Non-Equilibrium Fractionation Factors for D/H and 18O/16O During Oceanic Evaporation in the North-West Atlantic Region.

Ocean isotopic evaporation models, such as the Craig-Gordon model, rely on the description of nonequilibrium fractionation factors that are, in general, poorly constrained. To date, only a few gradient-diffusion type measurements have been performed in ocean settings to test the validity of the commonly used parametrization of nonequilibrium isotopic fractionation during ocean evaporation. In this work, we present 6 months of water vapor isotopic observations collected from a meteorological tower located in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (Bermuda) with the objective of estimating nonequilibrium fractionation factors (k, ‰) for ocean evaporation and their wind speed dependency. The Keeling Plot method and Craig-Gordon model combination were sensitive enough to resolve nonequilibrium fractionation factors during evaporation resulting into mean values of k 18 = 5.2 ± 0.6‰ and k 2 = 4.3 ± 3.4‰. Furthermore, we evaluate the relationship between k and 10-m wind speed over the ocean. Such a relationship is expected from current evaporation theory and from laboratory experiments made in the 1970s, but observational evidence is lacking. We show that (a) in the observed wind speed range [0-10 m s-1], the sensitivity of k to wind speed is small, in the order of -0.2‰ m-1 s for k 18, and (b) there is no empirical evidence for the presence of a discontinuity between smooth and rough wind speed regime during isotopic fractionation, as proposed in earlier studies. The water vapor d-excess variability predicted under the closure assumption using the k values estimated in this study is in agreement with observations over the Atlantic Ocean.

Relevance of hemostasis on restenosis in clinically stable patients undergoing elective PTCA.

BACKGROUND: Secondary coronary thrombus formation is considered to be co-factor in the pathogenesis of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Therefore systemic factors indicating a hypercoagulable disease state may be relevant for the process of coronary renarrowing. Even though experimental data suggest that in particular thrombin may be of major relevance for restenosis induced by mechanical injury, only little clinical data has been presented so far. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 60 consecutive patients, who had been clinical stable for at least 2 months, and who underwent elective and primarily successful PTCA, follow-up films were evaluated by means of quantitative coronary angiography in respect to a categorical and a continuous definition of restenosis, luminal narrowing >50% and late luminal loss respectively. Of the chosen laboratory variables prothrombin fragment 1+2 (1.3+/-0.5 vs. 0.9+/-0.4 mmol/l, p<0.001) red blood cell aggregation at low shear stress (13.5+/-2.9 vs. 11.6+/-2.8 units, p<0.05), and plasminogen-activator inhibitor (3.7+/-1.8 vs. 5.3+/-3.2 U/ml p<0.05) differentiated between patients with (n=18) and without restenosis (n=42). Late luminal loss correlated positively with prothrombin fragment 1+2 (r=0.41, p<0.001), plasminogen-activator inhibitor (r= -0.28, p<0.05) and plasmin-alpha2-antiplasmin complex (r=0.39, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A hypercoagulable disease state and in particular thrombin generation characterize a high-risk group prone for restenosis in clinically stable coronary artery disease.

Vaginal recurrences of endometrial carcinoma: the prognostic value of staging by a primary vaginal carcinoma system.

Fifty-five of 1716 women with endometrial carcinoma seen consecutively at three institutions prior to 1986 were found to have an isolated post-hysterectomy vaginal recurrence. Their therapy included external radiation therapy (RT) and brachytherapy for 26 women, external RT alone for 17, brachytherapy only for 4, and no RT for 8. Combined external RT/brachytherapy doses ranged from 2000 to 10,000 cGy with a median of 6000 cGy. The 3- and 5-year actuarial survival rates are 48% and 31% for the entire group, and the 3- and 5-year pelvic control rates are 52% and 42%. The 5-year survival and pelvic control rates for those who received greater than or equal to 6000 cGy in total RT dose are 47% and 68%, compared with 12% and 10% for those receiving less than 6000 cGy (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004). For patients receiving their second RT course, the 5-year survival rate is 16%, compared with 48% for those not previously irradiated. The Perez modification of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for primary vaginal carcinoma was applied to each recurrence. There were 15 Stage I cases (vaginal mucosa), 32 Stage II cases divided between 15 Stage IIA (subvaginal infiltration) and 17 in Stage IIB (parametrial infiltration), and 8 Stage III cases (pelvic wall involvement). The 3-year actuarial survival and pelvic control rates using this staging system are: Stage I: 85%/100%; Stage II: 41%/43%, Stage IIA: 59%/53%, Stage IIB: 26%/35%; Stage III: 13%/0%. These outcome endpoints are significantly better for Stage I than Stage II patients (p = 0.01 & 0.0004) and for Stages I and IIA compared to Stages IIB and III (p = 0.0005 & 0.002). The pre-treatment variables of age, interval since hysterectomy, initial stage, and location did not predict for survival, but a higher rate of pelvic control was observed for apical than for suburethral recurrences (56% vs. 20%). Grade III histology was highly correlated with poor survival (p = 0.0006). This vaginal carcinoma staging system appears to have value in predicting treatment outcome for patients with post-hysterectomy vaginal recurrences.

Analysis of failure patterns in stage III endometrial carcinoma and therapeutic implications.

The poor outcome of certain patients with Stage III endometrial carcinoma has led some investigators to direct adjuvant therapy to the abdominal cavity. To better define failure patterns, a review of 126 patients with Stage III endometrial carcinoma treated at four institutions was performed. Seventy-four patients were diagnosed at surgery with pathologic Stage III disease, whereas 52 patients presented with clinical Stage III disease. Most patients received external beam irradiation to the pelvis with a variety of boost techniques. Site of disease, grade, depth of invasion, and pathology were examined for prognostic significance. Actuarial techniques were used to analyze survival and recurrences. For the 52 clinical Stage III patients, 5-year survival was 36%. The median survival of 20 patients who were treated with radiation therapy (RT) following biopsy was 9 months. Pelvic control was poor in these patients, with 16/18 evaluable patients failing locally. Thirty-two patients who underwent resection with adjunctive RT had a 5-year survival of 48%. Local failure occurred in 40% of patients, whereas 38% of patients had abdominal failure. Isolated abdominal failure was infrequent with 6% failing as isolated recurrence, and 16% failing as the only site of distant disease. For 74 pathologic Stage III patients, 5-year survival was 54%. Local failure resulted in 20% of patients, and isolated abdominal failure occurred in 7% of patients. The subset of patients with ovarian or tubal involvement included 42 patients, with a 5-year survival of 60%. Further analysis of this subset by grade and depth of myometrial penetration was found to be prognostically significant. Twenty-four patients who were Stage III because of parametrial or pelvic peritoneal involvement had a 5-year survival of 44%. Local control and survival is improved in Stage III patients treated with surgical resection. The high rate of distant metastases in both abdominal and extra-abdominal sites has significant therapeutic implications.

Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation test: vibrator response characteristics in pregnant sheep postmortem.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of small decreases in battery voltage on the sound pressure level and spectral features of sound within the uterus during vibroacoustic stimulation with a battery-powered electronic artificial larynx. METHODS: In eight pregnant, recently sacrificed sheep, the fluid-borne, intra-amniotic sound pressures resulting from vibration of the abdominal wall with an electronic artificial larynx were compared with airborne sound pressures produced by an artificial larynx and measured at 50 cm. RESULTS: At all frequencies, the intrauterine sound pressure was higher than the sound pressure in air. Decreasing battery voltage from 9 to 7 V resulted in a 5-18-dB decrease in intrauterine sound pressure at the electronic artificial larynx fundamental frequency and most overtones, but only a 4-8-dB decrease in the airborne signal. The results indicate that for frequencies relevant to fetal hearing, the reduction of sound pressure level caused by inadequate battery voltage may result in a difference in fetal response. CONCLUSION: Routine verification of the function of a vibroacoustic device by means of a battery voltage check is recommended.

Effect of abdominal vibroacoustic stimulation on sound and acceleration levels at the head of the fetal sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the vibratory response of the fetal head and abdominal wall in sheep during vibroacoustic stimulation. METHODS: A piezoresistive accelerometer was attached to the skulls of seven sheep fetuses (128-134 days' gestational age), and a miniature hydrophone was attached to the skin overlying the fetal temporal bone. During fetal preparation and vibroacoustic stimulation procedures, ewes were anesthetized and supine. Vibroacoustic stimulation of the maternal abdomen was produced by each of two clinical devices that differed in spectral content, and an electric toothbrush. RESULTS: The approximate fundamental frequencies (f0) and first overtones (f1), as determined by both recordings of intrauterine sound pressure level and fetal head acceleration, were as follows: fetal acoustic stimulator, 75 and 150 Hz; electronic larynx, 150 and 300 Hz; and electric toothbrush, 25 and 50 Hz, respectively. At fundamental frequencies and first overtones, the ranges of fetal head accelerations (expressed in 1/12-octave bands) were as follows: fetal acoustic stimulator, 10-53 and 25-224 mm/sec2; electronic larynx, 10-53 and 18-114 mm/sec2; and electric toothbrush, 33-792 and 8-116 mm/sec2, respectively. Sound pressure levels exceeded 110 dB in all cases. High sound pressure levels in the uterus were proportional to fetal head vibration levels. CONCLUSION: Vibroacoustic stimulation of the surface of the abdomen of pregnant sheep is accompanied by both acoustic and vibratory exposure of the fetus.

Adjuvant radiotherapy for stage I, grade 2 endometrial adenocarcinoma and adenoacanthoma with limited myometrial invasion.

All cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma from January 1970 to December 1980 treated at the Geisinger Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively. One hundred eighty-eight cases of stage I grade 2 adenocarcinoma of favorable histologic subtype (adenocarcinoma, adenoacanthoma) and limited myometrial invasion (less than one-third of the myometrium) were identified. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy was used in 136 cases, and 52 cases were treated with surgery alone. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in menopausal status, parity, exogenous estrogen, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or uterine size. Five-year survival for the surgery and radiotherapy group was 94% (128 of 136), and the recurrence rate was 2.2% (three of 136). The five-year survival for the surgery-alone group was 98% (51 of 52), and the recurrence rate was 1.9% (one of 52). There was no statistically significant difference in five-year survival or recurrence between the two groups. This study suggests that surgery alone is adequate treatment for stage I grade 2 adenocarcinoma of favorable histologic subtype and limited myometrial invasion. This study also shows a possible benefit in the combined use of histologic subtype, grade, and myometrial invasion as prognostic indicators and as guides for adjuvant radiotherapy.

Salpingitis or oophoritis: what causes fever following oocyte aspiration and embryo transfer?

BACKGROUND: Febrile morbidity following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is a rare but possibly serious complication. This report describes a case of salpingitis after IVF-ET and discusses the possible reasons for febrile morbidity following this common procedure. CASE: A 37-year-old woman undergoing IVF-ET for tubal factor infertility developed sudden, severe pelvic pain, fever, and leukocytosis 24 hours after ET. Laparoscopy revealed bilateral suppurative pyosalpinges with cystic, hemorrhagic ovaries. Pain, fever, and leukocytosis resolved with conservative surgery and intravenous antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This case presents laparoscopic documentation of a rare complication of oocyte aspiration and/or ET, namely, salpingitis. Possibilities for the development of salpingitis following IVF-ET include activation of quiescent bacteria within the fallopian tubes from a previous pelvic infection, puncture of the bowel during oocyte aspiration, inoculation of the pelvis with cervicovaginal flora during oocyte aspiration, and introduction of bacteria-laden secretions or air into the fallopian tubes during ET. Although rare, the possibility of severe pelvic infection following IVF-ET warrants consideration of prophylactic antibiotic coverage.

Effect of cocaine on electrocortical activity in fetal sheep.

The effect of cocaine on the behavioral state of six fetal sheep was studied during gestational ages between 128-135 days. Two to eight days after surgery, fetuses received either a continuous 60 min intravenous infusion of cocaine HCl (33.4 mg) or saline. The infusions were preceded and followed by control periods of 102 min. Cocaine induced a disruption in fetal behavioral state cyclicity and a decrease in the amount of time spent in rapid eye movement sleep (P < 0.01) and non-rapid eye movement sleep (P < 0.05) during the infusion, but not during the recovery period. Spectral amplitude of the electrocortical activity at all three cortical locations increased within most one-third octave bands between 0.8-4 Hz and decreased within most bands between 16-25 Hz (P < 0.05) compared to controls. There were no differences in spectral amplitude between pre- and post-cocaine periods at any location over the 25 frequency bands studied (P > 0.6) except for one frequency band centered at 12.5 Hz. The effects of a one hour cocaine infusion on fetal cortical electrical activity are diffuse, but short-lived, and occur independently of changes in fetal oxygenation.

Color Doppler ultrasonography assessment of tubal patency: a comparison study with traditional techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of color Doppler ultrasonic hysterosalpingography (color US-HSG) and x-ray-HSG with chromoperturbation at the time of laparoscopy. DESIGN: Open, uncontrolled study of women seeking evaluation for infertility from August 1989 to July 1991. SETTING: Clinical environment. PATIENTS: Two hundred thirty-eight infertile women. INTERVENTION: Saline was administered transcervically during transvaginal color Doppler sonography in 238 women. Traditional x-ray-HSG was performed in 89 women. Laparoscopy with chromoperturbation was done in 121 women. Forty-nine women had all three procedures performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The frequency of diagnosis of bilateral tubal patency, bilateral tubal occlusion, and unilateral tubal patency after color US-HSG and x-ray-HSG was compared with chromoperturbation. The diagnostic efficacy of color US-HSG and x-ray-HSG was compared with chromoperturbation. RESULTS: Correlation between color US-HSG and x-ray findings with chromoperturbation occurred in 81% versus 60% (P = 0.0008) of all women studied. In 49 women who had all three procedures performed, color US-HSG results correlated with chromoperturbation more often than x-ray-HSG (82% versus 57%, P = 0.0152). CONCLUSION: Color US-HSG is an alternative technique to x-ray-HSG in diagnosing tubal occlusion as a cause of infertility.

Quality assurance for sperm concentration using latex beads.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a simple, universally applicable method of quality assurance for sperm counting, thereby reducing intercounting chamber variation. DESIGN: By using a known concentration of latex beads, the sperm:bead ratio can be used to calculate the actual sperm count. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean sperm and bead counts were determined in both a Spot-lite hemocytometer (Baxter Diagnostics, McGaw Park, IL) and a Makler chamber (Polymedco Inc., Yorktown, NY) from 21 different ejaculates mixed with a known concentration of beads. The hemocytometer chamber was used as the standard counting chamber because it consistently yielded a low variation in sperm count. The adjusted sperm concentration of the Makler chamber was calculated using the following formula [hemocytometer beads]/[Makler beads] x [Makler sperm]. RESULTS: Observed mean +/- SD sperm counts were significantly different between the hemocytometer chamber (110.6 +/- 66.2 x 10(6)/mL) and Makler chamber (173.3 +/- 103.5 x 10(6)/mL). However, calculated Makler chamber sperm counts (118.1 +/- 76.1 x 10(6)/mL) was not statistically different from observed hemocytometer sperm counts. CONCLUSION: This novel approach to sperm counting using a known concentration of latex beads as a reference material can be used to reduce variation in sperm counting between observers, counting chambers, and possibly computerized sperm analyzers.

Comparison of the methods of artificial insemination on the incidence of conception in single unmarried women.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pregnancy rates after intrauterine insemination (IUI) versus pericervical insemination in absolute male factor infertility using each patient as her own control. DESIGN: Ovulatory women with patent fallopian tubes without male partners were alternately inseminated with cryopreserved donor semen using either IUI or pericervical insemination techniques. A total of 81 cycles, which included up to 4 cycles per patient were performed. In this manner a comparison between the efficacy of each method could be evaluated. SETTING: The donor insemination program at the Center For Assisted Reproduction at Northwestern University Medical School. PATIENTS: Twenty-six single, healthy, unmarried women with patent fallopian tubes and < 40 years of age without male partners (absolute male factor infertility). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive quantitative serum subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin followed by the presence of an intrauterine gestational sac seen by transvaginal ultrasonography. RESULTS: Fourteen (54%) of 26 patients conceived including two (14%) miscarriages within four insemination cycles. Seven (17.5%) patients after IUI, and 7 (17.1%) patients after pericervical insemination conceived. The pregnancy rates were similar regardless of the order of insemination method. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal that there is no statistical difference in the pregnancy outcome between these two methods of insemination in absolute male factor infertility.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anordrin (2 alpha, 17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane-2 beta, 17 beta-diol diproprionate).

In order to determine the pharmacokinetics of anordrin a dose of 0.2 mg/kg of [3-14 C]anordrin was administered i.v. to 5 cynomolgus monkeys; the same monkeys received the same dose i.m. at a later date. An additional 3 monkeys received 1.0 mg/kg of [3-14C]anordrin i.m. After administration of the compound, the dipropionate esters of anordrin were rapidly hydrolyzed to the dihydroxy parent compound, anordiol. After i.v. administration, anordrin had a mean residence time (MRT) of 5.0 +/- 1.3 (SE) min. [14C]Anordiol formed from [14C]anordrin had an MRT of 139 +/- 27 (SE) min. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of anordrin and anordiol were 55 and 34 mL/min.kg, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) for anordrin was 276 mL/kg, 7.5% of body weight of the animals; anordrol had a much larger Vss of 4460 mL/kg. The MRT of anordiol after i.m. administration of 1.0 mg/kg of [14C]anordrin was 26.3 days. An average of 44% of the dose appeared in urine regardless of the route of administration or dose. The MRT values of total radioactivity were the same when calculated from serum or urine after an i.v. dose, but after i.m. administration, values from urine were approximately 60% of that calculated from serum, indicating that products appearing in urine had a shorter MRT than products appearing primarily in feces. A separate group of monkeys was given anordrin i.m. in doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg on the first day of menses. The regression of length of menstrual cycle on dose was significant (P = 0.004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Noise induced hearing loss in fetal sheep.

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) was recorded in utero from chronically instrumented fetal sheep prior to and following exposure of pregnant ewes to intense broadband noise (120 dB SPL for 16 h). ABRs were elicited by clicks and tone bursts (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) delivered through a bone oscillator secured to the fetal skull. Latency-intensity functions for most of the four vertex-positive waves (labelled I-IV) were prolonged and ABR thresholds were temporarily elevated by an average of 8 dB following the noise exposure. Results show that exogenous sounds can penetrate the uterus and result in alterations of the fetal ABR.

Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of anordiol: a comparison of uterine and vaginal responses with those of clomiphene citrate.

Anordiol (2 alpha,17 alpha-diethynyl-A-nor-5 alpha-androstane-2 beta,17 beta-diol) has been variously characterized as an estrogen and as an antiestrogen. To more completely understand the pharmacological properties of this contraceptive steroid, simultaneous responses were studied in uterine, vaginal, and hepatic tissues. Rats received 4 daily sc injections with either anordiol, clomiphene citrate (CC), or the vehicle alone (C+) starting on the first day of pseudopregnancy. Uteri were traumatized on day 4 of pseudopregnancy, and rats were sacrificed 5 days later. A pseudopregnant group without uterine trauma served as a negative control (C-). Mean uterine weights per animal and cytosolic estrogen (EcR) and progesterone (PcR) receptor activities per g of DNA were all 5- to 7-fold greater in the C+ group than in the other groups (all p < 0.05). However, anordiol and CC suppressed uterine weight without suppressing the stromal proliferative response; the DNA content of the uteri of anordiol- and CC-treated rats was similar to that of C+ rats. Vaginal tissue exhibited estrogenic responses to anordiol and CC with an increase in epithelial stratification compared to the C+ and C- groups even though no difference in levels of EcR/g of DNA were expressed 5 days after the last antiestrogen dose. Binding affinities and serum E2 and progesterone (P) concentrations were not statistically different among the groups. In conclusion, anordiol produced responses in the uterus and vagina of the pseudopregnant rat which were indistinguishable from those of CC, and, therefore, we conclude that anordiol acts on these tissues as an antiestrogen.

Cocaine does not compromise cerebral or myocardial oxygen delivery in fetal sheep.

Eight time-dated pregnant ewes at 125 days' gestation (145 days = term) underwent surgery for placement of fetal vascular catheters, electrodes for recording fetal behavioural state, and maternal venous catheters. Three days later, fetal cerebral and myocardial blood flow were determined by the coloured microsphere technique under four conditions: (1) during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, before fetal cocaine infusion, (2) 30 min after initiation of a cocaine infusion to the fetus at 0.2 mg/kg per min, (3) during REM sleep, before maternal cocaine infusion, and (4) 30 min after initiation of a cocaine infusion to the ewe at 0.3 mg/kg per min. Cocaine infusion directly to the fetal lamb did not cause hypoxaemia or significantly change cerebral or myocardial blood flow or oxygen delivery. Cocaine administered to the ewe led to a drop in fetal oxygen tension from 3.0 +/- 0.5 to 2.5 +/- 0.3 kPa (P < 0.0001) and in fetal oxygen content from 3.8 +/- 0.7 to 2.8 +/- 0.4 mmol O2/L (P < 0.0001). Prior to maternal cocaine administration, fetal cerebral blood flow was 146 +/- 103 mL/100 g per min and during maternal cocaine infusion it went to 184 +/- 147 mL/100 g per min (P = NS) while myocardial blood flow increased from 156 +/- 92 to 333 +/- 178 mL/100 g per min (P < 0.002). This increase in blood flow negated the effects of hypoxaemia so that cerebral oxygen delivery was unaffected while myocardial oxygen delivery increased an average of 67%. It is concluded that cocaine administration to pregnant sheep does not impede fetal cerebral or myocardial oxygen delivery.

Congenital asplenia detected in a 60 year old patient with septicemia.

A 60 year-old female who had never been seriously ill, was brought to the emergency ward after she had been found somnolent at home. She developed renal failure, meningitis, respiratory distress and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Overwhelming septicemia was evident, and streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Surprisingly, peripheral blood smears showed numerous Howell-Jolly-bodies, indicating severe impairment of splenic function. On abdominal ultrasound, CT-scan, and scintigraphy no spleen could be detected. There was no history of abdominal surgery. Apparently, congenital asplenia, which was not noticed until the age of 60, was responsible for the patient's life-threatening septicemia. We suggest that, in cases of severe septicemia, the examination of a blood smear is useful to detect functional (or congenital) asplenia.

Intra-abdominal sound pressure levels during impulse noise exposure in sheep.

Ambient sound pressure levels (SPLs) created with intense blasts were compared with SPLs recorded in the abdomen of euthanized sheep. Hydrophones were placed in the abdominal cavity at locations referred to as proximal, medial, and distal with respect to a shock tube that created 169-dB peak SPL (pSPL). No differences in pSPL, duration, or rise time were found between recordings in air and at the intra-abdominal proximal position. Significant differences were noted in these variables when recordings in air were compared with recordings made at the medial and distal locations. Intra-abdominal pSPL varied by 20 dB depending on recording location.

Effect of impulse noise on the auditory brainstem response of the fetal sheep and the adult ewe: case study.

Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were obtained from a sheep fetus in utero and from a nonpregnant ewe before and after a noise exposure generated by 10 105-mm howitzer impulses (160-166 dB peak pressure). Fetal ABR thresholds shifted by less than 15 dB, whereas the adult thresholds shifted more than 50 dB. Comparison of exposed and nonexposed fetal cytocochleograms revealed minimal sensory cell loss in two age-matched animals. Although fetal ABR threshold shifts were noted in this study, the magnitude of shift was modest when compared to the significant elevation of the adult ABR thresholds.

Diets of Endurance Runners Competing in a 20-Day Road Race.

In brief: The diets of 15 experienced male distance runners were evaluated during eight consecutive days in the middle portion of the 1982 Great Hawaiian Footrace, a 500-km, 20-day road race. The runners were free to eat and drink at will; each subject kept daily records of food and beverage intake (excluding water). The data showed that the runners' intake of specific nutrients usually met or exceeded the 1980 recommended dietary allowances. This suggests that supplementing a male endurance athlete's diet is not necessary.