Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorinated analogues of ripostatin A.

Several monocyclic derivatives of 14,14'-difluororipostatin A were prepared using a catalytic Mukaiyama aldol reaction, a ring-closing metathesis reaction and a late stage click reaction as key steps. The biological activity of the produced compounds was assessed in vivo using a panel of pathogenic microorganisms. Moderate antibiotic activity was observed for 11-OMe-ripostatin A and 11-OMe-14,14'-difluororipostatin A.

Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Centers in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products.

Total syntheses of the tetracyclic terpene waihoensene and the densely functionalized tetracyclic compound ryanodol have recently been reported. Both approaches constitute examples of the efficient and innovative construction of multiple quaternary centers.

A simple and efficient method for the preparation of 5-hydroxy-3-acyltetramic acids.

Oxidation of the bisenolates of 3-acyltetramic acid to the corresponding 5-hydroxylated compounds using molecular oxygen is reported. The deprotection of the resulting compounds was also achieved.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel analogues of ripostatins.

Ripostatins are polyene macrolactones isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. They exhibit antibiotic activity by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) through a binding site and mechanism that are different from those of current antibacterial drugs. Thus, the ripostatins serve as starting points for the development of new anti-infective agents with a novel mode of action. In this work, several derivatives of ripostatins were produced. 15-Desoxyripostatin A was synthesized by using a one-pot carboalumination/cross-coupling. 5,6-Dihydroripostatin A was constructed by utilizing an intramolecular Suzuki cross-coupling macrolactonization approach. 14,14'-Difluororipostatin A and both epimeric 14,14'-difluororipostatins B were synthesized by using a Reformatsky type aldol addition of a haloketone, Stille cross-coupling, and ring-closing metathesis. The RNAP-inhibitory and antibacterial activities are presented. Structure-activity relationships indicate that the monocyclic keto-ol form of ripostatin A is the active form of ripostatin A, that the ripostatin C5-C6 unsaturation is important for activity, and that C14 geminal difluorination of ripostatin B results in no loss of activity.

Total synthesis of antibiotics: recent achievements, limitations, and perspectives.

Several recently accomplished total syntheses of antibiotic natural products were summarized in this review in order to present current trends in this area of research. Compounds from different substance classes, including polyketide, depsipeptide, polyketide-polypeptide hybrid, and saccharide, were chosen to demonstrate the advancement in both chemical methodology and corresponding synthetic strategy.

Synthesis of the spiroketal core of integramycin.

A concise synthetic strategy towards the spiroketal core of the HIV-integrase inhibitor integramycin (1) was developed. The required ketone precursor was efficiently constructed from two simple and easily accessible subunits by means of a hydrozirconation/copper catalyzed acylation reaction. The effects of different protecting groups on the spiroketalization step were also investigated.

Isolation, biological activity evaluation, structure elucidation, and total synthesis of eliamid: a novel complex I inhibitor.

Eliamid is a secondary metabolite isolated from two bacterial strains. This molecule features a linear polyketide backbone terminated by a tetramic acid amide moiety. Among other biological activities, eliamid shows a high and specific cytostatic action on human lymphoma and cervix carcinoma cell lines. The 2,4-anti relative configuration of the C-2,C-4-dimethyl substituted amide fragment was assigned by means of Breit's rule. The absolute configuration of all stereocenters was determined by a combination of degradation methods, structural similarity analysis and total synthesis. The stereogenic centers were introduced by vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction and two consecutive Myers alkylations. The use of pentafluorophenyl ester as acylation agent allowed the efficient formation of tetramic acid amide. The longest linear sequence in the synthesis consist of 13 steps and proceeds with 12% overall yield. Differential spectroscopy experiments with beef heart submitochondrial particles established that eliamid is a potent inhibitor of the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex. Additionally, biosynthesis of eliamid was investigated by feeding experiments with (13)C-labeled precursors.

Total synthesis of RNA-polymerase inhibitor ripostatin B and 15-deoxyripostatin A.

Keep me skipped: a highly convergent total synthesis of ripostatin B, an inhibitor of the bacterial RNA polymerase, is described. The key steps to construct and avoid isomerization of the skipped triene are a double Stille cross-coupling reaction and a ring-closing metathesis. Furthermore, 15-deoxyripostatin A, a stable and conformationally locked analogue of ripostatin A, was prepared and tested in vivo.

Natural Product-Based Antibiotics: Synthesis and SAR-Studies.

Efficient control of the infectious diseases in the era of the emerging bacterial resistance demands consistent development of new antibiotic agents with novel modes of action. With some notable exceptions, the majority of the currently used antibiotics are natural product-derived compounds which were elaborated upon lead structures discovered by screening of various isolates. In this review, we summarized some selected examples of recent advances in the area of natural product based antibiotic development with particular emphasis on the synthetic and SAR-elucidation aspects.

Total synthesis of ripostatin A.

The first total synthesis of the bacterial RNA-polymerase inhibitor ripostatin A (1) was achieved. The route utilizes a cyclic methyl acetal intermediate and a sequence of a double Stille cross-coupling reaction followed by a ring-closing metathesis for the construction of the macrolactone ring. Additionally, an unprecedented formation of the 4-methoxy substituted tetrahydropyrans was observed during the acid catalyzed acetalization of the ß,δ-dihydroxyketone.