Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke with established large infarct: multicentre, open-label, randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests a beneficial effect of endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke with large infarct; however, previous trials have relied on multimodal brain imaging, whereas non-contrast CT is mostly used in clinical practice. METHODS: In a prospective multicentre, open-label, randomised trial, patients with acute ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation and a large established infarct indicated by an Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomographic Score (ASPECTS) of 3-5 were randomly assigned using a central, web-based system (using a 1:1 ratio) to receive either endovascular thrombectomy with medical treatment or medical treatment (ie, standard of care) alone up to 12 h from stroke onset. The study was conducted in 40 hospitals in Europe and one site in Canada. The primary outcome was functional outcome across the entire range of the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days, assessed by investigators masked to treatment assignment. The primary analysis was done in the intention-to-treat population. Safety endpoints included mortality and rates of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage and were analysed in the safety population, which included all patients based on the treatment they received. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03094715. FINDINGS: From July 17, 2018, to Feb 21, 2023, 253 patients were randomly assigned, with 125 patients assigned to endovascular thrombectomy and 128 to medical treatment alone. The trial was stopped early for efficacy after the first pre-planned interim analysis. At 90 days, endovascular thrombectomy was associated with a shift in the distribution of scores on the modified Rankin Scale towards better outcome (adjusted common OR 2·58 [95% CI 1·60-4·15]; p=0·0001) and with lower mortality (hazard ratio 0·67 [95% CI 0·46-0·98]; p=0·038). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in seven (6%) patients with thrombectomy and in six (5%) with medical treatment alone. INTERPRETATION: Endovascular thrombectomy was associated with improved functional outcome and lower mortality in patients with acute ischaemic stroke from large vessel occlusion with established large infarct in a setting using non-contrast CT as the predominant imaging modality for patient selection. FUNDING: EU Horizon 2020.

High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging visualizes intracranial large artery involvement in Giant Cell Arteritis.

OBJECTIVE: Giant Cell arteritis (GCA) is a large vessel vasculitis, typically involving the aorta and its branches with predilection for the scalp arteries. Intracranial involvement is still part of ongoing research. We assess inflammation of the intracranial arteries on 3D-black-blood magnetic resonance imaging (3D-CS-BB-MRI) in patients with GCA and age-matched controls. METHODS: 105 patients with 3D-CS-BB-MRI of the brain were included in this retrospective dual-center case-control study; 55 with diagnosed GCA and 50 age-matched controls. High-resolution 3D-CS-BB-MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla MR scanner with a post-contrast 3D-compressed-sensing (CS) MR pulse sequence, specifically a T1-weighted sampling perfection, application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) pulse sequence with whole-brain coverage and isotropic resolution of 0.55 mm3. Two neuroradiologists blinded to clinical data independently scored the cerebral arteries qualitatively for inflammation; circumferential vessel wall thickening and contrast enhancement were scored positive for vasculitis. RESULTS: 8 of 55 GCA patients (14.5%) showed inflammation of at least one intracranial artery. The internal carotid artery (ICA) was affected in 6/55 (10.9%), the vertebral artery in 4/55 (7.3%) and the basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery in 1/55 (1.8%). All patients with inflammatory changes reported headaches and none showed any focal neurological deficit. Besides headache and general weakness, there was no significant correlation between inflammation of the intracranial arteries and clinical symptoms. No age-matched control patient showed inflammatory changes of the intracranial arteries. CONCLUSION: High-resolution 3D-CS-BB-MRI revealed inflammatory changes of intracranial arteries in 14.5% of GCA patients with the intradural ICA as the most frequently affected vessel.

Imaging in malignant germ cell tumors involving the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis: the evaluation of the posterior pituitary bright spot is essential.

PURPOSE: Malignant intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare diseases in Western countries. They arise in midline structures and diagnosis is often delayed. We evaluated imaging characteristics and early tumor signs of suprasellar and bifocal GCT on MRI. METHODS: Patients with the diagnosis of a germinoma or non-germinomatous GCT (NGGCT) who received non-contrast sagittal T1WI on MRI pre-therapy were included. Loss of the posterior pituitary bright spot (PPBS), the expansion and size of the tumor, and the expansion and infiltration of surrounding structures were evaluated. Group comparison for histologies and localizations was performed. RESULTS: A total of 102 GCT patients (median age at diagnosis 12.3 years, range 4.4-33.8; 57 males; 67 in suprasellar localization) were enrolled in the study. In the suprasellar cohort, NGGCTs (n = 20) were noticeably larger than germinomas (n = 47; p < .001). Each tumor showed involvement of the posterior lobe or pituitary stalk. A PPBS loss (total n = 98) was observed for each localization and entity in more than 90% and was related to diabetes insipidus. Osseous infiltration was observed exclusively in suprasellar GCT (significantly more frequent in NGGCT; p = .004). Time between the first MRI and therapy start was significantly longer in the suprasellar cohort (p = .005), with an even greater delay in germinoma compared to NGGCT (p = .002). The longest interval to treatment had circumscribed suprasellar germinomas (median 312 days). CONCLUSION: A loss of the PPBS is a hint of tumor origin revealing small tumors in the neurohypophysis. Using this sign in children with diabetes insipidus avoids a delay in diagnosis.

[18F]FET-PET in children and adolescents with central nervous system tumors: does it support difficult clinical decision-making?

PURPOSE: Positron emission tomography (PET) with O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET) is a well-established tool for non-invasive assessment of adult central nervous system (CNS) tumors. However, data on its diagnostic utility and impact on clinical management in children and adolescents are limited. METHODS: Twenty-one children and young adults (13 males; mean age, 8.6 ± 5.2 years; range, 1-19 at initial diagnosis) with either newly diagnosed (n = 5) or pretreated (n = 16) CNS tumors were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had previously undergone neuro-oncological work-up including cranial magnetic resonance imaging. In all cases, [18F]FET-PET was indicated in a multidisciplinary team conference. The impact of PET imaging on clinical decision-making was assessed. Histopathology (n = 12) and/or clinical and imaging follow-up (n = 9) served as the standard of reference. RESULTS: The addition of [18F]FET-PET to the available information had an impact on further patient management in 14 out of 21 subjects, with avoidance of invasive surgery or biopsy in four patients, biopsy guidance in four patients, change of further treatment in another five patients, and confirmation of diagnosis in one patient. CONCLUSION: [18F]FET-PET may provide important additional information for treatment guidance in pediatric and adolescent patients with CNS tumors.

Deep phenotyping as a contribution to personalized depression therapy: the GEParD and DaCFail protocols.

Depressive patients suffer from a complex of symptoms of varying intensity compromising their mood, emotions, self-concept, neurocognition, and somatic function. Due to a mosaic of aetiologies involved in developing depression, such as somatic, neurobiological, (epi-)genetic factors, or adverse life events, patients often experience recurrent depressive episodes. About 20-30% of these patients develop difficult-to-treat depression. Here, we describe the design of the GEParD (Genetics and Epigenetics of Pharmaco- and Psychotherapy in acute and recurrent Depression) cohort and the DaCFail (Depression-associated Cardiac Failure) case-control protocol. Both protocols intended to investigate the incremental utility of multimodal biomarkers including cardiovascular and (epi-)genetic markers, functional brain and heart imaging when evaluating the response to antidepressive therapy using comprehensive psychometry. From 2012 to 2020, 346 depressed patients (mean age 45 years) were recruited to the prospective, observational GEParD cohort protocol. Between 2016 and 2020, the DaCFail case-control protocol was initiated integrating four study subgroups to focus on heart-brain interactions and stress systems in patients > 50 years with depression and heart failure, respectively. For DaCFail, 120 depressed patients (mean age 60 years, group 1 + 2), of which 115 also completed GEParD, and 95 non-depressed controls (mean age 66 years) were recruited. The latter comprised 47 patients with heart failure (group 3) and 48 healthy subjects (group 4) of a population-based control group derived from the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) cohort study. Our hypothesis-driven, exploratory study design may serve as an exemplary roadmap for a standardized, reproducible investigation of personalized antidepressant therapy in an inpatient setting with focus on heart comorbidities in future multicentre studies.

Intraorbital findings in giant cell arteritis on black blood MRI.

OBJECTIVE: Blindness is a feared complication of giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, the spectrum of pathologic orbital imaging findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in GCA is not well understood. In this study, we assess inflammatory changes of intraorbital structures on black blood MRI (BB-MRI) in patients with GCA compared to age-matched controls. METHODS: In this multicenter case-control study, 106 subjects underwent BB-MRI. Fifty-six patients with clinically or histologically diagnosed GCA and 50 age-matched controls without clinical or laboratory evidence of vasculitis were included. All individuals were imaged on a 3-T MR scanner with a post-contrast compressed-sensing (CS) T1-weighted sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution (SPACE) BB-MRI sequence. Imaging results were correlated with available clinical symptoms. RESULTS: Eighteen of 56 GCA patients (32%) showed inflammatory changes of at least one of the intraorbital structures. The most common finding was enhancement of at least one of the optic nerve sheaths (N = 13, 72%). Vessel wall enhancement of the ophthalmic artery was unilateral in 8 and bilateral in 3 patients. Enhancement of the optic nerve was observed in one patient. There was no significant correlation between imaging features of inflammation and clinically reported orbital symptoms (p = 0.10). None of the age-matched control patients showed any inflammatory changes of intraorbital structures. CONCLUSIONS: BB-MRI revealed inflammatory findings in the orbits in up to 32% of patients with GCA. Optic nerve sheath enhancement was the most common intraorbital inflammatory change on BB-MRI. MRI findings were independent of clinically reported orbital symptoms. KEY POINTS: • Up to 32% of GCA patients shows signs of inflammation of intraorbital structures on BB-MRI. • Enhancement of the optic nerve sheath is the most common intraorbital finding in GCA patients on BB-MRI. • Features of inflammation of intraorbital structures are independent of clinically reported symptoms.

[Diagnostics and treatment of hourglass-like nerve constrictions and torsions in neuralgic amyotrophy]. / Diagnostik und Therapie sanduhrförmiger Nervenstrikturen und -torsionen bei neuralgischer Amyotrophie.

Neuralgic amyotrophy is a disease of the peripheral nervous system characterized by severe neuropathic pain followed by peripheral paralysis. A distinction is made between a hereditary and an idiopathic form, which is assumed to have an autoimmunological origin. Conservative medicinal treatment mainly consists of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), opioids and glucocorticoids; however, despite treatment, symptoms in the form of pain or paralysis persist in over 50% of cases. Inflammation can lead to strictures and torsions of peripheral nerves, which can be visualized by imaging using nerve sonography or magnetic resonance (MR) neurography and confirmed intraoperatively during surgical exploration. Based on the currently available data, patients with strictures and torsions of peripheral nerves can benefit from neurosurgical treatment.

CD84 Links T Cell and Platelet Activity in Cerebral Thrombo-Inflammation in Acute Stroke.

RATIONALE: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recanalization of the occluded vessel is essential but not sufficient to guarantee brain salvage. Experimental and clinical data suggest that infarcts often develop further due to a thromboinflammatory process critically involving platelets and T cells, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the role of CD (cluster of differentiation)-84 in acute ischemic stroke after recanalization and to dissect the underlying molecular thromboinflammatory mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we show that mice lacking CD84-a homophilic immunoreceptor of the SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) family-on either platelets or T cells displayed reduced cerebral CD4+ T-cell infiltration and thrombotic activity following experimental stroke resulting in reduced neurological damage. In vitro, platelet-derived soluble CD84 enhanced motility of wild-type but not of Cd84-/- CD4+ T cells suggesting homophilic CD84 interactions to drive this process. Clinically, human arterial blood directly sampled from the ischemic cerebral circulation indicated local shedding of platelet CD84. Moreover, high platelet CD84 expression levels were associated with poor outcome in patients with stroke. CONCLUSIONS: These results establish CD84 as a critical pathogenic effector and thus a potential pharmacological target in ischemic stroke.

Temporal changes in total and hippocampal brain volume and cognitive function in patients with chronic heart failure-the COGNITION.MATTERS-HF cohort study.

AIMS: We quantified the concurring dynamics affecting total and hippocampal brain volume and cognitive function in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) over a period of three years. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 148 patients with mild stable HF entered this monocentric prospective cohort study: mean age 64.5 (10.8) years; 16.2% female; 77% in New York Heart Association functional classes I-II; 128 and 105 patients attended follow-up visits after 1 and 3 years, respectively. The assessment included cardiological, neurological, psychological work-up, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Total and regional brain volumes were quantified using an operator-independent fully automated approach and reported normalized to the mean estimated intracranial volume. At baseline, the mean hippocampal volume was ∼13% lower than expected. However, the 3-year progressive hippocampal volume loss was small: -62 mm3 [95% confidence interval (CI) -81 to -42, P < 0.0001). This corresponded to a relative change of -1.8% (95% CI -2.3 to -1.2), which was similar in magnitude as observed with physiological aging. Moreover, the load of white matter hypointensities increased within the limits of normal aging. Cognitive function during the 3-year observation period remained stable, with 'intensity of attention' as the only domain declining (LSmean -1.82 points, 95% CI -3.05 to -0.58, P = 0.004). After 3 years, performance in all domains of cognition remained associated with hippocampal volume (r ≥ 0.29). CONCLUSION: In patients with predominantly mild HF, the markedly reduced hippocampal volume observed at baseline was associated with impaired cognitive function, but no accelerated deterioration in cognition and brain atrophy became evident over a mid-term period of three years.

Blockade of Platelet Glycoprotein Ibα Augments Neuroprotection in Orai2-Deficient Mice during Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion.

During ischemic stroke, infarct growth before recanalization diminishes functional outcome. Hence, adjunct treatment options to protect the ischemic penumbra before recanalization are eagerly awaited. In experimental stroke targeting two different pathways conferred protection from penumbral tissue loss: (1) enhancement of hypoxic tolerance of neurons by deletion of the calcium channel subunit Orai2 and (2) blocking of detrimental lymphocyte-platelet responses. However, until now, no preclinical stroke study has assessed the potential of combining neuroprotective with anti-thrombo-inflammatory interventions to augment therapeutic effects. We induced focal cerebral ischemia in Orai2-deficient (Orai2-/-) mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were treated with anti-glycoprotein Ib alpha (GPIbα) Fab fragments (p0p/B Fab) blocking GPIbα-von Willebrand factor (vWF) interactions. Rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fab was used as the control treatment. The extent of infarct growth before recanalization was assessed at 4 h after MCAO. Moreover, infarct volumes were determined 6 h after recanalization (occlusion time: 4 h). Orai2 deficiency significantly halted cerebral infarct progression under occlusion. Inhibition of platelet GPIbα further reduced primary infarct growth in Orai2-/- mice. During ischemia-reperfusion, upon recanalization, mice were likewise protected. All in all, we show that neuroprotection in Orai2-/- mice can be augmented by targeting thrombo-inflammation. This supports the clinical development of combined neuroprotective/anti-platelet strategies in hyper-acute stroke.

Platelets and lymphocytes drive progressive penumbral tissue loss during middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.

BACKGROUND: In acute ischemic stroke, cessation of blood flow causes immediate tissue necrosis within the center of the ischemic brain region accompanied by functional failure in the surrounding brain tissue designated the penumbra. The penumbra can be salvaged by timely thrombolysis/thrombectomy, the only available acute stroke treatment to date, but is progressively destroyed by the expansion of infarction. The underlying mechanisms of progressive infarction are not fully understood. METHODS: To address mechanisms, mice underwent filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for up to 4 h. Infarct development was compared between mice treated with antigen-binding fragments (Fab) against the platelet surface molecules GPIb (p0p/B Fab) or rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fab as control treatment. Moreover, Rag1-/- mice lacking T-cells underwent the same procedures. Infarct volumes as well as the local inflammatory response were determined during vessel occlusion. RESULTS: We show that blocking of the platelet adhesion receptor, glycoprotein (GP) Ibα in mice, delays cerebral infarct progression already during occlusion and thus before recanalization/reperfusion. This therapeutic effect was accompanied by decreased T-cell infiltration, particularly at the infarct border zone, which during occlusion is supplied by collateral blood flow. Accordingly, mice lacking T-cells were likewise protected from infarct progression under occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive brain infarction can be delayed by blocking detrimental lymphocyte/platelet responses already during occlusion paving the way for ultra-early treatment strategies in hyper-acute stroke before recanalization.

Local Leukocyte Invasion during Hyperacute Human Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Bridging the gap between experimental stroke and patients by ischemic blood probing during the hyperacute stage of vascular occlusion is crucial to assess the role of inflammation in human stroke and for the development of adjunct treatments beyond recanalization. METHODS: We prospectively observed 151 consecutive ischemic stroke patients with embolic large vessel occlusion of the anterior circulation who underwent mechanical thrombectomy. In all these patients, we attempted microcatheter aspiration of 3 different arterial blood samples: (1) within the core of the occluded vascular compartment and controlled by (2) carotid and (3) femoral samples obtained under physiological flow conditions. Subsequent laboratory analyses comprised leukocyte counting and differentiation, platelet counting, and the quantification of 13 proinflammatory human chemokines/cytokines. RESULTS: Forty patients meeting all clinical, imaging, interventional, and laboratory inclusion criteria could be analyzed, showing that the total number of leukocytes significantly increased under the occlusion condition. This increase was predominantly driven by neutrophils. Significant increases were also apparent for lymphocytes and monocytes, accompanied by locally elevated plasma levels of the T-cell chemoattractant CXCL-11. Finally, we found evidence that short-term clinical outcome (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at 72 hours) was negatively associated with neutrophil accumulation. INTERPRETATION: We provide the first direct human evidence that neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, accompanied by specific chemokine upregulation, accumulate in the ischemic vasculature during hyperacute stroke and may affect outcome. These findings strongly support experimental evidence that immune cells contribute to acute ischemic brain damage and indicate that ischemic inflammation initiates already during vascular occlusion. Ann Neurol 2020;87:466-479.

Treatment with Edoxaban Attenuates Acute Stroke Severity in Mice by Reducing Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Inflammation.

Patients with atrial fibrillation and previous ischemic stroke (IS) are at increased risk of cerebrovascular events despite anticoagulation. In these patients, treatment with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) such as edoxaban reduced the probability and severity of further IS without increasing the risk of major bleeding. However, the detailed protective mechanism of edoxaban has not yet been investigated in a model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, in the current study we aimed to assess in a clinically relevant setting whether treatment with edoxaban attenuates stroke severity, and whether edoxaban has an impact on the local cerebral inflammatory response and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function after experimental IS in mice. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in male mice receiving edoxaban, phenprocoumon or vehicle. Infarct volumes, functional outcome and the occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage were assessed. BBB damage and the extent of local inflammatory response were determined. Treatment with edoxaban significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological outcome and BBB function on day 1 and attenuated brain tissue inflammation. In summary, our study provides evidence that edoxaban might exert its protective effect in human IS by modulating different key steps of IS pathophysiology, but further studies are warranted.

Immune Cells Invade the Collateral Circulation during Human Stroke: Prospective Replication and Extension.

It remains unclear if principal components of the local cerebral stroke immune response can be reliably and reproducibly observed in patients with acute large-vessel-occlusion (LVO) stroke. We prospectively studied a large independent cohort of n = 318 consecutive LVO stroke patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy during which cerebral blood samples from within the occluded anterior circulation and systemic control samples from the ipsilateral cervical internal carotid artery were obtained. An extensive protocol was applied to homogenize the patient cohort and to standardize the procedural steps of endovascular sample collection, sample processing, and laboratory analyses. N = 58 patients met all inclusion criteria. (1) Mean total leukocyte counts were significantly higher within the occluded ischemic cerebral vasculature (I) vs. intraindividual systemic controls (S): +9.6%, I: 8114/µL ± 529 vs. S: 7406/µL ± 468, p = 0.0125. (2) This increase was driven by neutrophils: +12.1%, I: 7197/µL ± 510 vs. S: 6420/µL ± 438, p = 0.0022. Leukocyte influx was associated with (3) reduced retrograde collateral flow (R2 = 0.09696, p = 0.0373) and (4) greater infarct extent (R2 = 0.08382, p = 0.032). Despite LVO, leukocytes invade the occluded territory via retrograde collateral pathways early during ischemia, likely compromising cerebral hemodynamics and tissue integrity. This inflammatory response can be reliably observed in human stroke by harvesting immune cells from the occluded cerebral vascular compartment.

High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in Cerebral Thromboemboli.

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) involved in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and thrombosis. NETs are regularly found in cerebral thromboemboli. We here analyzed associated HMGB1 expression in human thromboemboli retrieved via mechanical thrombectomy from 37 stroke patients with large vessel occlusion. HMGB1 was detected in all thromboemboli, accounting for 1.7% (IQR 0.6-6.2%) of the total thromboemboli area and was found to be colocalized with neutrophils and NETs and in spatial proximity to platelets. Correlation analysis revealed that the detection of HMGB1 was strongly related to the number of neutrophils (r = 0.58, p = 0.0002) and platelets (r = 0.51, p = 0.001). Our results demonstrate that HMGB1 is a substantial constituent of thromboemboli causing large vessel occlusion stroke.

Immunohistological Analysis of Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Human Thrombemboli Causing Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke caused by thromboembolic occlusion of large cerebral arteries, such as the internal carotid (ICA) and/or the middle cerebral artery (MCA), is treated by mechanical thrombectomy (MT). MT allows salvage of the vessel-occluding thrombemboli, which most frequently originate from the left atrium or the left ventricle of the heart or from sites of plaque rupture within large arteries above the heart. Clot composition may influence the efficacy of (intravenous) thrombolysis and MT, respectively. We analyzed 37 human thrombemboli obtained from acute ischemic stroke patients during MT with special emphasis on histological staining of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We found neutrophils as the main cellular component of cerebral thrombemboli but encountered considerable morphological heterogeneity. Neutrophils accumulated in the border region of fibrin-rich structures indicating possible interaction of neutrophils with distinct structural thrombembolus components. Web-like NETs were found in 35 of 37 thrombemboli in varying amounts. NETs were almost exclusively found within fibrin-rich areas. Importantly, stroke etiology, age and present oral anticoagulation was associated with morphological patterns and the amount of neutrophils. Correlation of histological data and imaging data revealed that relative Hounsfield units of cerebral thrombemboli positively correlated with the amount of red blood cells. In summary, our results demonstrate that neutrophils and NETs are substantial constituents of cerebral thrombemboli and contribute to their structural complexity.

Should IV Thrombolysis be given in Patients with Suspected Ischemic Stroke but Unknown Symptom Onset and Without Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesion? - Results of a Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Many acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients present with unknown time of symptom onset (UTO). In these situations, wake-up MRI protocols can guide treatment decisions: patients with DWI (diffusion-weighted imaging) but no fluid-attenuated inversion recovery lesion were shown to benefit from IVT (intravenous thrombolysis). However, initial MRI of some stroke patients is DWI negative, leaving it unclear whether this subgroup profits from IVT. Therefore, we aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of IVT in wake-up AIS patients with or without a DWI lesion in initial imaging. METHODS: We performed a case-control study. All AIS patients with UTO who underwent wake-up MRI and were treated with IVT at a German University Hospital from 2013 to 2017 were included. Patients without (DWI-) were compared to patients with DWI lesion (DWI+) regarding clinico-radiological characteristics, adverse events, and outcome at discharge. Likely stroke mimics were excluded. RESULTS: Eleven DWI- and 32 DWI+ patients were included. There were no statistically significant differences regarding functional scores, age, sex, door-to-needle time, bleeding complications, and death. DWI+ patients more frequently had anterior circulation stroke (P = .049) and higher modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at discharge (P = .048). Solely in the DWI+ group 3 bleeding complications (2 asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformations, 1 muscle hematoma) and 3 deaths occurred (P = .29). A favourable outcome (mRS≤ 2) was achieved in 82% of the DWI- and in 58% of the DWI+ group (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that IVT may be used in DWI- patients with UTO with acute neurological symptoms very likely to be related to AIS.

Description of a Novel Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 Inhibitor Protecting Mice From Ischemic Stroke Independent From Platelet Function.

Background and Purpose- Acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel are the 2 main antithrombotic drugs for secondary prevention in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) without indication for anticoagulation. Because of their limited efficacy and potential side effects, novel antiplatelet agents are urgently needed. Cilostazol, a specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 inhibitor, protected from IS in clinical studies comprising mainly Asian populations. Nevertheless, the detailed mechanistic role of PDE-3 inhibitors in IS pathophysiology is hardly understood. In this project, we analyzed the efficacy and pathophysiologic mechanisms of a novel and only recently described PDE-3 inhibitor (substance V) in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. Methods- Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in 6- to 8-week-old male C57Bl/6 wild-type mice receiving substance V or vehicle 1 hour after ischemia induction. Infarct volumes and functional outcomes were assessed between day 1 and day 7, and findings were validated by magnetic resonance imaging. Blood-brain barrier damage, as well as the extent of local inflammatory response and cell death, was determined. Results- Inhibition of PDE-3 by pharmacological blockade with substance V significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological outcome on day 1 and 7 after experimental cerebral ischemia. Reduced blood-brain barrier damage, attenuated brain tissue inflammation, and decreased local cell death could be identified as potential mechanisms. PDE-3 inhibitor treatment did neither increase the number of intracerebral hemorrhages nor affect platelet function. Conclusions- The novel PDE-3 inhibitor substance V protected mice from IS independent from platelet function. Pharmaceutical inactivation of PDE-3 might become a promising therapeutic approach to combat IS via inhibition of thromboinflammatory mechanisms and stabilization of the blood-brain barrier.

Dorsal root ganglia volume differentiates schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis 2.

Schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis type 2 are hereditary tumor syndromes, and peripheral neuropathy has been reported in both. We prospectively applied in vivo morphometric measurement of dorsal root ganglia volume in 16 schwannomatosis patients, 14 neurofibromatosis type 2 patients, and 26 healthy controls by magnetic resonance neurography. Compared to healthy controls, dorsal root ganglia hypertrophy was a consistent finding in neurofibromatosis type 2 (L3, + 267%; L4, + 235%; L5, + 241%; S1, + 300%; S2, + 242%; Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.001) but not in schwannomatosis. Dorsal root ganglia may be a vulnerable site in origination of areflexia and sensory loss and a useful diagnostic marker in neurofibromatosis type 2. Ann Neurol 2018;83:854-857.