ACTION ICU score.

BACKGROUND: European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) recommend Intensive Care Unit (ICU) surveillance during the first 24-48 h. Interestingly, the in-hospital mortality of NSTEMI patients has consistently decreased, giving some patients the option to be managed in general hospital wards. The ACTION ICU score has been proposed to identify high-risk patients with NSTEMI and guide the selective risk-based need for ICU care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the ACTION ICU score to predict patients' risk of developing complications requiring ICU care in a Latin-American cohort with NSTEMI. METHODS: We applied the ACTION ICU score in a retrospective cohort. A composite primary outcome included: cardiorespiratory arrest, shock, high-grade atrio-ventricular block, respiratory failure, stroke, or death. The predictive performance of this model was estimated with a conditional multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 1,062 patients with NSTEMI, the primary outcome was present in 75 patients (7.1%), and 1,019 (96%) were admitted to ICU. The most common event was respiratory failure (4.0%), followed by cardiogenic shock (3.7%), and cardiac arrest (1.7%). The presence of heart failure signs or symptoms had the highest association with the primary outcome (OR:2.16; 95%CI:1.61-2.92). The best cut-off point for this population was 3 (complications risk: 4.0%, SEN:96%, SP:15.4%, NPV:98.1%, PPV:7.9%). CONCLUSION: The ACTION ICU score may be a promising tool to identify the need for ICU care in Latin-American patients with NSTEMI. Furthermore, additional research is needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this strategy.

Expression of the Major and Pro-Oncogenic H3K9 Lysine Methyltransferase SETDB1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

SETDB1 is a key histone lysine methyltransferase involved in gene silencing. The SETDB1 gene is amplified in human lung cancer, where the protein plays a driver role. Here, we investigated the clinical significance of SETDB1 expression in the two major forms of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), i.e., adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), by combining a meta-analysis of transcriptomic datasets and a systematic review of the literature. A total of 1140 NSCLC patients and 952 controls were included in the association analyses. Our data revealed higher levels of SETDB1 mRNA in ADC (standardized mean difference, SMD: 0.88; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.73-1.02; p < 0.001) and SCC (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.13-0.66; p = 0.003) compared to non-cancerous tissues. For clinicopathological analyses, 2533 ADC and 903 SCC patients were included. Interestingly, SETDB1 mRNA level was increased in NSCLC patients who were current smokers compared to non-smokers (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08-0.44; p = 0.004), and when comparing former smokers and non-smokers (p = 0.009). Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) given by the summary receiver operator characteristic curve (sROC) was 0.774 (Q = 0.713). Together, our findings suggest a strong foundation for further research to evaluate SETDB1 as a diagnostic biomarker and/or its potential use as a therapeutic target in NSCLC.

Concordancia entre ecoscopia realizada por médicos no cardiólogos y ecocardiografía convencional / Agreement between "echoscopy" performed by non-cardiologist physicians and conventional cardiac ultrasound

Resumen Introducción: el ultrasonido cardiaco enfocado ha sido propuesto como una aproximación útil para mejorar la toma de decisiones clínicas, permitiendo identificar rápidamente signos ultrasonográficos de una lista específica de diagnósticos potenciales. Objetivo: evaluar un programa de entrenamiento para médicos sin experiencia en ecocardiografía a fin de realizar ultrasonido cardiaco enfocado por medio de un dispositivo portátil (ecoscopio). Materiales y métodos: se compararon los resultados obtenidos mediante ecoscopia realizada por los médicos que recibieron el entrenamiento, con los obtenidos mediante ecocardiografía convencional realizada por cardiólogos expertos. Métodos: un total de 5 médicos no cardiólogos incluyendo un estudiante de Medicina de último año, 2 residentes de Medicina Interna y 2 Intensivistas participaron en un curso de entrenamiento de cuatro semanas, dirigido por un Cardiólogo experto de nivel III así: Primera semana: teoría y bases de ecocardiografía (3 horas diarias) Segunda semana: teoría de la adquisición de imágenes. Hallazgos normales y anormales (50 estudios). Tercera semana: manejo del ecoscopio (50 estudios). Cuarta semana: recolección de datos. Se incluyeron pacientes programados para ecocardiografía convencional en el Laboratorio de métodos no invasivos. A cada paciente se le realizaron dos exámenes. El primero consistió en una ecoscopia hecha por médico que recibió el entrenamiento y el segundo consistió en un ecocardiograma realizado por un cardiólogo experto. Los parámetros ecocardiográficos evaluados fueron: fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo, disfunción ventricular derecha, crecimiento auricular izquierdo, hipertensión pulmonar, enfermedad valvular cardiaca y derrame pericárdico. Por medio de análisis de concordancia (índice Kappa) se compararon los resultados encontrados en ecoscopia versus ecocardiografía. Resultados: de 221 estudios se obtuvo concordancia moderada en fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (к =0,541, p<0,000), función ventricular derecha (к =0,403, p<0,001), dilatación de la aurícula izquierda (к =0,413, p<0,001), valvulopatía mitral (к =0,466, p<0,001) y tricuspídea (к =0,437, p<0,001). La valvulopatía aórtica mostró un acuerdo débil. El derrame pericárdico y la hipertensión pulmonar tuvieron concordancia pobre y débil, respectivamente. Conclusiones: con un tiempo limitado de formación, los participantes sin experiencia previa en técnicas de ultrasonido y utilizando ecoscopia, alcanzaron un acuerdo moderado en la mayoría de las mediciones cuando se comparó con ecocardiografía convencional practicada por ecocardiografistas expertos. Es necesario un estudio con mayor número de participantes que determine el tiempo de formación ideal para obtener resultados comparables con ecocardiografía.

Abstract Introduction: Focused cardiac ultrasound has been proposed as a useful approach for improving clinical decision making, as well as to be able to rapidly identify the ultrasound signs of a specific list of potential diagnoses. Objective: To evaluate a training program for physicians with no experience in cardiac ultrasound with the aim performing focused cardiac ultrasound using a portable device (echoscopy). Materials and methods: The results obtained from echoscopy performed by the physicians that received training were compared with those obtained with conventional cardiac ultrasound carried out by expert cardiologists. A total of 5 non-cardiologist doctors, including 1 medical student, 2 Internal Medicine residents, and 2 from Intensive Medicine, took part in a four-week training course given by a Level III Cardiology specialist. The course included: First week: Theory and basis of cardiac ultrasound (3 hours daily) Second week: Theory of acquiring images. Normal and abnormal findings (50 studies). Third week: handling of the echoscope (50 studies). Fourth week: Data collection. The study included patients scheduled for conventional cardiac ultrasound in the Non-Invasive Methods Laboratory. Two examinations were carried out on each patient. The first consisted of an echoscopy performed by a doctor that had received the training, and the second consisted of a cardiac ultrasound carried out by an expert cardiologist. The ultrasound parameters evaluated were: left ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular dysfunction, left atrial enlargement, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac valve disease, and pericardial effusion. The results found in echoscopy versus cardiac ultrasound were compared using concordance analysis (Kappa Index). Results: The following results were obtained on the 221 studies performed: moderate agreement in left ventricular ejection fraction (к =0.541, P<.000), right ventricular function (к =0.403, P<.001), left atrial enlargement (к =0.413, P<.001), mitral valve and tricuspid valve disease (к =0.437, P<.001 and (к =0.466, P<.001, respectively). There was weak agreement with aortic valve disease. Pericardiac effusion and the presence of pulmonary hypertension had a poor and week agreement, respectively. Conclusions: With a limited training period, the participants with no previous experience in ultrasound techniques and using echoscopy achieved a moderate agreement in the majority of measurements when compared with conventional cardiac ultrasound performed by experts in the technique. A study with a larger number of participants is required in order to determine the ideal training period to obtain results comparable with cardiac ultrasound.

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in pregnancy has a serious impact on maternal and fetal morbidity. It causes recurrent pregnancy miscarriage and it is associated with other adverse obstetric findings like preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome and others. The 2006 revised criteria, which is still valid, is used for APS classification. Epidemiology of obstetric APS varies from one population group to another largely due to different inclusion criteria and lack of standardization of antibody detection methods. Treatment is still controversial. This topic should include a multidisciplinary team and should be individualized. Success here is based on strict control and monitoring throughout pregnancy and even in the preconception and postpartum periods. Further research in this field and unification of criteria are required to yield better therapeutic strategies in the future.

Spondyloarthropathies in autoimmune diseases and vice versa.

Polyautoimmunity is one of the major clinical characteristics of autoimmune diseases (ADs). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ADs in spondyloarthropathies (SpAs) and vice versa. This was a two-phase cross-sectional study. First, we examined the presence of ADs in a cohort of patients with SpAs (N = 148). Second, we searched for the presence of SpAs in a well-defined group of patients with ADs (N = 1077) including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Among patients with SpAs, ankylosing spondylitis was observed in the majority of them (55.6%). There were two patients presenting with SS in the SpA group (1.4%) and 5 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (3.5%). The global prevalence of ADs in SpAs was 4.86%. In the ADs group, there were 5 patients with SpAs (0.46%). Our results suggest a lack of association between SpAs and ADs. Accordingly, SpAs might correspond more to autoinflammatory diseases rather than to ADs.

Shared HLA Class II in Six Autoimmune Diseases in Latin America: A Meta-Analysis.

The prevalence and genetic susceptibility of autoimmune diseases (ADs) may vary depending on latitudinal gradient and ethnicity. The aims of this study were to identify common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles that contribute to susceptibility to six ADs in Latin Americans through a meta-analysis and to review additional clinical, immunological, and genetic characteristics of those ADs sharing HLA alleles. DRB1(∗)03:01 (OR: 4.04; 95%CI: 1.41-11.53) was found to be a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). DRB1(∗)04:05 (OR: 4.64; 95%CI: 2.14-10.05) influences autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and T1D; DRB1(∗)04:01 (OR: 3.86; 95%CI: 2.32-6.42) is a susceptibility factor for RA and T1D. Opposite associations were found between multiple sclerosis (MS) and T1D. DQB1(∗)06:02 and DRB1(∗)15 alleles were risk factors for MS but protective factors for T1D. Likewise, DQB1(∗)06:03 allele was a risk factor for AIH but a protective one for T1D. Several common autoantibodies and clinical associations as well as additional shared genes have been reported in these ADs, which are reviewed herein. These results indicate that in Latin Americans ADs share major loci and immune characteristics.