Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-chloro-3-[(thiazol-2-yl)amino]-1,4-naphthoquinones.

A series of novel, substituted 2-chloro-3-[(thiazol-2-yl)amino]-1,4-naphthoquinones have been prepared and shown to exhibit promising concentration-dependent activity against human SH-SY5Y cells, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and P. aeruginosa. Substituent effects on observed bioactivity have been explored; the para-fluorophenyl derivative 3d exhibited activity across the range of the bioassays employed, indicating the potential of the 2-chloro-3-[(4-arylthiazol-2-yl)amino]-1,4-naphthoquinone scaffold in the development of novel, broad spectrum therapeutics.

Comparative detection method of early onset cytokine-induced stress in ß-cells (INS-1E).

ß-Cells contain a prominent endoplasmic reticulum (ER), disrupting ER homeostasis and function, activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). Currently, no direct protocols measure the UPR initiation. Current methods to measure ER stress include the quantification of nitric oxide (NO) (indirect method), Western blotting, and qRT-PCR of downstream components. However, these methods do not account for the overlap with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, INS-1E cells were exposed to proinflammatory cytokines to induce ER stress, as determined using NO, thioflavin T (ThT) binding, and ß-cell functionality (insulin production). ER stress was confirmed through the upregulation of CHOP. Cell viability was monitored using MTT, sulforhodamine B, and the xCELLigence system. Morphological changes were monitored using electron microscopy. IL-1ß exposure-induced ß-cell stress after 4 H, decreased insulin levels, and increased thioflavin binding were noted. Increased NO production was only detected after 10 H, highlighting its lack of sensitivity, and the need for a continuous, selective, rapid, convenient, and economical detection method for early onset of ER stress. Standard methods (MTT and NO) failed to detect early ER stress. The xCELLigence coupled with a functional assay such as the detection of insulin levels or ThT are better predictors of ER stress in INS-1E cells.

Dynamic Mitochondrial Localisation of STAT3 in the Cellular Adipogenesis Model 3T3-L1.

A mechanistic relationship exists between protein localisation, activity and cellular differentiation. Understanding the contribution of these molecular mechanisms is required for elucidation of conditions that drive development. Literature suggests non-canonical translocation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) to the mitochondria contributes to the regulation of the electron transport chain, cellular respiration and reactive oxygen species production. Based on this we investigated the role of mitochondrial STAT3, specifically the serine 727 phosphorylated form, in cellular differentiation using the well-defined mouse adipogenic model 3T3-L1. Relative levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels and dynamic localization of pSTAT3S727 were investigated during the initiation of adipogenesis. As a signalling entity, ROS is known to regulate the activation of C/EBPß to stimulate a critical cascade of events prior to differentiation of 3T3-L1. Results indicate that upon induction of the differentiation programme, relative levels of mitochondrial pSTAT3S727 dramatically decrease in the mitochondria; in contrast the total cellular pSTAT3S727 levels increase. A positive correlation between increasing levels of ROS and dynamic changes in C/EBPß indicate that mitochondrial STAT3 plays a potential critical role as an initiator of the process. Based on these findings we propose a model for mitochondrial STAT3 as a regulator of ROS in adipogenesis.

Real-time monitoring of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation using a commercially available electric cell-substrate impedance sensor system.

Real-time analysis offers multiple benefits over traditional end point assays. Here, we present a method of monitoring the optimisation of the growth and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes using the commercially available ACEA xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyser Single Plate (RTCA SP) system. Our findings indicate that the ACEA xCELLigence RTCA SP can reproducibly monitor the primary morphological changes in pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts induced to differentiate using insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and rosiglitazone; and may be a viable primary method of screening compounds for adipogenic factors.

Guardian of the furnace: mitochondria, TRAP1, ROS and stem cell maintenance.

Mitochondria are key to eukaryotic cell survival and their activity is linked to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn acts as both an intracellular signal and an effective executioner of cells with regards to cellular senescence. The mitochondrial molecular chaperone tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is often termed the cytoprotective chaperone for its role in cancer cell survival and protection from apoptosis. Here, we hypothesize that TRAP1 serves to modulate mitochondrial activity in stem cell maintenance, survival and differentiation.

A simplified workflow with end-point validation of real-time electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing of retinoic acid stimulated neurogenesis in human SH-SY5Y cells in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: Retinoic acid (RA) is known to transition proliferating SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells towards functional neurons. However, the activity of RA is restricted due to its photolability where any findings from prolonged time course observations using microscopy may alter outcomes. The aim of the study was to establish a real-time, long-term (9-day) protocol for the screening of differentiation events using Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A differentiation baseline for SH-SY5Y cells was established. Cells were seeded and exposed to repeated spikes of RA using the xCELLigence real-time cell analyser single plate (RTCA-SP) for real-time monitoring and identification of differentiation activity over a 9 day period in order to be more representative of differentiation over a prolonged timeline. Specific features associated with differentiation (growth inhibition, neurite outgrowths) were confirmed by end-point analysis. RA-induced growth inhibition and assumed phenotypic changes (i.e. neurite outgrowth) were identified by the xCELLigence analysis and further confirmed by end-point metabolic and phenotypic assays. Change in cellular morphology and neurite outgrowth length was identified by end-point fluorescence detection followed by computational analysis. Based on this it was possible to identify SH-SY5Y phenotypic differentiation with distinct phases observed over 9 days using Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) cell index traces providing a path to application in larger scale neurotrophic factor screening using this scalable technology.

A hypoxia responsive silicon phthalocyanine containing naphthquinone axial ligands for photodynamic therapy activity.

A liposome loaded­silicon (IV) phthalocyanine (SiPc) containing naphthoquinone axial ligands as hypoxia-responsive a prodrug-like moieties (Prodrug-SiPc), is herein reported. With the help of computational methods, this study assessed the photophysical, photochemical and electrochemical redox properties of the Prodrug-SiPc to elucidate the relationship between material structure and properties. The attachment of the axial quinoid moieties endowed the Prodrug-SiPc with Type I/II photochemical and prodrug-like properties. Following liposomal encapsulation, the therapeutic efficacy of Prodrug-SiPc-liposomes was investigated against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and Henrietta Lacks (Hela) cancer cells as in vitro cancer models and revealed that the as-synthesized Prodrug-SiPc-liposomes are potential photodynamic therapy (PDT) drug candidates. The Prodrug-SiPc-liposome takes full advantage of the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors - a side effect PDT - to trigger therapy, resulting in significantly enhanced efficacy compared to typical PDT. This work highlights the importance of multiple characteristics in designing new and effective photosensitizer candidates.

Recent advances in genome annotation and synthetic biology for the development of microbial chassis.

This article provides an overview of microbial host selection, synthetic biology, genome annotation, metabolic modeling, and computational methods for predicting gene essentiality for developing a microbial chassis. This article focuses on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a microbial chassis and strategies for genome annotation of the LAB genome. As a case study, Lactococcus lactis is chosen based on its well-established therapeutic applications such as probiotics and oral vaccine development. In this article, we have delineated the strategies for genome annotations of lactic acid bacteria. These strategies also provide insights into streamlining genome reduction without compromising the functionality of the chassis and the potential for minimal genome chassis development. These insights underscore the potential for the development of efficient and sustainable synthetic biology systems using streamlined microbial chassis with minimal genomes.

Recent advances in genetic tools for engineering probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

Synthetic biology has grown exponentially in the last few years, with a variety of biological applications. One of the emerging applications of synthetic biology is to exploit the link between microorganisms, biologics, and human health. To exploit this link, it is critical to select effective synthetic biology tools for use in appropriate microorganisms that would address unmet needs in human health through the development of new game-changing applications and by complementing existing technological capabilities. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered appropriate chassis organisms that can be genetically engineered for therapeutic and industrial applications. Here, we have reviewed comprehensively various synthetic biology techniques for engineering probiotic LAB strains, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 mediated genome editing, homologous recombination, and recombineering. In addition, we also discussed heterologous protein expression systems used in engineering probiotic LAB. By combining computational biology with genetic engineering, there is a lot of potential to develop next-generation synthetic LAB with capabilities to address bottlenecks in industrial scale-up and complex biologics production. Recently, we started working on Lactochassis project where we aim to develop next generation synthetic LAB for biomedical application.

STAT3 interacts directly with Hsp90.

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) functionally modulates signal transduction. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mediates interleukin-6 family cytokine signaling. Aberrant activation and mutation of STAT3 is associated with oncogenesis and immune disorders, respectively. Hsp90 and STAT3 have previously been shown to colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate in common complexes. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy revealed a direct, high affinity specific interaction between recombinant Hsp90ß and STAT3ß in the presence and absence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in molar excess. Furthermore, comparative analysis using a phosphomimetic mutation at tyrosine 705 showed that the direct interaction appeared to favor neither unactivated nor activated STAT3. Destabilizing mutation of STAT3 at arginine residues 414/417 to alanine in the DNA-binding domain, previously shown to disrupt nuclear translocation in vivo, reduced interaction with a STAT3 DNA binding site oligonucleotide and Hsp90ß in vitro, indicating that STAT3 requires a functional DNA-binding domain for full direct interaction with Hsp90. Site-directed mutagenesis of a mammalian STAT3-EGFP-N1 fusion construct at RR414/417 and subsequent transfection into human MCF7 epithelial breast cancer cells showed no impaired nuclear translocation when observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. However, costaining for Hsp90α/ß isoforms and colocalization analysis revealed a defined decrease in pixel-on-pixel colocalization compared with the wild-type confirming the requirement of the DNA-binding domain for high-affinity interaction.

Analysis of the galactomannan binding ability of ß-mannosidases, BtMan2A and CmMan5A, regarding their activity and synergism with a ß-mannanase.

Both ß-mannanases and ß-mannosidases are required for mannan-backbone degradation into mannose. In this study, two ß-mannosidases of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 2 (BtMan2A) and 5 (CmMan5A) were evaluated for their substrate specificities and galactomannan binding ability. BtMan2A preferred short manno-oligomers, while CmMan5A preferred longer ones; DP >2, and galactomannans. BtMan2A displayed irreversible galactomannan binding, which was pH-dependent, with higher binding observed at low pH, while CmMan5A had limited binding. Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that BtMan2A galactomannan binding was stronger under acidic conditions (-8.4 kcal/mol) than in a neutral environment (-7.6 kcal/mol), and the galactomannan ligand was more unstable under neutral conditions than acidic conditions. Qualitative surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experimentally confirmed the reduced binding capacity of BtMan2A at pH 7. Finally, synergistic ß-mannanase to ß-mannosidase (BtMan2A or CmMan5A) ratios required for maximal galactomannan hydrolysis were determined. All CcManA to CmMan5A combinations were synergistic (≈1.2-fold), while combinations of CcManA with BtMan2A (≈1.0-fold) yielded no hydrolysis improvement. In conclusion, the low specific activity of BtMan2A towards long and galactose-containing oligomers and its non-catalytic galactomannan binding ability led to no synergy with the mannanase, making GH2 mannosidases ineffective for use in cocktails for mannan degradation.

Hsp90α/ß associates with the GSK3ß/axin1/phospho-ß-catenin complex in the human MCF-7 epithelial breast cancer model.

Hsp90α/ß, the signal transduction chaperone, maintains intracellular communication in normal, stem, and cancer cells. The well characterised association of Hsp90α/ß with its client kinases form the framework of multiple signalling networks. GSK3ß, a known Hsp90α/ß client, mediates ß-catenin phosphorylation as part of a cytoplasmic destruction complex which targets phospho-ß-catenin to the 26S proteasome. The canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway promotes stem cell self-renewal as well as oncogenesis. The degree of Hsp90α/ß involvement in Wnt/ß-catenin signalling needs clarification. Here, we describe the association of Hsp90α/ß with GSK3ß, ß-catenin, phospho-ß-catenin and the molecular scaffold, axin1, in the human MCF-7 epithelial breast cancer cell model using selective inhibition of Hsp90α/ß, confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunoprecipitation. Our findings suggest that Hsp90α/ß modulates the phosphorylation of ß-catenin by interaction in common complex with GSK3ß/axin1/ß-catenin.

The PINIT domain of PIAS3: structure-function analysis of its interaction with STAT3.

The protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (PIAS3) regulates the transcriptional activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which regulates transcription of genes involved in cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. The conserved proline, isoleucine, asparagine, isoleucine, threonine (PINIT) domain of PIAS3 is thought to promote STAT3-PIAS3 interaction. The (His)(7) -PINIT domain (PIAS3(85-272) ) was heterologously expressed and purified to homogeneity by nickel affinity and size exclusion chromatography, and shown to be a folded monomer in solution. Using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) the PINIT domain (PIAS3(85-272) ) alone was shown to specifically bind to STAT3 in a concentration dependent manner. L97A, R99N and R99Q mutations of the PINIT domain were found to abrogate binding to STAT3, suggesting that these residues were part of a potential binding surface. An homology model for the PINIT domain was calculated to analyse the potential locations of L97 and R99 in the structure, and to evaluate the potential role of these residues in interactions with STAT3.

Chaperoning stem cells: a role for heat shock proteins in the modulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation?

Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells are tightly regulated processes subject to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Molecular chaperones and co-chaperones, especially heat shock proteins (Hsp), are ubiquitous molecules involved in the modulation of protein conformational and complexation states. The function of Hsp, which are typically associated with stress response and tolerance, is well characterized in differentiated cells, while their role in stem cells remains unclear. It appears that embryonic stem cells exhibit increased stress tolerance and concomitant high levels of chaperone expression. This review critically evaluates stem cell research from a molecular chaperone perspective. Furthermore, we propose a model of chaperone-modulated self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Step-by-step assembly and testing of a low-cost bioprinting solution for research and educational purposes.

Bioprinting is a rapidly expanding technology with the ability to fabricate in vitro three-dimensional (3D) tissues in a layer-by-layer manner to ultimately produce a living tissue which physiologically resembles native in vivo tissue functionality. Unfortunately, large costs associated with commercially available bioprinters severely limit access to the technology. We investigated the potential for modifying a low-cost commercially available RepRap Prusa iteration 3 (i3) 3D printer with an open-source syringe-housed microextrusion print-head unit (universal paste extruder by Richard Horne, RichRap), that allowed for controlled deposition of cell-laden bioinks and Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) method-based printing.

Folic acid-modified phthalocyanine-nanozyme loaded liposomes for targeted photodynamic therapy.

The hypoxic tumour microenvironment and poor spatiotemporal localization of photosensitizers are two significant obstacles that limit practical applications of photodynamic therapy. In response, a biocompatible, light-activatable liposome integrated with both a zinc phthalocyanine photodynamic component and Pt nanoparticles-decorated with MnO2 catalase-mimicking component are engineered. This multifunctional system was rationally designed using unsaturated phospholipids to achieve on-demand drug release following light irradiation. Specificity was achieved by folic acid functionalization resulting in folate-modified liposomes (FTLiposomes). We demonstrated its specific uptake by fluorescence imaging using folate receptor (FR) overexpressing HeLa and MCF-7 cells as in vitro models. This multifunctional liposome exhibits superior hypoxic anti-tumour effects and holds the potential to reduce side effects associated with untargeted therapy. Fluorescence of the constituent ZnPc and folate-receptor targeting could enable tracking and permit spatiotemporal regulation for improved cancer treatment.

Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes Hsp90 association with STAT3 in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Self-renewal of in vitro cultured mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells is dependent on the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LIF induces overexpression and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and its subsequent nuclear translocation. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is involved in the activation and maturation of a wide variety of substrate proteins. We investigated the effect of LIF withdrawal on the protein expression levels of STAT3 and Hsp90 and on the interactions between STAT3 and Hsp90. Taken together the data presented here suggest that LIF promotes the interaction of Hsp90 with STAT3 during self-renewal, indicating a potentially pivotal role for Hsp90 in the LIF-based maintenance of self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells.

The commercially available STAT3 inhibitor 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (5,15-DPP) does not directly interact with STAT3 core residues 127-722.

OBJECTIVE: Target specific small molecule inhibitors has driven signaling pathway discovery and are used as common positive controls in drug discovery screens. During a biophysical screen, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, of a novel small molecule library for the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Src Homology 2 (STAT3-SH2) low molecular weight interactors we evaluated commercial inhibitors S3I-201 and 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (5, 15-DPP) as positive controls. RESULTS: Here, we show using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy that a common STAT3-SH2 inhibitor, 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (5, 15-DPP), does not bind STAT3 core amino acid residues 127 to 722 relative to another commercially available SH2 inhibitor, S3I-201. This finding should provide caution in data interpretation when using 5,15-DPP in in vitro and in vivo laboratory investigations.

A STAT3 of Addiction: Adipose Tissue, Adipocytokine Signalling and STAT3 as Mediators of Metabolic Remodelling in the Tumour Microenvironment.

Metabolic remodelling of the tumour microenvironment is a major mechanism by which cancer cells survive and resist treatment. The pro-oncogenic inflammatory cascade released by adipose tissue promotes oncogenic transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis and evasion of apoptosis. STAT3 has emerged as an important mediator of metabolic remodelling. As a downstream effector of adipocytokines and cytokines, its canonical and non-canonical activities affect mitochondrial functioning and cancer metabolism. In this review, we examine the central role played by the crosstalk between the transcriptional and mitochondrial roles of STAT3 to promote survival and further oncogenesis within the tumour microenvironment with a particular focus on adipose-breast cancer interactions.

An acidic loop within the human soluble CD23 protein may direct the interaction between sCD23 and the αXß2 integrin.

CD23 is involved in a myriad of immune reactions. It is not only a receptor for IgE, but also functions in the regulation of IgE synthesis, isotype switching in B cells, and induction of the inflammatory response. These effector functions of CD23 arise through its interaction with another leukocyte-specific cell surface receptor - the ß2 integrin subfamily. It has been shown that CD23 is also capable of interacting with the ß3 and ß5 integrin ß-subunit of integrins via a basic RKC motif in a metal cation-independent fashion. In this study the interaction was probed for whether or not the RKC motif governs the interaction between CD23 and the αXß2 integrin as well. This was done by performing bioinformatic docking predictions between CD23 and αXß2 integrin αI domain and SPR spectroscopy analysis of the interaction. This revealed that in the absence of cations, the RKC motif is involved in interaction with the integrin αI domain. However, in the presence of divalent metal cations the interaction showed the involvement of a novel acidic motif within the CD23 protein. This same pattern of interaction was seen in docking predictions between CD23 and the ß3I-like domain. This study thus presents an alternative site as a possible contributor to the CD23-integrin interaction exhibiting cation-dependence.