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1.
Drug Metab Dispos ; 45(4): 409-417, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28179375

RESUMO

Organic anion transporters (OATs) are important in the renal secretion, and thus, the clearance, of many drugs; and their functional change can result in pharmacokinetic variability. In this study, we applied transport rates measured in vitro using OAT-transfected human embryonic kidney cells to predict human renal secretory and total renal clearance of 31 diverse drugs. Selective substrates to OAT1 (tenofovir), OAT2 (acyclovir and ganciclovir), and OAT3 (benzylpenicillin, oseltamivir acid) were used to obtain relative activity factors (RAFs) for these individual transporters by relating in vitro transport clearance (after physiologic scaling) to in vivo secretory clearance. Using the estimated RAFs (0.64, 7.3, and 4.1, respectively, for OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3, respectively) and the in vitro active clearances, renal secretory clearance and total renal clearance were predicted with average fold errors (AFEs) of 1.89 and 1.40, respectively. The results show that OAT3-mediated transport play a predominant role in renal secretion for 22 of the 31 drugs evaluated. This mechanistic static approach was further applied to quantitatively predict renal drug-drug interactions (AFE ∼1.6) of the substrate drugs with probenecid, a clinical probe OAT inhibitor. In conclusion, the proposed in vitro-in vivo extrapolation approach is the first comprehensive attempt toward mechanistic modeling of renal secretory clearance based on routinely employed in vitro cell models.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Rim/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Transportadora de Ânions Orgânicos/metabolismo , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos Sódio-Independentes/metabolismo , Eliminação Renal/fisiologia , Aciclovir/farmacocinética , Interações Medicamentosas , Ganciclovir/farmacocinética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Proteína 1 Transportadora de Ânions Orgânicos/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína 1 Transportadora de Ânions Orgânicos/genética , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos Sódio-Independentes/antagonistas & inibidores , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos Sódio-Independentes/genética , Oseltamivir/farmacocinética , Penicilina G/farmacocinética , Probenecid/farmacologia , Tenofovir/farmacocinética , Transfecção
2.
Nat Struct Mol Biol ; 30(1): 22-30, 2023 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36522428

RESUMO

Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT)1 is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein that catalyzes the first step of de novo glycerolipid biosynthesis. Hepatic expression of GPAT1 is linked to liver fat accumulation and the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of human GPAT1 in substrate analog-bound and product-bound states. The structures reveal an N-terminal acyltransferase domain that harbors important catalytic motifs and a tightly associated C-terminal domain that is critical for proper protein folding. Unexpectedly, GPAT1 has no transmembrane regions as previously proposed but instead associates with the membrane via an amphipathic surface patch and an N-terminal loop-helix region that contains a mitochondrial-targeting signal. Combined structural, computational and functional studies uncover a hydrophobic pathway within GPAT1 for lipid trafficking. The results presented herein lay a framework for rational inhibitor development for GPAT1.


Assuntos
Fígado , Membranas Mitocondriais , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Membranas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Glicerol-3-Fosfato O-Aciltransferase/química , Glicerol-3-Fosfato O-Aciltransferase/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos
3.
Neuropharmacology ; 61(5-6): 1001-15, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21763704

RESUMO

Observations that N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) antagonists produce symptoms in humans that are similar to those seen in schizophrenia have led to the current hypothesis that schizophrenia might result from NMDA receptor hypofunction. Inhibition of D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), the enzyme responsible for degradation of D-serine, should lead to increased levels of this co-agonist at the NMDA receptor, and thereby provide a therapeutic approach to schizophrenia. We have profiled some of the preclinical biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral consequences of administering potent and selective inhibitors of DAAO to rodents to begin to test this hypothesis. Inhibition of DAAO activity resulted in a significant dose and time dependent increase in D-serine only in the cerebellum, although a time delay was observed between peak plasma or brain drug concentration and cerebellum D-serine response. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling employing a mechanism-based indirect response model was used to characterize the correlation between free brain drug concentration and D-serine accumulation. DAAO inhibitors had little or no activity in rodent models considered predictive for antipsychotic activity. The inhibitors did, however, affect cortical activity in the Mescaline-Induced Scratching model, produced a modest but significant increase in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in primary neuronal cultures from rat hippocampus, and resulted in a significant increase in evoked hippocampal theta rhythm, an in vivo electrophysiological model of hippocampal activity. These findings demonstrate that although DAAO inhibition did not cause a measurable increase in D-serine in forebrain, it did affect hippocampal and cortical activity, possibly through augmentation of NMDA receptor-mediated currents.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , D-Aminoácido Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Agitação Psicomotora/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , GMP Cíclico/análise , GMP Cíclico/biossíntese , D-Aminoácido Oxidase/metabolismo , D-Aminoácido Oxidase/fisiologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Eletroencefalografia , Habituação Psicofisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Habituação Psicofisiológica/fisiologia , Harmalina/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Mescalina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos em Miniatura/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos em Miniatura/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Químicos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Prurido/prevenção & controle , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/efeitos dos fármacos , Filtro Sensorial/efeitos dos fármacos , Filtro Sensorial/fisiologia , Serina/sangue , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina/farmacologia
4.
J Med Chem ; 52(11): 3576-85, 2009 Jun 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19438227

RESUMO

3-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one (2) was discovered by high throughput screening in a functional assay to be a potent inhibitor of human DAAO, and its binding affinity was confirmed in a Biacore assay. Cocrystallization of 2 with the human DAAO enzyme defined the binding site and guided the design of new analogues. The SAR, pharmacokinetics, brain exposure, and effects on cerebellum D-serine are described. Subsequent evaluation against the rat DAAO enzyme revealed a divergent SAR versus the human enzyme and may explain the high exposures of drug necessary to achieve significant changes in rat or mouse cerebellum D-serine.


Assuntos
D-Aminoácido Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Hidroxiquinolinas/farmacologia , Hidroxiquinolinas/farmacocinética , Animais , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Descoberta de Drogas , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hidroxiquinolinas/síntese química , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Serina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade
5.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther ; 319(2): 924-33, 2006 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16920992

RESUMO

LY-450139 is a gamma-secretase inhibitor shown to have efficacy in multiple cellular and animal models. Paradoxically, robust elevations of plasma amyloid-beta (Abeta) have been reported in dogs and humans after administration of subefficacious doses. The present study sought to further evaluate Abeta responses to LY-450139 in the guinea pig, a nontransgenic model that has an Abeta sequence identical to that of human. Male guinea pigs were treated with LY-450139 (0.2-60 mg/kg), and brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma Abeta levels were characterized at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 14 h postdose. Low doses significantly elevated plasma Abeta levels at early time points, with return to baseline within hours. Higher doses inhibited Abeta levels in all compartments at early time points, but elevated plasma Abeta levels at later time points. To determine whether this phenomenon occurs under steady-state drug exposure, guinea pigs were implanted with subcutaneous minipumps delivering LY-450139 (0.3-30 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Plasma Abeta was significantly inhibited at 10-30 mg/kg/day, but significantly elevated at 1 mg/kg/day. To further understand the mechanism of Abeta elevation by LY-450139, H4 cells overexpressing the Swedish mutant of amyloid-precursor protein and a mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal cell line were studied. In both cellular models, elevated levels of secreted Abeta were observed at subefficacious concentrations, whereas dose-responsive inhibition was observed at higher concentrations. These results suggest that LY-450139 modulates the gamma-secretase complex, eliciting Abeta lowering at high concentrations but Abeta elevation at low concentrations.


Assuntos
Alanina/análogos & derivados , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Azepinas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Cobaias , Masculino , Camundongos , Fatores de Tempo
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