Retrospective Cohort Study of Syphilis-Related Stillbirths in Winnipeg, Manitoba From 2017-2020.

OBJECTIVE: Syphilis-related stillbirths (SRSBs) disproportionately affect marginalized women with 11% of all local stillbirths having maternal syphilis as a contributory factor in 2020. This study describes the incidence and perinatal factors associated with SRSB. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all stillbirths occurring from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020, at a single tertiary-level referral hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Cases that met criteria for SRSB were identified from hospital records and included in the final analysis. Maternal demographics, comorbidities, prenatal care attendance, sexually transmitted infection testing, treatment, and diagnostic investigations at time of stillbirth were collected from hospital charts using a standardized data collection form. Descriptive statistics were performed to present the results. RESULTS: The proportion of SRSB increased over the period of study from 0%-11%. Eleven cases were identified as SRSB, with diagnosis occurring intrapartum in 7 cases and antenatally in 4 cases. Of the 4 antenatal cases, only 2 had identifiable treatment responses indicated by microbiological and pathology workup. Commonly identified risk factors for SRSB were homelessness, mental illness, substance use, sexually transmitted co-infections, and lack of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of SRSB are rising in Winnipeg with 11% of all stillbirths having maternal syphilis as a contributory factor by 2020. SRSBs disproportionately affect marginalized women. The dramatic and rapid changes in the epidemiology of syphilis in Winnipeg are likely shared by other Canadian regions and warrant increased prevention strategies to improve outcomes.

Mental Disorders Among Mothers of Children Born Preterm: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Canada.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to examine the association between preterm delivery and incident maternal mental disorders using a population-based cohort of mothers in Canada. METHODS: Retrospective matched cohort study using Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP) administrative data in Manitoba. Mothers who delivered preterm babies (<37 weeks gestational age) between 1998 and 2013 were matched 1:5 to mothers of term babies using socio-demographic variables. Primary outcome was any incident mental disorder within 5 years of delivery defined as any of (a) mood and anxiety disorders, (b) psychotic disorders, (c) substance use disorders, and (d) suicide or suicide attempts. Multivariable Poisson regression model was used to estimate the 5-year adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs). RESULTS: Mothers of preterm children (N = 5,361) had similar incidence rates of any mental disorder (17.4% vs. 16.6%, IRR = 0.99, 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.07) compared to mothers of term children (N = 24,932). Mothers of term children had a higher rate of any mental disorder in the first year while mothers of preterm children had higher rates from 2 to 5 years. Being the mother of a child born <28 week (IRR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.04), but not 28-33 weeks (IRR = 1.03, 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.19) or 34-36 weeks (IRR = 0.96, 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.05), was associated with any mental disorder. INTERPRETATION: Mothers of preterm and term children had similar rates of incident mental disorders within 5-years post-delivery. Extreme prematurity was a risk factor for any mental disorder. Targeted screening and support of this latter group may be beneficial.

Perinatal Factors Associated With Breastfeeding Trends After Preterm Birth <29 Weeks Gestation: Can We Predict Early Discontinuation?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates and perinatal factors associated with initiation and early discontinuation of breastfeeding among very preterm neonates. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of very preterm infants (<29 weeks gestation) admitted to 2 regional Level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019. A national neonatal database was used to evaluate initiation and continuation rates of breastfeeding and associated perinatal factors. Stored nutrition profiles and delivery record books were used to determine feeding volumes associated with continuation of breastfeeding to hospital discharge for a subgroup of infants at a single site. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the results between groups, and logistic regression modeling was used to calculate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS: Of 391 eligible neonates, 84% initiated breastfeeding but only 38% continued to discharge. Interestingly, frequency of breastfeeding initiation (P < 0.001) and continuation (P < 0.001) declined over the study period. After adjustment for confounders, younger maternal age, earlier gestational age, cigarette smoking, and multiparity were significantly associated with early discontinuation of breastfeeding prior to hospital discharge. Early discontinuation of breastfeeding was also related to lower volumes of breastmilk by day 7 of life (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Very preterm neonates are at high risk for non-initiation and early discontinuation of breastfeeding. The early postnatal period represents a critical time to establish breastmilk volumes, and the identification of key perinatal risk factors allows for early and targeted breastfeeding support.

The association between gestational diabetes and stillbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Controversy exists over whether gestational diabetes increases the risk of stillbirth. The aim of this review was to examine the association between gestational diabetes and stillbirth. METHODS: We performed searches of the published literature to May 2021. Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate by independent reviewers. Meta-analyses of summary measures were conducted using random-effect models for cohort and case-control studies separately. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration ID CRD42020166939). RESULTS: From 9981 citations, 419 were identified for full-text review and 73 met inclusion criteria (n = 70,292,090). There was no significant association between gestational diabetes and stillbirth in cohort studies (pooled OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.90, 1.21]; I2 86.1%) or in case-control studies (pooled OR 1.57 [95% CI 0.83, 2.98]; I2 94.8%). Gestational diabetes was associated with lower odds of stillbirth among cohort studies presenting with an adjusted OR (pooled OR 0.78 [95% CI 0.68, 0.88]; I2 42.7%). Stratified analyses by stillbirth ≥28 weeks' gestation, studies published prior to 2013 and studies identified as low quality demonstrated a significantly higher odds of stillbirth in meta-regression (p = 0.016, 0.023 and 0.005, respectively). Egger's test for all included cohort studies (p = 0.018) suggests publication bias for the main meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Given the substantial heterogeneity across studies, there are insufficient data to define the relationship between stillbirth and gestational diabetes adequately. In the main analyes, gestational diabetes was not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. However, heterogeneity across studies means this finding should be interpreted cautiously.

Directive clinique no 430 : Diagnostic et prise en charge de la rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme.

OBJECTIF: Fournir des directives claires et concises pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la rupture prématurée des membranes avant terme (RPMAT). POPULATION CIBLE: Toute patiente manifestant une rupture prématurée des membranes avant 37 semaines d'aménorrhée. BéNéFICES, RISQUES ET COûTS: La présente directive clinique vise à fournir les premières recommandations générales canadiennes sur la prise en charge de la rupture des membranes avant terme. Elle repose sur un examen complet et à jour des données probantes sur le diagnostic de la rupture et sur la prise en charge, le bon moment et les modes d'accouchement. DONNéES PROBANTES: Des recherches ont été effectuées dans PubMed-Medline et Cochrane en 2021 en utilisant les termes suivants : preterm premature rupture of membranes, PPROM, chorioamnionitis, Nitrazine test, ferning, commercial tests, PAMG-1, IGFBP-1 test, ultrasonography, PPROM/antenatal corticosteroids, PPROM/Magnesium sulphate, PPROM/antibiotic treatment, PPROM/tocolysis, PPROM/preterm labour, PPROM/neonatal outcomes, PPROM/mortality, PPROM/outpatient/inpatient, PPROM/cerclage, previable PPROM. Les articles retenus sont des essais cliniques randomisés, des méta-analyses, des revues systématiques, des directives cliniques et des études observationnelles. D'autres publications pertinentes ont été sélectionnées à partir des notices bibliographiques de ces articles. Seuls les articles en anglais ont été examinés. MéTHODES DE VALIDATION: Les auteurs ont évalué la qualité des données probantes et la force des recommandations en utilisant le cadre méthodologique GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation). Voir l'annexe A (tableau A1 pour les définitions et tableau A2 pour l'interprétation des recommandations fortes et faibles). PROFESSIONNELS CONCERNéS: Tous les fournisseurs de soins de santé prénatale ou périnatale. DÉCLARATIONS SOMMAIRES: RECOMMANDATIONS.

Guideline No. 430: Diagnosis and management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To provide clear and concise guidelines for the diagnosis and management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) TARGET POPULATION: All patients with PPROM <37 weeks gestation BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: This guideline aims to provide the first Canadian general guideline on the management of preterm membrane rupture. It includes a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the evidence on the diagnosis, management, timing and method of delivery. EVIDENCE: The following search terms were entered into PubMed/Medline and Cochrane in 2021: preterm premature rupture of membranes, PPROM, chorioamnionitis, Nitrazine test, ferning, commercial tests, placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) test, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) test, ultrasonography, PPROM/antenatal corticosteroids, PPROM/Magnesium sulphate, PPROM/ antibiotic treatment, PPROM/tocolysis, PPROM/preterm labour, PPROM/Neonatal outcomes, PPROM/mortality, PPROM/outpatient/inpatient, PPROM/cerclage, previable PPROM. Articles included were randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, guidelines, and observational studies. Additional publications were identified from the bibliographies of these articles. Only English-language articles were reviewed. VALIDATION METHODS: The authors rated the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. See Appendix A (Tables A1 for definitions and A2 for interpretations of strong and weak recommendations). INTENDED AUDIENCE: All prenatal and perinatal health care providers. SUMMARY STATEMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONS.

A Survey on Variation in Diagnosis and Treatment of Chorioamnionitis in Tertiary Centres in Canada.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical detection and management of chorioamnionitis is challenging given the gold-standard for diagnosis remains placental pathology, the results of which are only available after delivery. Moreover, recommended diagnostic criteria for clinical chorioamnionitis have evolved over time. The goal of this study was to describe trends and differences in chorioamnionitis diagnostic and management practices in Canada. METHODS: We surveyed obstetric care providers participating in the Canadian Preterm Birth Network. Questionnaires were distributed electronically to all 29 sites and completed by 1 maternal-fetal medicine investigator at each site. RESULTS: The response rate was 82.8% (n = 24). There was considerable variation in the clinical criteria used to diagnose chorioamnionitis with 9 of 22 sites stating this occurs "frequently" or "very frequently." Isolated fever was "always" or "most of the time" used as an indication to start empiric antibiotic therapy in 14 of 24 sites, and 21 of 23 sites used the same diagnostic criteria for term and preterm deliveries. Placental histology (15 sites) and white blood cell count (14 sites) were the most common clinical tests performed to confirm chorioamnionitis. A combination of ampicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics was used at 12 sites. Another frequently used antibiotic therapy was cefazolin and metronidazole (4 sites). CONCLUSION: There is a wide variation in practices for the diagnosis and management of chorioamnionitis across Canada. The results of this study will guide efforts to improve and standardize the management of this condition.

Guidelines for the Management of a Pregnant Trauma Patient.

OBJECTIVE: Physical trauma affects 1 in 12 pregnant women and has a major impact on maternal mortality and morbidity and on pregnancy outcome. A multidisciplinary approach is warranted to optimize outcome for both the mother and her fetus. The aim of this document is to provide the obstetric care provider with an evidence-based systematic approach to the pregnant trauma patient. OUTCOMES: Significant health and economic outcomes considered in comparing alternative practices. EVIDENCE: Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library from October 2007 to September 2013 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., pregnancy, Cesarean section, hypotension, domestic violence, shock) and key words (e.g., trauma, perimortem Cesarean, Kleihauer-Betke, supine hypotension, electrical shock). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies published in English between January 1968 and September 2013. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to February 2014. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES: The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: This guideline is expected to facilitate optimal and uniform care for pregnancies complicated by trauma. Summary Statement Specific traumatic injuries At this time, there is insufficient evidence to support the practice of disabling air bags for pregnant women. (III) Recommendations Primary survey 1. Every female of reproductive age with significant injuries should be considered pregnant until proven otherwise by a definitive pregnancy test or ultrasound scan. (III-C) 2. A nasogastric tube should be inserted in a semiconscious or unconscious injured pregnant woman to prevent aspiration of acidic gastric content. (III-C) 3. Oxygen supplementation should be given to maintain maternal oxygen saturation > 95% to ensure adequate fetal oxygenation. (II-1B) 4. If needed, a thoracostomy tube should be inserted in an injured pregnant woman 1 or 2 intercostal spaces higher than usual. (III-C) 5. Two large bore (14 to 16 gauge) intravenous lines should be placed in a seriously injured pregnant woman. (III-C) 6. Because of their adverse effect on uteroplacental perfusion, vasopressors in pregnant women should be used only for intractable hypotension that is unresponsive to fluid resuscitation. (II-3B) 7. After mid-pregnancy, the gravid uterus should be moved off the inferior vena cava to increase venous return and cardiac output in the acutely injured pregnant woman. This may be achieved by manual displacement of the uterus or left lateral tilt. Care should be taken to secure the spinal cord when using left lateral tilt. (II-1B) 8. To avoid rhesus D (Rh) alloimmunization in Rh-negative mothers, O-negative blood should be transfused when needed until cross-matched blood becomes available. (I-A) 9. The abdominal portion of military anti-shock trousers should not be inflated on a pregnant woman because this may reduce placental perfusion. (II-3B) Transfer to health care facility 10. Transfer or transport to a maternity facility (triage of a labour and delivery unit) is advocated when injuries are neither life- nor limb-threatening and the fetus is viable (≥ 23 weeks), and to the emergency room when the fetus is under 23 weeks' gestational age or considered to be non-viable. When the injury is major, the patient should be transferred or transported to the trauma unit or emergency room, regardless of gestational age. (III-B) 11. When the severity of injury is undetermined or when the gestational age is uncertain, the patient should be evaluated in the trauma unit or emergency room to rule out major injuries. (III-C) Evaluation of a pregnant trauma patient in the emergency room 12. In cases of major trauma, the assessment, stabilization, and care of the pregnant women is the first priority; then, if the fetus is viable (≥ 23 weeks), fetal heart rate auscultation and fetal monitoring can be initiated and an obstetrical consultation obtained as soon as feasible. (II-3B) 13. In pregnant women with a viable fetus (≥ 23 weeks) and suspected uterine contractions, placental abruption, or traumatic uterine rupture, urgent obstetrical consultation is recommended. (II-3B) 14. In cases of vaginal bleeding at or after 23 weeks, speculum or digital vaginal examination should be deferred until placenta previa is excluded by a prior or current ultrasound scan. (III-C) Adjunctive tests for maternal assessment 15. Radiographic studies indicated for maternal evaluation including abdominal computed tomography should not be deferred or delayed due to concerns regarding fetal exposure to radiation. (II-2B) 16. Use of gadolinium-based contrast agents can be considered when maternal benefit outweighs potential fetal risks. (III-C) 17. In addition to the routine blood tests, a pregnant trauma patient should have a coagulation panel including fibrinogen. (III-C) 18. Focused abdominal sonography for trauma should be considered for detection of intraperitoneal bleeding in pregnant trauma patients. (II-3B) 19. Abdominal computed tomography may be considered as an alternative to diagnostic peritoneal lavage or open lavage when intra-abdominal bleeding is suspected. (III-C) Fetal assessment 20. All pregnant trauma patients with a viable pregnancy (≥ 23 weeks) should undergo electronic fetal monitoring for at least 4 hours. (II-3B) 21. Pregnant trauma patients (≥ 23 weeks) with adverse factors including uterine tenderness, significant abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, sustained contractions (> 1/10 min), rupture of the membranes, atypical or abnormal fetal heart rate pattern, high risk mechanism of injury, or serum fibrinogen < 200 mg/dL should be admitted for observation for 24 hours. (III-B) 22. Anti-D immunoglobulin should be given to all rhesus D-negative pregnant trauma patients. (III-B) 23. In Rh-negative pregnant trauma patients, quantification of maternal-fetal hemorrhage by tests such as Kleihauer-Betke should be done to determine the need for additional doses of anti-D immunoglobulin. (III-B) 24. An urgent obstetrical ultrasound scan should be undertaken when the gestational age is undetermined and need for delivery is anticipated. (III-C) 25. All pregnant trauma patients with a viable pregnancy who are admitted for fetal monitoring for greater than 4 hours should have an obstetrical ultrasound prior to discharge from hospital. (III-C) 26. Fetal well-being should be carefully documented in cases involving violence, especially for legal purposes. (III-C) Obstetrical complications of trauma 27. Management of suspected placental abruption should not be delayed pending confirmation by ultrasonography as ultrasound is not a sensitive tool for its diagnosis. (II-3D) Specific traumatic injuries 28. Tetanus vaccination is safe in pregnancy and should be given when indicated. (II-3B) 29. Every woman who sustains trauma should be questioned specifically about domestic or intimate partner violence. (II-3B) 30. During prenatal visits, the caregiver should emphasize the importance of wearing seatbelts properly at all times. (II-2B) Perimortem Caesarean section 31. A Caesarean section should be performed for viable pregnancies (≥ 23 weeks) no later than 4 minutes (when possible) following maternal cardiac arrest to aid with maternal resuscitation and fetal salvage. (III-B).

Objectif : Une femme enceinte sur 12 en vient à subir des traumatismes physiques et ceux-ci exercent des effets importants sur la mortalité et la morbidité maternelles, ainsi que sur l'issue de la grossesse. La mise en œuvre d'une approche multidisciplinaire s'avère justifiée pour assurer l'optimisation des issues, et ce, tant pour la mère que pour son fœtus. Le présent document a pour but d'offrir, aux fournisseurs de soins obstétricaux, une approche systématique factuelle qu'ils pourront utiliser pour assurer la prise en charge des patientes enceintes ayant subi un traumatisme. Issues : Issues sanitaires et économiques considérables, par comparaison avec les pratiques de rechange. Résultats : La littérature publiée a été récupérée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans Medline, CINAHL et The Cochrane Library entre octobre 2007 et septembre 2013 au moyen d'un vocabulaire contrôlé (« pregnancy ¼, « Cesarean section ¼, « hypotension ¼, « domestic violence ¼, « shock ¼) et de mots clés (« trauma ¼, « perimortem Cesarean ¼, « Kleihauer-Betke ¼, « supine hypotension ¼, « electrical shock ¼) appropriés. Les résultats ont été restreints aux analyses systématiques, aux études observationnelles et aux essais comparatifs randomisés / essais cliniques comparatifs publiés en anglais entre janvier 1968 et septembre 2013. Les recherches ont été mises à jour de façon régulière et intégrées à la directive clinique jusqu'en février 2014. La littérature grise (non publiée) a été identifiée par l'intermédiaire de recherches menées dans les sites Web d'organismes s'intéressant à l'évaluation des technologies dans le domaine de la santé et d'organismes connexes, dans des collections de directives cliniques, dans des registres d'essais cliniques et auprès de sociétés de spécialité médicale nationales et internationales. Valeurs : La qualité des résultats a été évaluée au moyen des critères décrits dans le rapport du Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs (Tableau). Avantages, désavantages et coûts : Nous nous attendons à ce que la présente directive clinique facilite l'offre de soins optimaux et uniformes dans les cas de grossesse compliquée par un traumatisme. Déclaration sommaireLésions traumatiques particulières Pour l'instant, nous ne disposons pas de données probantes suffisantes pour soutenir la désactivation des coussins gonflables dans le cas des femmes enceintes. (III) RecommandationsExamen primaire 1. La présence d'une grossesse devrait être présumée chez toutes les femmes en âge de procréer ayant subi des blessures considérables, jusqu'à ce que le contraire ait été prouvé au moyen d'une échographie ou d'un test de grossesse définitif. (III-C) 2. Chez les femmes enceintes blessées inconscientes ou à demi conscientes, une sonde nasogastrique devrait être insérée afin de prévenir l'aspiration de contenu gastrique acide. (III-C) 3. Une oxygénothérapie devrait être mise en œuvre pour garantir le maintien d'une saturation maternelle en oxygène > 95 %, de façon à assurer une oxygénation fœtale adéquate. (II-1B) 4. Chez les femmes enceintes blessées, l'insertion d'une sonde de thoracostomie (à un endroit se situant à un ou deux espaces intercostaux de plus que d'habitude) pourrait être envisagée, au besoin. (III-C) 5. Chez les femmes enceintes gravement blessées, deux lignes intraveineuses de gros calibre (14-16) devraient être mises en place. (III-C) 6. En raison des effets indésirables qu'ils exercent sur la perfusion utéroplacentaire chez les femmes enceintes, les vasopresseurs ne devraient être utilisés qu'en présence d'une hypotension réfractaire qui ne réagit pas à la réanimation liquidienne. (II-3B) 7. Chez les femmes enceintes gravement blessées qui ont passé le cap de la mi-grossesse, l'utérus gravide devrait être repositionné de façon à ce qu'il ne comprime plus la veine cave inférieure, et ce, dans le but d'accroître le retour veineux et le débit cardiaque. Ce repositionnement peut être obtenu en déplaçant l'utérus manuellement ou en plaçant la patiente en position latérale gauche (en s'assurant alors d'immobiliser la moelle épinière de la patiente au préalable). (II-1B) 8. Pour prévenir l'allo-immunisation rhésus D chez les femmes Rh négatives, du sang O négatif devrait être transfusé, au besoin, jusqu'à ce que du sang provenant d'un donneur compatible soit obtenu. (I-A) 9. La partie abdominale du pantalon pneumatique hypotenseur ne devrait pas être gonflée en présence d'une grossesse, car cela pourrait atténuer la perfusion placentaire. (II-3B) Transfert vers un établissement de santé 10. Le transfert vers un service de maternité (service de triage d'une unité de travail et d'accouchement) est recommandé lorsque la patiente en question ne présente pas de blessures potentiellement mortelles ou pouvant mener à la perte d'un membre et lorsque le fœtus est viable (≥ 23 semaines); le transfert vers une salle des urgences est recommandé lorsque le fœtus n'a pas encore atteint l'âge gestationnel de 23 semaines ou lorsqu'il n'est pas considéré comme étant viable. En présence d'un traumatisme majeur, la patiente devrait être transférée ou transportée vers une unité de traumatologie ou une salle des urgences, sans égard à l'âge gestationnel. (III-B) 11. Lorsque la gravité du traumatisme est indéterminée ou lorsque l'âge gestationnel est incertain, la patiente devrait faire l'objet d'une évaluation menée dans une unité de traumatologie ou une salle des urgences en vue d'écarter la présence de blessures majeures. (III-C) Évaluation, au sein d'une salle des urgences, d'une patiente enceinte ayant subi un traumatisme 12. En présence d'un traumatisme majeur, la priorité doit être accordée à l'évaluation, à la stabilisation et à la prise en charge de la femme enceinte; par la suite, lorsque le fœtus est viable (≥ 23 semaines), l'auscultation de la fréquence cardiaque fœtale et un monitorage fœtal peuvent être mis en œuvre. De plus, une consultation en obstétrique devrait être obtenue dès que possible. (II-3B) 13. La tenue d'une consultation d'urgence en obstétrique est recommandée en ce qui concerne les femmes enceintes dont le fœtus est viable (≥ 23 semaines) et chez qui l'on soupçonne la présence de contractions utérines, d'un décollement placentaire ou d'une rupture utérine traumatique. (II-3B) 14. En présence de saignements vaginaux à 23 semaines ou par la suite, la tenue d'un examen vaginal au moyen d'un spéculum ou des doigts devrait être reportée jusqu'à ce que la présence d'un placenta praevia ait été écartée par échographie (préalable ou actuelle). (III-C) Tests d'appoint dans le cadre de l'évaluation maternelle 15. Les études de radiographie nécessaires aux fins de l'évaluation maternelle (dont la tomodensitométrie abdominale) ne devraient pas être retardées ni reportées en raison de préoccupations à l'égard de l'exposition du fœtus à des rayonnements. (II-2B) 16. L'utilisation de produits de contraste à base de gadolinium peut être envisagée lorsque les avantages maternels l'emportent sur les risques fœtaux potentiels. (III-C) 17. En plus des tests sanguins qui sont régulièrement menés dans le cadre de l'évaluation des patientes enceintes ayant subi un traumatisme, un profil de coagulation (comprenant la mesure du taux de fibrinogène) devrait être obtenu. (III-C) 18. Chez les patientes enceintes ayant subi un traumatisme, la tenue d'une échographie abdominale ciblée pour l'identification de traumatismes devrait être envisagée aux fins de la détection des saignements intrapéritonéaux. (II-3B) 19. Lorsque la présence de saignements intra-abdominaux est soupçonnée, la tomodensitométrie abdominale pourrait constituer une solution de rechange au lavage péritonéal diagnostique ou au lavage ouvert. (III-C) Évaluation fœtale 20. Toutes les patientes enceintes ayant subi un traumatisme qui présentent une grossesse viable (≥ 23 semaines) devraient faire l'objet d'un monitorage fœtal électronique pendant au moins 4 heures. (II-3B) 21. Les patientes enceintes ayant subi un traumatisme (≥ 23 semaines) qui présentent des facteurs indésirables (dont la sensibilité utérine, des douleurs abdominales considérables, des saignements vaginaux, des contractions soutenues [> 1/10 min], la rupture des membranes, un profil de fréquence cardiaque fœtale atypique ou anormal, un mécanisme de blessure à risque élevé ou un taux sérique de fibrinogène < 200 mg/dl) devraient être hospitalisées pour une période d'observation de 24 heures. (III-B) 22. De l'immunoglobuline anti-D devrait être administrée à toutes les patientes enceintes Rh négatives ayant subi un traumatisme. (III-B) 23. Chez les patientes enceintes Rh négatives ayant subi un traumatisme, l'hémorragie fœtomaternelle devrait être quantifiée au moyen de mesures telles que le test de Kleihauer-Betke, et ce, dans le but de déterminer la nécessité de procéder à l'administration de doses additionnelles d'immunoglobuline anti-D. (III-B) 24. Une échographie obstétricale devrait être menée d'urgence lorsque l'âge gestationnel est indéterminé et que la nécessité de procéder à l'accouchement est anticipée. (III-C) 25. Toutes les patientes enceintes ayant subi un traumatisme qui présentent une grossesse viable et qui sont hospitalisées aux fins de la tenue d'un monitorage fœtal pendant plus de 4 heures devraient faire l'objet d'une échographie obstétricale avant d'obtenir leur congé de l'hôpital. (III-C) 26. Il est important de disposer, particulièrement à des fins juridiques, d'une documentation rigoureuse du bien-être fœtal dans les cas mettant en cause de la violence. (III-C) Complications obstétricales du traumatisme 27. La prise en charge de la présence soupçonnée d'un décollement placentaire ne devrait pas être différée jusqu'à l'obtention d'une confirmation par échographie; l'échographie ne dispose pas de la sensibilité requise pour l'établissement d'undiagnostic de décollement placentaire. (II-3D) Lésions traumatiques particulières 28. La vaccination antitétanique est sûre pendant la grossesse et devrait être administrée, au besoin. (II-3B) 29. Toutes les femmes qui subissent un traumatisme devraient faire l'objet de questions visant particulièrement la violence familiale ou conjugale. (II-3B) 30. Dans le cadre des consultations prénatales, le fournisseur de soins devrait souligner l'importance du port de la ceinture de sécurité de façon adéquate, en tout temps. (II-2B) Césarienne péri-mortem 31. En présence d'une grossesse viable (≥ 23 semaines), la tenue d'une césarienne est recommandée au plus tard 4 minutes (dans la mesure du possible) à la suite de l'arrêt cardiaque chez la mère, et ce, en vue de faciliter la réanimation maternelle et le sauvetage du fœtus. (III-B).

Grade 3 school performance among children born preterm: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between prematurity and grade 3 school performance in a contemporary cohort of children. METHODS: Population-based retrospective cohort study in Manitoba, Canada. Children born between 1999 and 2011 who had their grade 3 school performance data available were eligible. Preterm birth (<37 weeks) was the exposure of interest assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. Our primary outcomes were 'needs ongoing help' or 'outside the range' in at least two of each of the (1) four numeracy and (2) three reading competencies. RESULTS: Of the 186 956 eligible children, 101 436 children (7187 preterm (gestational age, median (IQR) 35 weeks (34, 36)) and 94 249 term (40 weeks (39,40)) were included. Overall, 19% of preterm and 14% of term children had the numeracy outcome (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.38; 95% CI 1.29 to 1.47, p<0.001), while 19% and 13% had the reading outcome (aOR 1.38; 1.29 to 1.48, p<0.001). These differences showed a gestational age gradient. Gestational age (for numeracy, <28 weeks aOR 4.93 (3.45 to 7.03), 28-33 weeks 1.72 (1.50 to 1.98), 34-36 weeks 1.24 (1.15 to 1.34); for reading, <28 weeks 3.51 (2.40 to 5.14), 28-33 weeks 1.72 (1.49 to 1.98), 34-36 weeks 1.24 (1.17-1.37)), male sex, small for gestational age and maternal medical and sociodemographic factors were associated with the numeracy and reading outcomes in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Children born preterm had poorer performance in grade 3 numeracy and reading proficiencies than children born full term. All children born preterm, not just those born extremely preterm, should be screened for reading and numeracy performance in school and strategies implemented to address any deficits.

Utility of Measuring Fetal Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) Width During Routine Obstetrical Ultrasound for Improving Diagnosis of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.

Objective: To evaluate the utility of measuring fetal cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) width during routine, mid-pregnancy ultrasound for improving diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome amongst fetuses with and without conotruncal anomalies. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective case-control study (2005-2016). Fetuses and newborns with 22q11.2 deletion and/or conotruncal cardiac anomalies were identified using a regional, clinical database. A control group was assembled in a 2:1 ratio to create three groups for comparison: i) 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; ii) isolated conotruncal anomalies; and iii) controls. Eligibility was restricted to those with stored ultrasound images between 18-22 weeks' gestation and a minimum biparietal diameter of 40 mm. Post-processing measurement of CSP width was performed in a standardized fashion by two blinded and independent study personnel. Descriptive and inferential statistics, regression modeling, and receiver operator curves (ROC) were used to compare outcomes between groups and evaluate sensitivity/specificity of CSP width as a marker of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Results: Twenty-nine cases of 22q11.2 deletion and 64 cases of isolated conotruncal anomalies were matched to 186 healthy controls. Cases with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome had significantly larger CSP widths (5.36 mm; SD=1.2) compared to those with isolated conotruncal anomalies (3.75 mm; SD=1.11) and healthy controls (2.93 mm; SD=0.57; p<0.0001). There was no difference in CSP width amongst those with 22q11.2 deletion irrespective of the presence/absence of a conotruncal anomaly (p=0.362), or by type of conotruncal anomaly (p=0.211). Using a CSP width cutoff >4.3 mm, fetuses with 22q11.2 deletion can be accurately identified with good sensitivity (89.7%) and specificity (84%). Conclusion: Fetuses with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome have dilated CSPs when compared to those with isolated conotruncal anomalies or controls. Because CSP dilation can be evaluated during routine mid-pregnancy ultrasound using standard images of the fetal head, measurement could easily be incorporated to enhance prenatal diagnosis of this phenotypically diverse condition.

The Significance of Exposure to Pregestational Type 2 Diabetes in Utero on Fetal Renal Size and Subcutaneous Fat Thickness.

Objectives: To determine the relationship between exposure to pregestational type 2 diabetes (T2D) and renal size and subcutaneous fat thickness in fetuses during routine obstetrical ultrasound. Methods: This was a case-control study (January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019). Routine obstetrical ultrasounds performed between 18 and 22 weeks' gestation at a tertiary-care fetal assessment unit were reviewed. "Cases" comprised ultrasounds of fetuses exposed to pregestational T2D in utero. The control group was assembled from ultrasounds of healthy controls. Postprocessing measurements of fetal renal size and abdominal wall thickness from stored images were performed by two independent observers, and findings were compared between groups. Results: There were 54 cases and 428 ultrasounds of healthy controls. The mean maternal age of cases was 32.1 years (SD 6.2) compared to 33.2 years (SD 5.3) for healthy controls, and the majority of ultrasounds were performed in multiparous patients (83%). At the 18 to 22 week ultrasound, there was a significant reduction in renal size amongst fetuses exposed to maternal T2D in utero compared to controls; among cases, the mean renal width was 8.0 mm (95% CI 7.8-8.1) compared to 11.4 mm (95% CI 10.6-12.7) in controls (p < 0.0001); the mean renal thickness among cases was 8.1 mm (95% CI 7.9-8.2) compared to 11.5 mm (95% CI 10.7-12.9) in controls (p=0.001). There was no obvious difference in estimated fetal weight between groups, yet fetuses exposed to maternal T2D had increased subcutaneous abdominal wall fat thickness at this early gestational age (p=0.008). Conclusions: Fetal renal size in cases exposed to pregestational T2D is significantly smaller compared to controls, and subcutaneous abdominal wall fat is significantly thicker. Given emerging evidence about the developmental origins of disease, further study is needed to correlate the association between fetal renal size and fat distribution in the fetus and the long-term risk of chronic renal disease and diabetes in these offspring.

Antenatal breastfeeding promotion amongst pregnancies at high-risk for newborn admission to the NICU: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with antenatal promotion of breastfeeding in high-risk pregnancies. Study design: This was a cross-sectional study of trends in breastfeeding promotion during antenatal consultation of pregnancies at high-risk for newborn admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between January 2017 and December 2020. Eligible high-risk pregnant patients undergoing antenatal consultation in a tertiary-level fetal assessment unit were identified using an electronic clinic repository. Consult letters and fetal assessment reports were reviewed to determine baseline demographics, pregnancy history, fetal findings, and communication about breastfeeding. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present findings and compare outcomes between groups. Results: 316 pregnancies were included for final analysis. The mean maternal age was 28.7 years (SD 6.2) and 65 % were multiparas. Median gestational age at time of antenatal consult was 32 weeks [IQR 29-34]. The main indication for consultation was fetal anomalies (72.8%), namely cardiac defects (21.2 %). There was a significant improvement in prevalence of antenatal discussions about breastfeeding over the study period, from 48.8 % early in the study period compared to 73.7 % in the past year (p = 0.036). However, amongst consults where breastfeeding was discussed, almost one-quarter (23.8 %) of patients indicated that they were not planning on breastfeeding postnatally. Conclusion: There has been a significant improvement in promoting breastfeeding antenatally amongst high-risk pregnancies. However, no follow-up or supports were offered to one-quarter of patients who indicated no intention of breastfeeding or using donor milk postnatally. Ongoing work is required to further advance breastfeeding promotion antenatally, increase parental supports and education, and optimize breastfeeding rates postnatally for improving outcomes of this high-risk group.

Can Prenatal Diagnosis of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) Using Routine Fetal Ultrasound be Improved? A Case-Control Study.

Objectives: To determine the most common fetal ultrasound markers of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) during mid-trimester ultrasound using standardly obtained images and evaluate the performance of diagnostic algorithms for improving prenatal diagnosis. Methods: This was a matched case-control study at a regional referral centre (2005 to 2019). Cases of TAPVR were matched to controls 1 : 4 by date of birth and biologic sex. Postprocessing review of stored fetal ultrasound images was performed by two blinded and independent observers in a standardized fashion using nine sonographic markers: (i) left/right heart disproportion; (ii) abnormal distribution of great vessels; (iii) pulmonary vein entry into the left atrium (LA); (iv) confluence behind the LA; (v) abnormal coronary sinus; (vi) absence of the Coumadin ridge; (vii) aortic diameter; (viii) distance between LA and aorta; and (ix) post-LA space index >1.27. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present results and compare cases and controls. Diagnostic algorithms were compared by sensitivity/specificity. Results: 21 cases of isolated TAPVR were matched to 84 controls (n = 105). The most common ultrasound marker of TAPVR was absence of pulmonary vein entry into the LA (42.9%), followed by abnormal Coumadin ridge (38.1%). Cases of TAPVR had significantly larger post-LA spaces than controls (p < 0.0001) and wider aortic diameters (p=0.006). A diagnostic algorithm stratifying on absence of pulmonary veins followed by an abnormal Coumadin ridge, can correctly identify cases of TAPVR with high specificity (90.5%) and moderate sensitivity (61.9%). Conversely, a diagnostic algorithm using the presence of any 3 abnormal markers had improved specificity (94.1%) but poorer sensitivity (23.8%). Conclusions: Using standardly obtained images from routine fetal ultrasound, improved prenatal detection of isolated TAPVR is possible. A standardized diagnostic approach can be highly specific for fetal TAPVR, however, algorithms that are sufficiently sensitive for screening in the general population are still needed.

Early Neurodevelopmental Outcomes after Previable Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes (pPPROM).

Objective: To describe the early neurodevelopmental outcomes following fetal exposure to previable preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (pPPROM). Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a subgroup of neonates born following pPPROM from a retrospective cohort study (2009-2015). Surviving infants who underwent standardized neurodevelopmental evaluation at 18-24 months corrected age (CA) between 2017 and 2019 were eligible for inclusion. Data abstracted from hospital charts were linked to prospectively collected developmental outcomes stored in an electronic database from a regional neonatal follow-up clinic. The primary outcome was Bayley-III composite scores (compared to the population mean 100, standard deviation (SD) 15). Secondary outcomes included presence of cerebral palsy, vision loss, hearing impairment, and requirement of rehabilitation therapy. Descriptive statistics were used to present results. Results: 25.7% (19/74) of neonates born after pPPROM survived to hospital discharge, but only 21.6% (16/74) survived to 18-24 months CA. Of these, 9 infants were eligible for follow-up at the regional clinic and 7 had developmental outcomes stored in the electronic database. Infants exposed to pPPROM exhibited Bayley-III scores more than 1 SD below the population mean across all three domains: cognitive 84.9 (SD 12.2); motor 82.3 (SD 11.5); and language 66.4 (SD 18.9). There were particular deficiencies in language development with 71% (5/7) scoring more than 2 SDs below the population mean. There were no cases of cerebral palsy. Conclusions: Only 1 in 5 infants born following expectantly managed pPPROM survived to 18-24 months CA. These infants born after pPPROM had significantly lower Bayley-III scores and particular deficiencies in language development. Better understanding of early neurodevelopmental challenges following pPPROM will help refine counselling of families contemplating expectant management and provide insights into the postnatal educational resources required to improve long-term developmental outcomes for these children.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with type 2 diabetes in First Nation and other Manitoban people: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: First Nation people living in Canada experience a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy. In this study, we aimed to describe maternal and neonatal outcomes in First Nation and all other females with type 2 diabetes living in Manitoba, Canada. METHODS: This was a population-level retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data from Manitoba (2012-2017). We compared First Nation females with type 2 diabetes with all other Manitoban females with type 2 diabetes, using relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 2181 females with type 2 diabetes were included, and 1218 (55.8%) were First Nation. First Nation females with type 2 diabetes were significantly more likely to experience stillbirth (RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.11-4.13) and perinatal death (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.37-4.17) than all other Manitoban females with type 2 diabetes. Offspring of First Nation females with type 2 diabetes had a higher risk of most neonatal complications than offspring of all other Manitoban females with type 2 diabetes, including a higher risk of congenital malformations (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.30-2.99), but First Nation people did not have a higher risk of most maternal complications. INTERPRETATION: First Nation pregnant individuals living with type 2 diabetes experienced a higher risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes than all other Manitoban females with type 2 diabetes. Additional studies are needed to identify both high-risk and protective factors for pregnancy complications in First Nation people living with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy.

School Readiness Among Children Born Preterm in Manitoba, Canada.

Importance: Children born preterm may experience learning challenges at school. However, there is a paucity of data on the school readiness of these children as they prepare to begin grade 1. Objective: To examine the association between prematurity and school readiness in a population-based cohort of children. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted in the province of Manitoba, Canada, and involved 2 cohorts of children in kindergarten at the time of data collection. The population-based cohort included children born between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2011, whose school readiness was assessed in kindergarten using the Early Development Instrument (EDI) data. The sibling cohort comprised children born preterm and their closest-in-age siblings born full term. Data were analyzed between March 12 and September 28, 2021. Exposures: Preterm birth, defined as gestational age (GA) less than 37 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was vulnerability in the EDI, defined as a score below the tenth percentile of the Canadian population norms for any 1 or more of the 5 EDI domains (physical health and well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive development, and communication skills and general knowledge). Logistic regression models were used to identify the factors associated with vulnerability in the EDI. P values were adjusted for multiplicity using the Simes false discovery method. Results: Of 86 829 eligible children, 63 277 were included, of whom 4352 were preterm (mean [SD] GA, 34 [2] weeks; 2315 boys [53%]) and 58 925 were full term (mean [SD] GA, 39 (1) weeks; 29 885 boys [51%]). Overall, 35% of children (1536 of 4352) born preterm were vulnerable in the EDI compared with 28% of children (16 449 of 58 925) born full term (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.23-1.41; P < .001]). Compared with children born full term, those born preterm had a higher percentage of vulnerability in each of the 5 EDI domains. In the population-based cohort, prematurity (34-36 weeks' GA: AOR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.14-1.33]; <34 weeks' GA: AOR, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.48-1.99]), male sex (AOR, 2.24; 95% CI, 2.16-2.33), small for gestational age (AOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.23-1.40), and various maternal medical and sociodemographic factors were associated with EDI vulnerability. In the sibling cohort, EDI outcomes were similar for both children born preterm and their siblings born full term except for the communication skills and general knowledge domain (AOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07-1.80) and Multiple Challenge Index (AOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.06-1.92), whereas male sex (AOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.62-2.96) and maternal age at delivery (AOR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.38-1.70) were associated with EDI vulnerability. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this study suggest that, in a population-based cohort, children born preterm had a lower school-readiness rate than children born full term, but this difference was not observed in the sibling cohort. Child and maternal factors were associated with lack of school readiness among this population-based cohort.

Perinatal Outcomes and Influence of Amniotic Fluid Volume Following Previable, Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes (pPPROM): A Historical Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To determine perinatal outcomes and influence of amniotic fluid volume in pregnancies complicated by previable, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pPPROM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a historical cohort study from two tertiary-level maternity hospitals (January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2015). All pregnancies complicated by pPPROM were identified using ICD coding of discharge abstracts. Hospital charts were reviewed to collect maternal demographics, pregnancy and delivery events, and immediate postnatal outcomes (including survival). Post-processing review of stored ultrasound images was performed to evaluate the relationship between amniotic fluid volume and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 113 pregnancies were eligible and 99 were included in the final analysis (74 with "expectant management" and 25 opting for elective termination). The median gestational age at pPPROM was 20+6 weeks [IQR 19+4 to 21+5]. For those choosing expectant management, the median latency between pPPROM and delivery was 7 days, median gestational at delivery was 23+1 weeks, and neonatal survival to discharge was 27.5% overall. There was a trend towards higher rates of pregnancy termination at one hospital (31.7%) compared to the other (15.4%), but no difference between sites with respect to latency, mode of delivery, or survival amongst those managed expectantly. There was a relationship between survival and gestational age at pPPROM (p<0.04), as well as initial amniotic fluid volume category: 52.6% of survivors had normal initial amniotic fluid volumes whereas the majority of previable losses had oligohydramnios and the majority of stillbirths had anhydramnios. CONCLUSION: After expectant management, more than one in four newborns following pPPROM survived to hospital discharge. While gestational age at rupture was most strongly correlated with survival, normal initial amniotic fluid volumes were mostly seen in survivors whereas stillbirths more frequently had anhydramnios. These findings will help to improve counseling and care of patients with pPPROM and in guiding long-term follow-up studies.

False-Positive Maternal Serum Screens in the Second Trimester as Markers of Placentally Mediated Complications Later in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple-marker, maternal serum screening (MSS) has been the cornerstone of prenatal diagnosis since the 1980s. While combinations of these markers are used to predict fetal risk of Down syndrome and other genetic conditions, there is some evidence that individual markers may also predict nongenetic pregnancy complications, particularly those related to placental dysfunction. The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the utility of false-positive, second-trimester MSS for Down syndrome as a marker of placentally mediated complications amongst singleton pregnancies globally. METHODS: Electronic searches of PubMed, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature to 2019 were performed to identify observational studies comparing risk of pregnancy complications amongst pregnancies with false-positive MSS versus controls. A random-effects model of pooled odds ratios by outcome of interest (stillbirth, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth) and subgrouped by type of MSS test (double-, triple-, and quadruple-marker MSS) was used. RESULTS: 16 studies enrolling 68515 pregnancies were included. There were increased odds of preeclampsia (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.09-1.51) and stillbirth (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.94-3.12) amongst pregnancies with false-positive MSS. There was no significant association with preterm birth or growth restriction. CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence of an association between false-positive, second-trimester MSS for Down syndrome and increased odds of preeclampsia and stillbirth. Future large-scale prospective studies are still needed to best determine the predictive value of false-positive MSS as a marker of placentally mediated complications later in pregnancy and evaluate potential clinical interventions to reduce these risks.

The Relationship between Fetal Abdominal Wall Thickness and Intrapartum Complications amongst Mothers with Pregestational Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the utility of fetal abdominal wall thickness (AWT) for predicting intrapartum complications amongst mothers with pregestational type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was a historical cohort study of pregnant mothers with pregestational type 2 diabetes delivering at a Canadian tertiary-care center between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018. Delivery records were reviewed to collect information about demographics and peripartum complications. Stored fetal ultrasound images from 36 weeks' gestation were reviewed to collect fetal biometry and postprocessing measurement of AWT performed in a standardized fashion by 2 blinded and independent observers. The relationship between fetal AWT was then correlated with risk of intrapartum complications including emergency Caesarean section (CS) and shoulder dystocia. RESULTS: 216 pregnant women with type 2 diabetes had planned vaginal deliveries and were eligible for inclusion. Mean maternal age was 31.3 years, and almost all were overweight or obese at the time of delivery (96.8%). Overall, the incidence of shoulder dystocia and emergency intrapartum CS was 7.4% and 17.6%, respectively. There was no difference in mean fetal AWT between those having a spontaneous vaginal delivery (8.2 mm (95% CI 7.9-8.5)) and those needing emergency intrapartum CS (8.1 mm (95% CI 7.4-8.8); p = 0.71) or shoulder dystocia (8.7 mm (95% CI 7.9-9.5); p = 0.23). There was strong interobserver correlation of AWT measurements (r = 0.838; p < 0.00001). The strongest association with intrapartum complications was birthweight (p = 0.003): with birthweight > 4000 grams, the relative risk of shoulder dystocia or CS is 2.75 (95% CI 1.74-4.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was no obvious benefit of AWT measurement at 36 weeks for predicting shoulder dystocia or intrapartum CS amongst women with type 2 diabetes in our population. The strongest predictor of intrapartum complications remained birthweight, and so studies for improving estimation of fetal weight and evaluating the role of intrapartum ultrasound for predicting risk of delivery complications are still needed.

Perinatal Outcomes in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort of First Nations Mothers With Pregestational Type 2 Diabetes and Their Offspring: The Next Generation Study.

OBJECTIVES: There is emerging evidence that First Nations women with diabetes in pregnancy and their offspring have poorer health outcomes than non-First Nations women. The aim of this study was to describe the perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The Next Generation longitudinal study is a First Nations birth cohort of children born to mothers diagnosed in childhood with type 2 diabetes. Pregnant women were prospectively enrolled in the birth cohort, and a review of medical records (including stored fetal ultrasound images) was performed to determine perinatal outcomes for 112 child-mother pairs between 2005 and 2015. Maternal demographics, antenatal variables, fetal ultrasound findings, obstetric and delivery information and neonatal birth outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Mothers in our cohort were young and most were overweight at the start of pregnancy. Most had suboptimal glycemic control in the first trimester (median glycated hemoglobin, 9.3%). The cesarean section rate was high at 41%. Over one-half of newborns had macrosomia at birth, and almost 1 in 5 were born with a structural anomaly, mainly renal. Fetal ultrasound significantly underestimated the proportion of infants born with macrosomia (p<0.05) and missed 3 of 7 cardiac defects in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of anomalies, macrosomia and cesarean deliveries provide insight into pregnancy management and disease processes for First Nations women with pregestational type 2 diabetes and their offspring, and highlights opportunities for improvement in prenatal care of these women.