Etiopathogenesis of Psoriasis: Integration of Proposed Theories.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by squamous and erythematous plaques on the skin and the involvement of the immune system. Global prevalence for psoriasis has been reported around 1-3% with a higher incidence in adults and similar proportions between men and women. The risk factors associated with psoriasis are both extrinsic and intrinsic, out of which a polygenic predisposition is a highlight out of the latter. Psoriasis etiology is not yet fully described, but several hypothesis have been proposed: 1) the autoimmunity hypothesis is based on the over-expression of antimicrobial peptides such as LL-37, the proteins ADAMTSL5, K17, and hsp27, or lipids synthesized by the PLA2G4D enzyme, all of which may serve as autoantigens to promote the differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes T and unleash a chronic inflammatory response; 2) dysbiosis of skin microbiota hypothesis in psoriasis has gained relevance due to the observations of a loss of diversity and the participation of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus spp. or Staphylococcus spp. the fungi Malassezia spp. or Candida spp. and the virus HPV, HCV, or HIV in psoriatic plaques; 3) the oxidative stress hypothesis, the most recent one, describes that the cell injury and the release of proinflammatory mediators and antimicrobial peptides that leads to activate of the Th1/Th17 axis observed in psoriasis is caused by a higher release of reactive oxygen species and the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to describe the mechanisms involved in the three hypotheses on the etiopathogeneses of psoriasis.

Analysis of the Effect of Injuries on Match Performance Variables in Professional Soccer Players: A Retrospective, Experimental Longitudinal Design.

BACKGROUND: Knowing the impact of injuries is essential for their adequate management during reconditioning programs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the changes in match performance parameters in professional soccer players after sustaining an injury, which was defined according to injury severity. METHODS: Two-hundred and seven injuries related to one hundred and sixty-one professional soccer players from the Spanish LaLiga™ were considered for this study. All the injuries were classified according to their severity as minor (from 4 to 7 missed days), moderate (from 8 to 28 missed days), and major (more than 28 missed days). Through Mediacoach® videotracking system, time and external demand variables were collected and subsequently compared between pre-injury and return to play periods. The analyzed variables were (in m min-1): relative distance covered (RD; total distance covered·min-1), distance covered walking (0-6 km h-1), distance covered jogging (6-12 km h-1), distance covered running (12-18 km h-1), distance covered at intense running (18-21 km h-1), distance covered at high-speed running (21-24 km h-1), and sprinting (> 24 km h-1) distance covered. RESULTS: Significant reductions in playing time after suffering moderate and major injuries were observed. Significant reductions after minor injuries were observed in jogging (> 6 km h-1) and running (6-12 km h-1), while significantly greater distances at intense running (18-21 km h-1) and high-speed running (21-24 km h-1) were covered by players who suffer major injuries. Finally, relevant decreases in the maximum speed achieved after moderate and major injuries were found. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study shows the importance of high loads during reconditioning programs, as well as implementing strategies that allow reaching levels of maximum speed values after the return to play.

Effects of match contextual factors on internal and external load in elite Brazilian professional soccer players through the season.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of contextual match factors (quality of opposition, match outcome, change of head coach or playing style) on internal and external load in elite Brazilian professional soccer players, considering the total and effective playing time. Twenty-two professional male outfield soccer players participated in this study (age 28.4 ± 4.9 years; height 1.78 ± 0.1 cm; body mass 72.9 ± 7.1 kg). The internal (rating of perceived exertion-based load [sRPE]) and external load (distance and accelerometry-based measures) were recorded during 38 matches, over the 2021 season of the Brazilian National 1st Division League using a global position system (10 Hz) integrated with an accelerometer (200 Hz). The main results were: (i) matches played against weak opponents presented greater values of sprinting distances compared to matches against intermediate and strong opponents; (ii) players covered greater high-intensity running distances when drawing than winning the matches; (iii) matches with assistant coaches presented higher mean speed relative to effective playing time (MSEPT) compared to coach 1 and coach 2 conditions. In addition, players covered greater MSEPT and high-acceleration in matches with coach 2 vs. coach 3; (iv) finally, small positive correlations were observed between positional attack sequences and MSTPT, total distance covered, and acceleration. Coaches and practitioners should consider these results when interpreting external load variables during elite Brazilian soccer matches.

Coach Encouragement During Soccer Practices Can Influence Players' Mental and Physical Loads.

This study analyzed the influence of the coaches' encouragement on the mental and physical load in soccer practices. The participants were 36 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40; SD = 2.25) belonging to two male teams and one female team. Following the same practices' design and order, two training sessions of each team were completed. In one session, coaches maintained a passive verbal attitude, whereas in the other session, coaches intervened with an active attitude through continuous general encouragement. The mental load and fatigue were measured using self-reported questionnaires (Likert scales), and internal and external physical loads were quantified using the rating of perceived exertion and the Global Position System. A t-test for related samples and magnitude based on an inference spreadsheet was performed. The results demonstrated that mental and internal physical loads increased when coaches participated with active verbal encouragement. Especially, increases in performance satisfaction, mental effort, and RPE values, and decreases in unsafety values were detected due to encouragement interventions. Nevertheless, the external physical load did not show a clear trend. Based on these findings, coaches can use this information to manipulate their verbal encouragement during practices according to their physical and mental objectives with specific soccer strategies.

Can Rules in Technical-Tactical Decisions Influence on Physical and Mental Load during Soccer Training? A Pilot Study.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of rules limitations in pass decisions during soccer tasks on physical and mental load reported by players. Participants were 40 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40, SD = 2.25) from two male teams. Two training sessions with four tasks (same tasks with different score system: two maintaining ball possession games with goalkeepers, and two maintaining ball possession games) in counterbalanced order between teams were completed. To achieve a goal during limitation tasks, a minimum number of players had to participate in the passes before the goal. Internal (perceived effort and heart rate) and external physical load (distances), mental load (validated adaptation of the NASA-TXL) and fatigue (VASfatigue) were quantified. Paired t-test and magnitude-based inference were conducted. The results showed significantly higher mean speeds (p < 0.01), effort perception (p < 0.001), and mental fatigue (very likely positive) during possession games with restrictions. Additionally, performance satisfaction obtained significantly higher values with goalkeepers and pass restrictions (very likely positive). External physical load showed no significant differences between situations. The influence of mental fatigue on internal load and the complexity of the tasks could explain these results. Coaches can use this information to manipulate the training load in ecological conditions.

A comparison of a GPS device and a multi-camera video technology during official soccer matches: Agreement between systems.

The aim of this study was to compare the agreement of the movement demands data during a soccer match (total distance, distance per minute, average speed, maximum speed and distance covered in different speed sectors) between an optical tracking system (Mediacoach System) and a GPS device (Wimu Pro). Participants were twenty-six male professional soccer players (age: 21.65 ± 2.03 years; height: 180.00 ± 7.47 cm; weight: 73.81 ± 5.65 kg) from FC Barcelona B, of whom were recorded a total of 759 measurements during 38 official matches in the Spanish second division. The Mediacoach System and the Wimu Pro were compared using the standardized mean bias, standard error of estimate, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variation (%), and the regression equation to estimate data for each variable. In terms of agreement between systems, the magnitude of the ICC was almost perfect (> 0.90-1.00) for all variables analyzed. The coefficient of the variations between devices was close to zero (< 5%) for total distance, distance per minute, average speed, maximum speed, and walking and jogging, and between 9% and 15% for running, intense running, and sprinting at low and at high intensities. It can be observed that, compared to Wimu Pro the Mediacoach System slightly overestimated all the variables analyzed except for average speed, maximum speed, and walking variables. In conclusion, both systems can be used, and the information they provide in the analyzed variables can be interchanged, with the benefits implied for practitioners and researchers.

Relationships between Physical Activity Levels, Self-Identity, Body Dissatisfaction and Motivation among Spanish High School Students.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between gender and the educational grade on the one hand, and physical activity levels, motivation, self-identity, body dissatisfaction, the intention to be physically active and daily sitting time on the other, in a sample of Spanish high school adolescents. The sample consisted of 2087 Spanish students from the 3rd (n = 1141) and 4th grade (n = 946), both male (n = 1046) and female (n = 1041), ranging in age from 15 to 17 years old (M = 15.42; SD = .86). Students completed questionnaires to assess their levels of physical activity, self-identity, motivation, intention to be physically active and daily sitting time. The students' perceptions of their body height and mass were also tested. With the exception of walking MET values, the results showed gender differences in the variables tested. Male participants showed higher intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation than female participants. Furthermore, male students revealed higher levels of physical activity than female students. Finally, the research concluded with the importance of promoting intrinsic reasons for physical activity in order to encourage positive consequences in high school students.

Adaptation and validation in Spanish of the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) with professional football players.

BACKGROUND: This investigation presents two studies with the goal of adapting and validating a short version of the Group Environment Questionnaire in the Spanish sport context with professional players. METHOD: Study 1 used a sample of 377 male soccer players aged between 18 and 39 years ( M = 24.51, SD = 3.73), in a preliminary study using exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 used a sample of 604 professional male and female athletes, ages between 15 and 38 years ( M = 24.34, SD = 4.03). The data analyzed were collected at three moments of the season. For each measurement, we developed seven first- and second-order structures that were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS: Study 1 indicated appropriate factorial validity (> .60) and internal consistency (> .70), with only Item 3 presenting a low factor loading (.11), so its drafting was modified in the next study. Study 2 revealed that the Spanish version of the GEQ has high levels of internal consistency (> .70) and acceptable fit index values in its original four first-order factor structure in all three measurements ( χ²/df = 4.39, CFI = .95, IFI = .95, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .04, AIC = 271.09). Discriminant validity (from r = .45 to r = .72) and concurrent validity (from r = .21 to r = .60) also presented appropriate values. Lastly, we conducted analysis of invariance, confirming that the models established in the different measurements were invariant. CONCLUSIONS: The short 12-item adaptation of the GEQ to Spanish is a valid and reliable instrument to measure team cohesion in professional male and female soccer players.

[Cervical cancer and human papillomavirus. A glance from a family medical viewpoint]. / Cáncer cervicouterino y virus del papiloma humano. Una mirada desde el enfoque médico familiar.

Cervical cancer is a health population problem that affects all the world. It remains globally the second leading cause of death in women according to the reports of the International Agency for Cancer Research. In 2008 it was reported an incidence of 8.8 %, which represents a total of 530 232 new cases worldwide and a mortality rate of 8.2 %, meaning a total of 275 008 deaths from this pathology that year. If we bear in mind that the affected group is composed by women in reproductive age, we can size the sociodemographic and family consequences that this pathology brings. So the integral level approach with emphasis on the preventive area is the key to the reduction of morbidity from this disease. This premise suggests the need to offer a broad outlook about the role played by health personnel with care in Family Medicine.

El cáncer cervicouterino es un problema de salud poblacional que afecta a todo el mundo y continúa siendo la segunda causa de muerte en mujeres a nivel global. En el 2008 la Agencia Internacional de Investigación para el Cáncer reportó una incidencia del 8.8 %, lo cual representa un total de 530 232 nuevos casos a nivel mundial y una tasa de mortalidad de 8.2 %, que significaron un total de 275 008 defunciones por esta patología. Si tomamos en cuenta que el grupo con mayor afectación son mujeres en edad reproductiva, podemos dimensionar las secuelas sociodemográficas y familiares que esta patología trae como consecuencia, por lo cual el abordaje de manera integral con énfasis en el área preventiva es la clave para lograr la reducción de la morbimortalidad por esta enfermedad. De esta premisa se desprende la necesidad de brindar un panorama amplio del rol que juega el personal de salud con atención en Medicina Familiar.

Validación del cuestionario de motivación en Educación Física en educación primaria (CMEF-EP) / Validation of the Motivation in Physical Education Questionnaire in Primary Education (CMEF-EP)

El objetivo de la presente investigación era validar al contexto de la educación primaria el instrumento CMEF (Cuestionario de motivación en Educación Física), desarrollado originalmente en la etapa de educación secundaria. Para ello, participaron un total de 333 alumnos de educación primaria, de género masculino (n = 183) y femenino (n = 150), con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 12 años (M = 10.92; DT = 0.77) pertenecientes a seis centros educativos públicos de la comunidad autónoma de Murcia. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la escala presentaba una adecuada validez factorial a partir de los índices de ajuste obtenidos en el análisis factorial confirmatorio, así como valores aceptables de consistencia interna (a > 0.70). De la misma manera, se correlacionaron los factores del instrumento con la percepción de comportamientos positivos en la Educación Física, obteniendo una adecuada validez nomológica. Por tanto, este estudio aporta evidencias de que el Cuestionario de motivación en la Educación Física también permite analizar los tipos de regulación motivacional de los alumnos en las clases de Educación Física en la etapa de educación primaria.

The aim of this study was to validate in the Primary Education context the Motivational Questionnaire in Physical Education (CMEF), originally developed in Secondary Education. The sample size was formed by 333 primary school students, both male (n = 183) and female (n = 150), ranging in age from 10 to 12 years (M = 10.92, SD = 0.77) from six public schools of the autonomous community of Murcia. Results showed that the scale had an adequate factorial validity through the fit index obtained in confirmatory factorial analysis, as well as acceptable internal consistency values (a > 0.70). Likewise, instruments' factors were correlated with perception of positive behaviors in physical education, obtaining an adequate nomological validity. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the Motivation in Physical Education Questionnaire also allows analysing the types of students' motivational regulation of Physical Education classes in Primary Education.