Validation and Implementation of 4-domain Patient-reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) Tailored for Orthopedic Sports Medicine.

The validation of a 4-domain PROM tailored to orthopedic sports medicine was performed through item generation, item scaling, validity and reliability testing, statistical analysis, as well as item reduction. Conbrach's alpha was used to verify item homogeneity, i. e. their accuracy or consistency. This PROM showed acceptable statistical accuracy and clinical applicability for a variety of surgical treatments, regardless of the anatomical injury sites. Moreover, this PROM considers the athletes' primary physical demands in an non-injured baseline condition, their motivation to continue sports practice and participation, and the influence of sports practice on their quality of life. This 4-domain PROM tailored for orthopedic sports medicine appears to be a valid tool to assess athletes and high-performing practitioners with sports injuries, recording their perception of injury, expectations of treatment; evaluation of postoperative care and treatment received, and perceived outcomes compared to their pre-injury status of physical demands in sports activity. The tool is unique, allowing direct comparisons between athletes' perception of pre-injury baseline, injury, treatment, and outcome. It will be a welcome adjunct to the sports medicine professional's tool box when assessing athlete's status and outcome after injury and intervention.

Surgical approach on combined chronic patellar tendon and bicruciate knee ligament injury.

A combined injury of the patellar tendon and both the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments is disabling. It directly affects knee kinematics and biomechanics, presenting a considerable surgical challenge. In this complex and uncommon injury, decision-making should take into account the surgeon's experience and consider one- or two-stage surgery, tendon graft, graft fixation, and rehabilitation protocol. This manuscript discusses the surgical approach based on a comprehensive understanding of the patellar tendon and bicruciate biomechanics to guide which structures should be reconstructed first, especially when a two-stage procedure is chosen.

TKA outcomes after prior bone and soft tissue knee surgery.

PURPOSE: Bone surgery around the knee joint could represent a more traumatic prior surgical procedure compared to soft tissue knee surgery and may predispose to differing postoperative total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes. The objective of this study was to analyse the postoperative results as well as complications and failures in two groups of patients that had undergone knee surgery prior to primary TKA (bone surgery and soft tissue surgery) when compared to the no prior surgery group. METHODS: A retrospective and cohort series of 1,474 primary TKA were evaluated at minimum follow-up period of 2 years: 1,119 primary TKA underwent no prior surgery (1,119 patients) (group A), 85 primary TKA (85 patients) (group B) had prior bone procedure [high tibial osteotomy (n = 64), tibial plateau fracture (n = 10) and patellar realignment (n = 11)], and third group of 146 primary TKA (146 patients) (group C) had undergone a soft tissue procedure [arthroscopy (n = 60) and menisectomy (n = 86)] before primary TKA. All the patients underwent a clinical and radiological evaluation as well as International Knee Society (IKS) scores. RESULTS: Preoperatively, group B had 40 % of cases classified as stage IV knee arthritis (p < 0.02); while 57 % of cases in group A showed higher levels of knee malalignment (p = 0.001) and group C had lower BMI (p = 0.001). Intraoperative complications revealed no difference. Although group B had the poorest postoperative mean values of knee flexion, TKA procedure improved the preoperative mean values of knee flexion in all the study groups. The postoperative complications were more prevalent in group C (p < 0.001), while the percentage of revision TKA was similar for all study groups (p = 0.5). At 120-month follow-up, the Kaplan-Meier survival curve rates showed no difference (p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that prior knee surgery could be considered a clinical condition predisposed to higher postoperative complication rate in primary TKA compared to the no prior surgery group. After analysing the three study groups, group C showed a higher rate of postoperative local complications and lower IKS knee scores, while the group B showed the poorest postoperative mean values of knee flexion as well as the need for extended surgical approach (TTO approach) was more prevalent in this study group. However, statistical analysis did not reveal a direct correlation between the type of prior knee surgery and TKA failures.

Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using PCL inlay technique with the patient supine in bicruciate ligament injury reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Surgical reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) can be technically challenging given the proximity of the popliteal artery to the PCL tibial insertion. This "no-safe zone" makes some knee surgeons less confident and willing to perform this surgical procedure. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: We present a PCL tibial inlay reconstruction technique using a set of instruments involving three tools (a slot cut, a bone plug positioner, and an impactor). CONCLUSION: This set of instruments allows a more reproducible posteromedial approach and to produce a PCL tibial slot in a posterior cruciate ligament inlay reconstruction with the patient supine in bicruciate ligament injury reconstruction.

Combined anterior cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments reconstruction with ipsilateral hamstring autograft: surgical technique.

Different surgical techniques have been proposed to reconstruct combined anterior cruciate (ACL) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCL). Although these surgical techniques are reliable and reproducible, the number of autologous grafts needed for the reconstruction could be a limiting factor, especially when patients present with multi-ligament knee injuries and the posterior cruciate ligament is also torn. In addition, some of these techniques are not easy to master and have a steep learning curve. We present a surgical procedure that has been used over the last 18 years to reconstruct combined ACL and LCL injuries and has become a reproducible, feasible and time-efficient procedure to approach combined ACL and LCL injuries using an ipsilateral hamstring autograft.

CLINICAL OUTCOMES AFTER TWO-STAGE BICRUCIATE KNEE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate clinical and intraoperative findings with the postoperative evaluation of two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction. METHODS: The study was conducted with 25 patients (20 men and 05 women) with mean age of 32.3 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.2, and mean lesion duration of 18.3 months. The treatment consisted of an Inlay reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) followed by the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, at least 3 months after the first surgical procedure. Four patients required additional procedures: patellar tendon (02), medial collateral ligament (MCL) (02). RESULTS: With an average follow-up of 24.8 months, 60% of the patients scored zero or + at the posterior drawer test, while 40% scored ++; 60% of patients were evaluated as good/excellent according to the Lysholm scale. Only one patient reached the pre-injury Tegner activity level. Injury duration had a negative influence on functional limitation, vitality, and mental health (SF-36). CONCLUSION: Although two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction improved knee stability and self-assessment, 96% of patients did not recover their pre-injury state. In the 36-item short form survey (SF-36), injury duration was inversely correlated with self-assessment of functional capacity, physical limitation, vitality, and mental health. Level of Evidence II, retrospective study.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os achados clínicos e intraoperatórios com a avaliação pós-operatória da reconstrução ligamentar bicruzada do joelho em dois tempos. MÉTODOS: 25 pacientes (20 homens e 05 mulheres), média de idade de 32,3 anos, IMC médio de 26,2, tempo médio da lesão de 18,3 meses. O tratamento foi iniciado com a reconstrução INLAY do LCP e, após o intervalo mínimo de 3 meses, foi realizada a reconstrução do LCA. Procedimentos adicionais em 04 pacientes - tendão patelar (02), LCM (02). RESULTADOS: com seguimento médio de 24,8 meses, o teste de gaveta posterior foi classificado como zero ou + em 60% dos pacientes avaliados e 40% como ++. 60% dos pacientes avaliados como bons / excelentes (Lysholm). Apenas um paciente atingiu o nível de atividade Tegner pré-lesão. A tempo da lesão influenciou negativamente os parâmetros de limitação do funcionamento físico dos aspectos físicos, vitalidade e saúde mental (SF-36). CONCLUSÃO: a reconstrução bicruzado do joelho, em dois tempos, melhorou a estabilidade do joelho e a avaliação subjetiva, mas 96% dos pacientes não recuperaram o estado pré-lesão. O tempo de lesão apresentou correlação estatística inversa com a avaliação subjetiva da capacidade funcional, limitação dos aspectos físicos, vitalidade e saúde mental no escore S-36. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo retrospective.

FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF ARTHROSCOPIC TREATMENT IN 230 FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT CASES.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the functional outcomes after arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). METHODS: 194 patients (131 males and 63 females), with a mean age of 39 (15-68) years old for men and 43 (16-58) years old for women. The average follow-up was 17 months (2 to 71). 103 patients presented Cam-type FAI, 102 mixed and 25 Pincer. "Unilateral" arthroscopy was performed in 161 cases, "Bilateral" (only once each side) in 46 cases and, "Multiple" (more than one procedure on the same hip) in 23. The female sex was prevalent in the Pincer type FAI (76%), while males were prevalent in Mixed and Cam type, 74.5% and 72.8%, respectively. RESULTS: The mean HHSpre score was 63.7 and 87.1 for HHSpost, i.e. 73.11%. Differences appeared between "mixed" and "unilateral" groups. The complications percentage in this series was 18.7% and 7% progressed to total hip arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: The arthroscopic FAI treatment improved the postoperative clinical scores of these patients, especially in cases of mixed-type FAI, which presented a higher improvement rate. Insufficient femoral osteoplasty was the main cause for surgical re-intervention, particularly in the initial cases of this series. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective study.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados funcionais após tratamento artroscópico do impacto femoroacetabular (IFA). MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 194 pacientes (131 do sexo masculino e 63 do sexo feminino), com idade média de 39 (15-68) anos no caso dos homens e 43 (16-58) anos para as mulheres. O seguimento médio foi de 17 meses (2 a 71). 103 pacientes apresentaram IFA tipo Came, 102 Misto e 25 tipo Pincer. A artroscopia única foi realizada em 161 casos; a bilateral (somente uma vez cada lado) em 46 casos e a múltipla (mais de um procedimento no mesmo quadril) em 23. O sexo feminino foi prevalente no IFA do tipo Pincer (76%) e o masculino nos tipos Misto e Came, 74,5% e 72,8%, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: A média do escore HHSpré foi de 63,7 para HHSpós de 87,1, ou seja 73,11% Ficaram evidenciadas diferenças nos grupos "misto" e "único". O percentual de complicações desta série foi de 18,7% e 7% evoluíram para artroplastia total do quadril. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento artroscópico IFA melhorou os escores clínicos, principalmente nos casos de IFA do tipo misto, que apresentou maior taxa de melhora, A osteoplastia femoral insuficiente foi a principal causa para reintervenção cirúrgica, particularmente nos casos iniciais desta série. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo retrospectivo.

The management of concussion in sport is not standardized. A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Concussion is traumatic brain injury with associated tissue damage commonly produced by an indirect or direct head or facial trauma that can negatively impact an athletes' career and personal life. In this context, the importance on how to deal with a concussion has received attention from worldwide literature and has become a topic of enormous interest in the sports medicine arena. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to investigate how sports-related concussion is being managed regarding athletic injuries, athletes' age, clinical signs of concussion, adopted questionnaires, as well as decision making in sports medicine. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed searching 10 electronic databases with no limitations for year of publication up to December 2019. The search terms used were: Brain Concussion, Athletes, Sports Medicine, Athletic Injuries, Clinical Decision-Making, and Decision Making. The articles were considered eligible when the studies related to populations of regular sports practitioners, professional or recreational, of any age; sports injury; articles reporting concussion evaluation in at least 30 athletes; and articles published in English, French, Portuguese, Italian. We excluded systematic review articles, reviews, editorials, sport-unrelated concussion, no questionnaire application, approaching retired athletes, consensus statement letters, author's reply to editorials, synopsis, and abstracts. RESULTS: The parameters adopted for decision-making and management were broadly variable and were based on a variety of clinical signs or scoring outcomes from a myriad of questionnaires with little consistency in protocol or management guidelines, which could guide the average clinician. CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides current evidence that post-concussion management in sports medicine has yet to accomplish a standardized protocol that clinicians could use to optimally care for athletes. The extensive number of manuscripts and studies addressing the topic confirms that sports-related concussion in the pediatric and adolescent population has come to the forefront in the sports medicine field.

IS THE "U-SIGN" RADIOLOGIC FEATURE OF A POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT TIBIAL AVULSION FRACTURE?

OBJECTIVE: By analyzing our cases of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture, we noted that a U-shaped image was present in the anteroposterior plain radiographs view of the affected knee, even in cases where the profile view of the knee had been inconclusive as to tibial PCL avulsion fracture, a "hidden" fracture. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether there was an anatomical correlation between this radiological U sign and the tibial insertion of the PCL and to ascertain the intra- and inter-rater reliability of this sign in clinical practice. METHODS: The data of the widths and heights area of the PCL tibial insertion area, and the U sign area were measured and compared to the largest width of the tibia. Two moreover, the reliability and reproducibility of this imaging were analyzed. RESULTS: The areas height of the U-sign area and the anatomical insertion area of the posterior cruciate ligament showed no difference, and both were topographically located in the two central quarters of the proximal end of the tibia. The radiographic assessment showed excellent Kappa agreement rates between interobserver and intraobserver, with high reliability and reproducibility. CONCLUSION: The U sign is a radiographic feature of PCL tibial avulsion fracture seen on the radiograph AP view, there is a high association between the ratios of the U-sign area height in the X-ray and the anatomical height of the PCL tibial insertion site MRI with the largest width of the proximal tibia. The radiographic U sign showed excellent rates of interobserver and intraobserver agreement with Kappa values higher than 0.8. Level of Evidence IV; Dignostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

OBJETIVO: Avaliando nossos casos de fratura-avulsão da inserção tibial do ligamento cruzado posterior, observamos que uma imagem em forma de U estava presente na radiografia plana anteroposterior do joelho afetado, mesmo nos casos em que a visão do perfil do joelho era inconclusiva quanto à fratura por avulsão do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) tibial, uma fratura "oculta". Portanto, buscamos investigar se havia uma correlação anatômica entre esse sinal radiológico U e a inserção tibial do LCP, além de verificar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores desse sinal na prática clínica. MÉTODOS: Os dados das larguras e alturas da área de inserção tibial do LCP e da área do sinal U foram medidos e comparados com a maior largura da tíbia. Além disso, foram analisadas a confiabilidade e a reprodutibilidade dessa imagem. RESULTADOS: A altura da área do sinal U e da área de inserção anatômica do ligamento cruzado posterior não mostraram diferença, e ambas estavam localizadas topograficamente nos dois quartos centrais da extremidade proximal da tíbia. A avaliação radiográfica mostrou excelentes taxas de concordância Kappa entre interobservador e intraobservador, com alta confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade. CONCLUSÃO: O sinal U é uma característica radiográfica da fratura por avulsão tibial do LCP que pode vista na radiografia AP. Existe uma alta associação entre as proporções da altura da área do sinal U na radiografia e da altura anatômica da inserção tibial do LCP RM local em relação à maior largura da tíbia proximal. O sinal radiográfico U mostrou excelentes taxas de concordância interobservador e intraobservador, com valores de Kappa superiores a 0,8. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudos Diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

Is previous knee arthroscopy related to worse results in primary total knee arthroplasty?

According to literature, knee arthroscopy is a minimal invasive surgery performed for minor surgical trauma, reduced morbidity and shortens the hospitalization period. Therefore, this type of surgery before total knee arthroplasty (TKA) could be considered a minor procedure with minimum postoperative complication. A retrospective and cohort series of 1,474 primary TKA was performed with re-assessment after a minimum follow-up period of 2 years: 1,119 primary TKA had no previous surgery (group A) and 60 primary TKA had arthroscopic debridement (group B). All the patients underwent a clinical and radiological evaluation as well as IKS scores. Statistical analysis of postoperative complications revealed that group B had a higher postoperative complication rate (P < 0.01). In this group, 30% of local complications were re-operated and 8.3% of these cases underwent revision TKA (P < 0.01). The mean interval between arthroscopy and primary TKA was 53 months. However, statistical analysis did not reveal a direct correlation between arthroscopy/primary TKA interval and postoperative complications/failures (P = 0.55). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a survival rate of 98.1 and 86.8% at 10 years follow-up for groups A and B, respectively. Our data allow us to conclude that previous knee arthroscopy should be considered a factor related to postoperative primary TKA outcomes as demonstrated by the higher rate of postoperative complications and failures (P < 0.001) as well as a worse survival curve than group A.

Revision after early aseptic failures in primary total knee arthroplasty.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cases of early aseptic failures presented during the first 5-year follow-up in a group of 981 primary total knee arthroplasty (primary TKA). Predisposing factors as well causes of failures and postoperative complications in different groups of aseptic failures were re-assessed and compared to a control group. A retrospective and cohort study compared one group of 944 primary TKA without surgical revision (890 patients) (Group A) with 22 primary TKA (22 patients) (Group B) that had revision TKA secondary to aseptic failure during the first five years follow-up. The cases of isolated patellar button replacement (n = 8) and infection (n = 7) were not considered in this study. All patients underwent a systematic assessment that included clinical and radiographic examinations, and IKS scores. Aseptic failure was more prevalent at the first 2-year follow-up (63%). TKA loosening (n = 11) and undiagnosed pain (n = 7) were considered the most frequent modes of failures, and laxity (n = 1) was a very rare early cause of failure. The aseptic failure group was characterized as average 5 years younger with a greater number of previous knee surgeries, lower IKS scores improvement, and more postoperative pain compared to control group, despite the fact that the aseptic failure group showed a prevalence of cases during the first 2-year follow-up. Inside this group, the undiagnosed pain group had lower improvement of IKS scores, a remarkable prevalence in prior surgical procedure (71%) and a minor mean interval between primary and revision TKA (11.6 months).

4-domain sports prom translation and cultural adaptation into portuguese / 4-domain sports prom: traducción y adaptación cultural al portugués / 4-domain sports prom: tradução e adaptação cultural para a língua portuguesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature presents several scientifically validated and cross-culturally adapted questionnaires in the area of orthopedics and Sports Medicine scientifically validated and cross-culturally adapted. However, they are anatomically specific, and do not consider the specific needs of athletes. The "4-Domain PROM for Orthopedic and Sports Medicine" (4-Domain Sports PROM) is the first questionnaire, in the literature (International Journal of Sports Medicine - 2021), designed to assess athletes and highly active sports practitioners, and their specificities. physical and psychological. It comprises four domains: athlete without injury, after sports injury, expectation of treatment, athlete's assessment of the treatment received. Objectives: This work aims to carry out the translation and cross-cultural adaptation (TCA) to the Portuguese language. Methods: The questionnaire was self-administered by 50 participants, regular physical and sports activities practitioners. The translation and cultural adaptation process involved six steps: translation; synthesis; back translation; pre-test; review by the Expert Committee, clinical application and author approval of the original version. The Equivalence of translation and relevance of questionnaire items were evaluated. RESULTS: The Portuguese version of the 4-DOMAIN SPORTS PROM had a translation equivalence of 0.94, and item relevance was 0.98, while the percentage of agreement between patients for understanding was 0.98. Conclusion: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the 4 Domain Sports PROM into the Portuguese version proved to be understandable and reproducible in all questionnaire domains (agreement above 90% and content validity index of 100%) to assess the treatment of the population of athletes and regular sports practitioners. Level of Evidence II; A cross-sectional qualitative study.

RESUMEN Introducción: La literatura presenta varios cuestionarios científicamente validados y transculturalmente adaptados en el área de la ortopedia y Medicina del Deporte. Sin embargo, son anatómicamente específicos y no consideran las necesidades específicas de los atletas. El "4-Domain PROM for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine" (4-Domain Sports PROM) es el primer cuestionario, en la literatura (International Journal of Sports Medicine - 2021), diseñado para evaluar atletas y practicantes de deportes altamente activos, y sus especificidades físicas y psicológicas. Comprende cuatro dominios: atleta sin lesión, después de una lesión deportiva, expectativa de tratamiento, evaluación del atleta sobre el tratamiento recibido. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar la traducción y adaptación transcultural (TCA) a la lengua portuguesa. Métodos: El cuestionario fue autoadministrado por 50 participantes, practicantes habituales de actividades físicas y deportivas. El proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural involucró seis pasos: traducción; síntesis; traducción inversa; prueba previa; revisión por el comité de expertos; aplicación clínica y aprobación del autor de la versión original. Se evaluaron la equivalencia de traducción y la relevancia de los ítems del cuestionario. Resultados: La versión portuguesa del 4-DOMAIN SPORTS PROM tuvo una equivalencia de traducción de 0,94 y la relevancia de los ítems fue de 0,98, mientras que el porcentaje de acuerdo entre los pacientes para la comprensión fue de 0,98. Conclusión: La traducción y adaptación transcultural del 4-DOMAIN SPORTS PROM al portugués amplía las posibilidades de evaluar los diferentes momentos que involucran el tratamiento de lesiones deportivas, ya que este cuestionario fue diseñado para capturar datos sobre la percepción de los pacientes antes de la lesión, después de la lesión, expectativa y evaluación del trato recibido en deportistas y practicantes habituales de actividad física. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio Cualitativo Transversal.

RESUMO Introdução: A literatura apresenta diversos questionários cientificamente validados e adaptados transculturalmente na área de na Ortopedia e Medicina Esportiva validados cientificamente e adaptados transculturalmente. Entretanto, eles são anatomicamente específicos, e não consideram as necessidades especificas dos atletas. O "4-Domain PROM for Orthopedic and Sports Medicine" (4-Domain Sports PROM) é o primeiro questionário, na literatura (International Journal of Sports Medicine - 2021), concebido para avaliar atletas e praticantes de esportes altamente ativos, e suas especificidades físicas e psicológicas. Ele compreende quatro domínios: atleta sem lesão, após lesão esportiva, expectativa do tratamento, avaliação do atleta sobre o tratamento recebido. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar a tradução e a adaptação transcultural (TCA) à língua portuguesa. Métodos: O questionário foi autoadministrado por 50 participantes, praticantes regulares de atividades físicas e esportivas. O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural envolveu seis etapas: tradução; síntese; retrotradução; pré-teste; revisão pelo comitê de experts; aplicação clínica e aprovação do autor da versão original. Foi avaliado a Equivalência da tradução e relevância de itens do questionário. Resultados: A versão em português do 4-DOMAIN SPORTS PROM apresentou equivalência da tradução de 0,94 e relevância dos itens foi de 0,98, enquanto a porcentagem de concordância entre os pacientes para compreensão foi de 0,98. Conclusão: A tradução e adequação cultural do 4-DOMAIN SPORTS PROM para língua portuguesa mostrou-se compreensível e reprodutibilidade adequada em todos os domínios do questionário (concordância acima de 90% e Índice de Validade de Conteúdo de 100%) para avaliar o tratamento de população de indivíduos atletas e praticantes regulares de esportes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo Qualitativo Transversal.

Tibial tubercle osteotomy in primary total knee arthroplasty: a safe procedure or not?

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of tibial tubercle osteotomy on postoperative outcome, intra- and postoperative complications, as well as postoperative clinical results and failures in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In a continuous, consecutive series of 1474 primary TKA, we analysed 126 cases where a tibial tubercle osteotomy approach was performed and 1348 cases without tibial tubercle osteotomy. Before surgery, all patients underwent a systematic assessment that included a clinical examination, radiographs (stress hip-knee-ankle film [pangonogram], weight bearing, anteroposterior knee view, schuss view, profile and patellar axial view at 30 degrees, stress valgus and varus view) and International Knee Society scores. When analysing intraoperative complications, tibial plateau fissures or fractures and tibial tubercle fracture were considered as complications relating to the tibial tubercle osteotomy group (p<0.001, p=0.007). With a 2-year minimum follow-up, there was no statistical difference in the number of revisions carried out in the two study groups (p=0.084). However, postoperative tibial tubercle fracture and skin necrosis were significantly related to the osteotomy (p=0.001 and p

Influence of morbid obesity on physical capacity, knee-related symptoms and overall quality of life: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the impact of morbid obesity on physical capacity, joint-related symptoms, and on the overall quality of life. METHOD:: Cross-sectional study carried out at a university hospital, enrolling 39 individuals admitted to a bariatric surgery service. Physical capacity was assessed by Six-Minute Walk Test (SMWT) and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Knee-related symptoms were evaluated by Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Lysholm Score. Quality of life was evaluated by Short Form 36 Health Questionnaire (SF-36). RESULTS:: On SMWT, the mean distance walked was 374.1±107.5 m. The mean Borg score was 12.9±2.4. KOOS questionnaire found the following scores: pain (64.3±24), other symptoms (67.2±25.5), function in daily living (60.4±26.8), function in sport and recreation (28.5±32.2), knee-related quality of life (35.9±33.5), mean Lysholm scale score (55.3±25.4). SF-36 provided the following scores: physical functioning (41±27.4), physical role functioning (34.6±39.2), bodily pain (45.7±23.6), general health perceptions (63.1±26.2), vitality (53.5±12.1), social role functioning (52.6±29.3), emotional role functioning (41±44.9), mental health (55±27.7). CONCLUSION:: Obesity led to significant loss of physical capacity, gait impairment, knee-related symptoms, and a negative impact on the overall quality of life.

Static tensioning promotes hamstring tendons force relaxation more reliably than cycling tensioning.

BACKGROUND: Graft elongation might be a major reason for increased anterior laxity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study analyzed the force relaxation values and their stabilization when single strands of the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons underwent cyclic and static tensioning at 2.5% strain level, and compared the efficiency of static and cyclic tensioning in promoting force relaxation. METHODS: Eighteen gracilis tendons and 18 semitendinosus tendons from nine male cadavers (mean age: 22.44years) were subjected to 10 in vitro cyclic loads at 2.5% strain level, or to a static load at 2.5% strain level. RESULTS: During cyclic loading, the reduction in force values tended to stabilize after the sixth cyclic load, while, in the case of static loading, this stabilization occurred by the second minute. Comparing static and cyclic loading, the gracilis tendon had similar mechanical responses in both conditions, while the semitendinosus tendon showed greater force relaxation in static compared with cyclic loading. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that the semitendinosus tendon is the main component of the hamstring graft, its biomechanical response to loading should guide the tensioning protocol. Therefore, static tensioning seems more effective for promoting force relaxation of the semitendinosus tendon than cyclic tensioning. The gracilis tendon showed a similar mechanical response to either tensioning protocols.

Is the "u-sign" radiologic feature of a posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fracture? / A imagem do "u-radiológico" é um sinal da fratura-avulsão tibial ligamento cruzado posterior?

ABSTRACT Objective: By analyzing our cases of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial avulsion fracture, we noted that a U-shaped image was present in the anteroposterior plain radiographs view of the affected knee, even in cases where the profile view of the knee had been inconclusive as to tibial PCL avulsion fracture, a "hidden" fracture. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether there was an anatomical correlation between this radiological U sign and the tibial insertion of the PCL and to ascertain the intra- and inter-rater reliability of this sign in clinical practice. Methods: The data of the widths and heights area of the PCL tibial insertion area, and the U sign area were measured and compared to the largest width of the tibia. Two moreover, the reliability and reproducibility of this imaging were analyzed. Results: The areas height of the U-sign area and the anatomical insertion area of the posterior cruciate ligament showed no difference, and both were topographically located in the two central quarters of the proximal end of the tibia. The radiographic assessment showed excellent Kappa agreement rates between interobserver and intraobserver, with high reliability and reproducibility. Conclusion: The U sign is a radiographic feature of PCL tibial avulsion fracture seen on the radiograph AP view, there is a high association between the ratios of the U-sign area height in the X-ray and the anatomical height of the PCL tibial insertion site MRI with the largest width of the proximal tibia. The radiographic U sign showed excellent rates of interobserver and intraobserver agreement with Kappa values higher than 0.8. Level of Evidence IV; Dignostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliando nossos casos de fratura-avulsão da inserção tibial do ligamento cruzado posterior, observamos que uma imagem em forma de U estava presente na radiografia plana anteroposterior do joelho afetado, mesmo nos casos em que a visão do perfil do joelho era inconclusiva quanto à fratura por avulsão do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) tibial, uma fratura "oculta". Portanto, buscamos investigar se havia uma correlação anatômica entre esse sinal radiológico U e a inserção tibial do LCP, além de verificar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores desse sinal na prática clínica. Métodos: Os dados das larguras e alturas da área de inserção tibial do LCP e da área do sinal U foram medidos e comparados com a maior largura da tíbia. Além disso, foram analisadas a confiabilidade e a reprodutibilidade dessa imagem. Resultados: A altura da área do sinal U e da área de inserção anatômica do ligamento cruzado posterior não mostraram diferença, e ambas estavam localizadas topograficamente nos dois quartos centrais da extremidade proximal da tíbia. A avaliação radiográfica mostrou excelentes taxas de concordância Kappa entre interobservador e intraobservador, com alta confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade. Conclusão: O sinal U é uma característica radiográfica da fratura por avulsão tibial do LCP que pode vista na radiografia AP. Existe uma alta associação entre as proporções da altura da área do sinal U na radiografia e da altura anatômica da inserção tibial do LCP RM local em relação à maior largura da tíbia proximal. O sinal radiográfico U mostrou excelentes taxas de concordância interobservador e intraobservador, com valores de Kappa superiores a 0,8. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudos Diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

Clinical outcomes after two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction / Resultado clínico após reconstrução ligamentar bicruzado do joelho, em dois tempos

ABSTRACT Objective: To correlate clinical and intraoperative findings with the postoperative evaluation of two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction. Methods: The study was conducted with 25 patients (20 men and 05 women) with mean age of 32.3 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.2, and mean lesion duration of 18.3 months. The treatment consisted of an Inlay reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) followed by the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, at least 3 months after the first surgical procedure. Four patients required additional procedures: patellar tendon (02), medial collateral ligament (MCL) (02). Results: With an average follow-up of 24.8 months, 60% of the patients scored zero or + at the posterior drawer test, while 40% scored ++; 60% of patients were evaluated as good/excellent according to the Lysholm scale. Only one patient reached the pre-injury Tegner activity level. Injury duration had a negative influence on functional limitation, vitality, and mental health (SF-36). Conclusion: Although two-stage bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction improved knee stability and self-assessment, 96% of patients did not recover their pre-injury state. In the 36-item short form survey (SF-36), injury duration was inversely correlated with self-assessment of functional capacity, physical limitation, vitality, and mental health. Level of Evidence II, retrospective study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Correlacionar os achados clínicos e intraoperatórios com a avaliação pós-operatória da reconstrução ligamentar bicruzada do joelho em dois tempos. Métodos: 25 pacientes (20 homens e 05 mulheres), média de idade de 32,3 anos, IMC médio de 26,2, tempo médio da lesão de 18,3 meses. O tratamento foi iniciado com a reconstrução INLAY do LCP e, após o intervalo mínimo de 3 meses, foi realizada a reconstrução do LCA. Procedimentos adicionais em 04 pacientes - tendão patelar (02), LCM (02). Resultados: com seguimento médio de 24,8 meses, o teste de gaveta posterior foi classificado como zero ou + em 60% dos pacientes avaliados e 40% como ++. 60% dos pacientes avaliados como bons / excelentes (Lysholm). Apenas um paciente atingiu o nível de atividade Tegner pré-lesão. A tempo da lesão influenciou negativamente os parâmetros de limitação do funcionamento físico dos aspectos físicos, vitalidade e saúde mental (SF-36). Conclusão: a reconstrução bicruzado do joelho, em dois tempos, melhorou a estabilidade do joelho e a avaliação subjetiva, mas 96% dos pacientes não recuperaram o estado pré-lesão. O tempo de lesão apresentou correlação estatística inversa com a avaliação subjetiva da capacidade funcional, limitação dos aspectos físicos, vitalidade e saúde mental no escore S-36. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo retrospective.

Isokinetic evaluation after two-stage bicruciate reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the functional balance of the knee after bicruciate reconstruction and its correlation with clinical score. METHODS: 14 patients (11 men and three women), mean age 29.9±7.65 years, mean BMI 26.2±2.51 kg/m(2) underwent surgical reconstruction of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in two stages, with a mean interval of 3 months between procedures. With a mean follow-up period of 27.33 months, the isokinetic knee analysis was performed at 60°/s and 180°/s and the Lysholm and Tegner scores were applied. RESULTS: The Lysholm score was 86.8±11.1 points and the Tegner score showed a deficit of 30% compared to pre-injury level. In isokinetic evaluation, the deficit of the operated quadriceps average torque was 17.05% at 60°/s and 12.16% at 180°/s, while the average flexor torque deficit was 3.43% at 60°/s and 5.82% at 180°/s. Although it was observed torque deficit between members, there were no statistical differences regarding the functional balance between hamstrings and quadriceps. CONCLUSION: Although the results of isokinetic evaluation has shown a functional balance of the knee (flexor-extensor), which may have contributed to the good subjective Lysholm score in the bicruciate two-stage reconstruction, two-stage reconstruction did not restore the pre-injury functional level. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

How does static stretching influence the tendons mechanical response?

OBJECTIVE: Analyze in vitro the mechanical response of bovine calcaneus tendons subjected to static stretching in three different intervals (15, 30, 45 s). METHODS: Six groups of bovine calcaneus tendons (n=10) were formed according to the static stretching protocol: three different intervals (15, 30, 45 s) and initial stretching percentage (2.5% and 3.5%). The control group (n=10) did not perform prior stretching. At the end of the stretching tests, the specimens were subjected to stress rupture tests. RESULTS: The values for force relaxation presented stability after the 30(th) second (p<0.0001) at both levels of deformation. Greater force relaxation (p<0.0026) and the least tensile strength (p=0.0123) was observed in the group that was subjected to the highest stretch percentage (3.5%). No difference was observed between the rupture parameters of the stretch and control groups. The variables, stretch duration and percentage did not demonstrate interaction. CONCLUSION: In relation to force relaxation, the 30 second interval seems to be the most effective when stretching tendons. This fact should be considered when establishing new clinical stretching protocols. Laboratory investigation.