Placental location site and adverse antepartum pregnancy complications: a meta-analysis and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The purpose to the study was to determine the relationship, if any, between the placental location site and antepartum complications of pregnancy. METHODS: A University research librarian conducted a comprehensive literature search using the search engines PubMed and Web of Science. The search terms were "placental location" AND "pregnancy complications" OR "perinatal complications. There were no limits put on the years of the search. RESULTS: The search identified 110 articles. After reviewing all the abstracts, relevant full articles, and references of full articles, there were 22 articles identified specific to antepartum complications. Central + fundal locations compared to all lateral were associated with a lower risk of hypertension during pregnancy RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.71]. Central location compared to all lateral was also associated with lower risk of hypertension during pregnancy [RR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.26-0.59]. Placenta locations in the lower uterine segment were associated with greater risk of antepartum hemorrhage (APH) [RR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.16-7.75] compared to above the lower uterine segment. No differences were observed in placental locations and gestational diabetes (GDM), preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm delivery (PTD) or on a placental abruption. CONCLUSION: Central and fundal location sites and central location alone decreased the risk of hypertension during pregnancy. Low uterine segment location sites increased the risk for APH. There were no effects of placenta location sites on the development of GDM, PPROM, PTD or abruption.

Are the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Cystitis in the Premenopausal, Pregnant, and Postmenopausal Women the Same? A Review of the Literature.

Importance: Acute cystitis is a common condition diagnosed in women. The diagnosis and treatment of this condition change throughout a woman's life. Understanding the differences in diagnosis and treatment in premenopausal, pregnant, and postmenopausal woman increases the likelihood of treatment success and decreases risk of complications from untreated or suboptimally treated infections. Objective: The aim of this review is to describe the incidence, risk factor, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of acute cystitis and the similarities and differences of these aspects of the condition in the premenopausal, pregnant, and postmenopausal woman. Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL search was undertaken with the years 1990 to 2020 searched. Results: There were 393 articles identified, with 103 being the basis of review. Multiple risk factors for acute cystitis have been identified and are largely consistent throughout a woman's lifetime with few exceptions. The diagnoses by group with common diagnostic tools, such as urinalysis, vary in specificity and sensitivity between these groups. Management also varies between groups, with pregnancy having specific limitations related to drug safety in regard to possible fetal effects posed by certain medications commonly used to treat acute cystitis. Conclusions: Acute cystitis not only varies in presentation throughout a woman's lifespan, but also in appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Treatment of acute cystitis does have some commonalities between the groups; however, there are contraindications unique to each group. These differences are paramount to not only ensuring appropriate treatment but also treatment success. Relevance: Acute cystitis is a common condition with different diagnostic and management recommendations throughout a woman's lifespan.

Eradication of Cokeromyces recurvatus in a pregnant patient: A case report.

A 31-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 1, at 10 weeks of gestation presented to a vulvar specialty clinic with a 6-month history of vulvar pruritus that had not responded to the treatment prescribed by her referring gynecologist. Examination was consistent with vaginitis and vulvar lichen simplex chronicus. Fungal cultures ultimately revealed Candida albicans and Cokeromyces recurvatus. The organisms were eradicated with oral fluconazole and intravaginal terazole. Few cases of isolation of C. recurvatus in humans have been reported. Both immunosupressed and immuno-competent hosts have been identified, with the most common sites of isolation being the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Asymptomatic colonization and superficial disease have been noted; no invasive cases of C. recurvatus have been described. Even fewer cases of C. recurvatus infection during pregnancy have been reported, and symptomatic vulvovaginal disease has been described only once prior to this case report.