Translating trial results into interpretable risk estimates: Systematic analysis of cardiorenal outcome trials of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In a randomised controlled trial (RCT), the between-arm difference in the average probability of an event per unit of time (i.e., yearly incidence risk difference, YIRD) is an easy-to-interpret treatment effect metric. We aimed to quantify the YIRD in cardiorenal RCTs of GLP-1RAs or SGLT-2is. METHODS AND RESULTS: We digitally searched for RCTs published up to March 1st, 2023, including subjects with type 2 diabetes randomised to GLP-1RAs or SGLT-2is and investigating cardiorenal outcomes or death. We extracted information from Kaplan-Meier (KM) plots to obtain time-to-event individual data and estimate within-arm yearly incidence risk and YIRD. Data from 19 RCTs (28 kM plots) were analysed: comparing treatment to placebo, in GLP-1RA RCTs the YIRD ranged from 0.2 % (95 % CI: -0.7 %, 1.1 %) to -1.9 % (-3.1, -0.7), for primary outcome; and from -0.2 % (-0.5, 0.2) to -0.4 % (-0.7 %, -0.0 %), for mortality. With the exception of SOLOIST-WHF (YIRD 11.9 % for primary outcome), corresponding estimates in SGLT-2is RCTs were: from -0.1 % (-0.4, 0.1) to -5.0 % (-7.7, -2.6), for primary outcome; and from -0.1 % (-0.2, 0.1) to -1.9 % (-4.4 %, 0.6 %), for mortality. CONCLUSION: The YIRD metric complements other relative treatment effect estimates and helps quantify the absolute benefit of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is.

Placental diabesity: placental VEGF and CD31 expression according to pregestational BMI and gestational weight gain in women with gestational diabetes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the placental expression of VEGF and CD31 in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM) and the influence of pregestational BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) on this expression. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled pregnant women with diagnosis of GDM and healthy controls who delivered in our Center between December 2016 and May 2017. Patients were grouped according to the presence of GDM and we compared pregnancy characteristics, placental VEGF and CD31 expression between the cases and controls. Immunochemistry analysis was performed to assess biomarkers positivity. Positivity of biomarkers was assessed in a dichotomic fashion with positivity set at 5% for VEGF and 1% for CD31. RESULTS: 39 patients matched inclusion criteria, 29 (74.3%) women with GDM and 10 (25.7%) healthy controls. Immunochemistry analysis showed that VEGF was more expressed in placentas from women with GDM compared to controls (21/29, 72.4% vs 2/10, 20%; p = 0.007), and CD31 was more expressed in placentas from women with GDM compared to controls (6/29, 20.7% vs 0/10, 0%; risk difference 0.2). VEGF positivity was associated with the presence of GDM (aOR 22.02, 95% CI 1.13-428.08, p = 0.04), pregestational BMI (aOR 1.53, 1.00-2.34, p = 0.05) and GWG (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.11, p = 0.03). CD31 positivity was associated with the pregestational BMI (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.00-2.17, p = 0.05) and with the gestational weight gain (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.72, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Pregnancies complicated by GDM are characterized by increased placental expression of VEGF and CD31, and the expression of these markers is also independently associated to maternal increased pregestational BMI and GWG, defining the concept of "placental diabesity".

Microvascular complications identify a specific coronary atherosclerotic phenotype in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are considered as a homogeneous cohort of patients. However, the specific role of diabetic microvascular complications (DMC), in determining the features of coronary plaques is poorly known. We investigated whether the presence of DMC may identify a different phenotype of patients associated to specific clinical, angiographic, optical coherence tomography (OCT) features and different prognosis. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled consecutive T2DM patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) at their first coronary event. Patients were stratified according to the presence or absence of DMC, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy. OCT assessment of the culprit vessel was performed in a subgroup of patients. The incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled 320 T2DM patients (mean age 70.3 ± 8.8 years; 234 [73.1%] men, 40% acute coronary syndrome, 60% chronic coronary syndrome). Patients with DMC (172 [53.75%]) presented a different clinical and biochemical profile and, of importance, a higher prevalence of multivessel CAD (109 [63.4%] vs. 68 [45.9%], p = 0.002). At OCT analysis, DMC was associated to a higher prevalence of large calcifications and healed plaques and to a lower prevalence of lipid plaques. Finally, MACEs rate was significantly higher (25 [14.5%] vs. 12 [8.1%], p = 0.007) in DMC patients, mainly driven by a higher rate of planned revascularizations, and DMC predicted the occurrence of MACEs (mean follow-up 33.4 ± 15.6 months). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of DMC identifies a distinct diabetic population with more severe CAD but with a more stable pattern of coronary atherosclerosis.

Spatial Reorganization of Liquid Crystalline Domains of Red Blood Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.

In this work, we will investigate if red blood cell (RBC) membrane fluidity, influenced by several hyperglycemia-induced pathways, could provide a complementary index of HbA1c to monitor the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related macroangiopathic complications such as Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). The contextual liquid crystalline (LC) domain spatial organization in the membrane was analysed to investigate the phase dynamics of the transition. Twenty-seven patients with long-duration T2DM were recruited and classified in DM, including 12 non-PAD patients, and DM + PAD, including 15 patients in any stage of PAD. Mean values of RBC generalized polarization (GP), representative of membrane fluidity, together with spatial organization of LC domains were compared between the two groups; p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Although comparable for anthropometric characteristics, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c, RBC membranes of PAD patients were found to be significantly more fluid (GP: 0.501 ± 0.026) than non-PAD patients (GP: 0.519 ± 0.007). These alterations were shown to be triggered by changes in both LC microdomain composition and distribution. We found a decrease in Feret diameter from 0.245 ± 0.281 µm in DM to 0.183 ± 0.124 µm in DM + PAD, and an increase in circularity. Altered RBC membrane fluidity is correlated to a spatial reconfiguration of LC domains, which, by possibly altering metabolic function, are associated with the development of T2DM-related macroangiopathic complications.

Complex process of image color correction: a test of a target-based framework.

This paper aims at presenting the complexity of the process of image target-based color correction (CC). We present issues encountered from acquisition to rendering using colorimetric traditional tools. Target-based CC can be seen as an optimization problem. We have tested SAT and HUE adaptive fine tuning (SHAFT) an automated framework for target-based CC. A key element of SHAFT is an iterative CIEDE2000 variation comparison between a reference and target image. In this work we replace the standard CIEDE2000 with the Euclidean color-difference formula for small-medium color differences in log-compressed Optical Society of America's Committee on Uniform Color Scales (OSA-UCS) space. Results are presented using both formulae. A discussion on the complexity of scene color departures and correction performances concludes the paper. The effect of real scene complexity is shown and how colors are subject to disordered shifts in the color space. Because of this complexity, the role of the CC method as a different color error minimizer emerges.

Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcome in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, but risk stratification of asymptomatic T2DM patients remains a challenging issue. We conducted a pilot study to assess whether endothelial dysfunction might help identify, among asymptomatic T2DM patients, those at increased risk of cardiovascular events. METHODS: We studied 61 consecutive T2DM patients with no evidence of cardiovascular disease and no insulin therapy. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the right brachial artery. The primary endpoint was a combination of major cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiovascular death, acute coronary events, coronary interventions, and acute cerebrovascular accidents). FMD was repeated at follow-up in 48 patients (79%). RESULTS: A total of 10 MACE (16.4%) occurred during a mean follow-up of 48 months, including three acute myocardial infarctions, five coronary revascularizations for stable angina, and two acute ischaemic strokes. FMD at enrolment was lower in patients with compared with patients without MACE (3.78 ± 0.97% vs 4.70 ± 1.33%, respectively; P = .04). No other clinical or laboratory variables (age, diabetes duration, glycated haemoglobin, cardiovascular risk factors, drug therapy, and nitrate-mediated dilation) were associated with MACE. FMD at follow-up was also lower in patients with (n = 10) compared with those without (n = 38) MACE (3.66 ± 1.29 vs 4.85 ± 1.92; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that assessment of FMD might be helpful to identify patients at increased risk of MACE among individuals with asymptomatic T2DM; accordingly, a large study is warranted to adequately define the clinical utility of FMD assessment in the management of T2DM patients.

In vivo thromboxane-dependent platelet activation is persistently enhanced in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Enhanced thromboxane (TX)-dependent platelet activation plays a pivotal role in atherothrombosis and characterizes type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether this also pertains to IGT is currently unknown. We investigated whether TXA2 -dependent platelet activation, as reflected by 11-dehydro-TXB2 (TXM) urinary excretion, is comparably abnormal in IGT as in DM, is persistent over long-term follow-up, changes as a function of metabolic disease progression, and is influenced by food intake. METHODS: We prospectively investigated subjects with IGT (n = 48) and two control groups with DM diagnosed either less than 12 months (n = 60) or 12 months or more (n = 58). RESULTS: Baseline TXM excretion was comparable between subjects with IGT and DM, with no evidence of a circadian variation. During a 36-month follow-up, urinary TXM excretion was stable over time in the DM groups, while tended to increase in subjects with IGT. Increasing urinary TXM excretion over time was observed in the subjects who progressed to diabetes vs nonprogressors. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that TXA2 -dependent platelet activation was at least as high in IGT as in patients with DM and further increased over time, especially in those who progressed to overt diabetes.

Spatial-Spectral Evidence of Glare Influence on Hyperspectral Acquisitions.

Glare is an unwanted optical phenomenon which affects imaging systems with optics. This paper presents for the first time a set of hyperspectral image (HSI) acquisitions and measurements to verify how glare affects acquired HSI data in standard conditions. We acquired two ColorCheckers (CCs) in three different lighting conditions, with different backgrounds, different exposure times, and different orientations. The reflectance spectra obtained from the imaging system have been compared to pointwise reference measures obtained with contact spectrophotometers. To assess and identify the influence of glare, we present the Glare Effect (GE) index, which compares the contrast of the grayscale patches of the CC in the hyperspectral images with the contrast of the reference spectra of the same patches. We evaluate, in both spatial and spectral domains, the amount of glare affecting every hyperspectral image in each acquisition scenario, clearly evidencing an unwanted light contribution to the reflectance spectra of each point, which increases especially for darker pixels and pixels close to light sources or bright patches.

ki67 nuclei detection and ki67-index estimation: a novel automatic approach based on human vision modeling.

BACKGROUND: The protein ki67 (pki67) is a marker of tumor aggressiveness, and its expression has been proven to be useful in the prognostic and predictive evaluation of several types of tumors. To numerically quantify the pki67 presence in cancerous tissue areas, pathologists generally analyze histochemical images to count the number of tumor nuclei marked for pki67. This allows estimating the ki67-index, that is the percentage of tumor nuclei positive for pki67 over all the tumor nuclei. Given the high image resolution and dimensions, its estimation by expert clinicians is particularly laborious and time consuming. Though automatic cell counting techniques have been presented so far, the problem is still open. RESULTS: In this paper we present a novel automatic approach for the estimations of the ki67-index. The method starts by exploiting the STRESS algorithm to produce a color enhanced image where all pixels belonging to nuclei are easily identified by thresholding, and then separated into positive (i.e. pixels belonging to nuclei marked for pki67) and negative by a binary classification tree. Next, positive and negative nuclei pixels are processed separately by two multiscale procedures identifying isolated nuclei and separating adjoining nuclei. The multiscale procedures exploit two Bayesian classification trees to recognize positive and negative nuclei-shaped regions. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the computed results, both through experts' visual assessments and through the comparison of the computed indexes with those of experts, proved that the prototype is promising, so that experts believe in its potential as a tool to be exploited in the clinical practice as a valid aid for clinicians estimating the ki67-index. The MATLAB source code is open source for research purposes.

Autoantibodies to post-translationally modified type I and II collagen in Charcot neuroarthropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a disabling complication, culminating in bone destruction and involving joints and articular cartilage with high inflammatory environment. Its real pathogenesis is as yet unknown. In autoinflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by inflammation and joint involvement, autoantibodies against oxidative post-translationally modified (oxPTM) collagen type I (CI) and type II (CII) were detected. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the potential involvement of autoimmunity in charcot neuroarthropathy, investigating the presence of autoantibodies oxPTM-CI and oxPTM-CII, in participants with charcot neuroarthropathy. METHODS: In this case-control study, we enrolled 124 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (47 with charcot neuroarthropathy, 37 with diabetic peripheral neuropathy without charcot neuroarthropathy, and 40 with uncomplicated diabetes), and 32 healthy controls. The CI and CII were modified with ribose and other oxidant species, and the modifications were evaluated with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Binding of sera from the participants was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Age, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, and lipid profile were similar across the 4 groups, as well as glycated hemoglobin and duration of diabetes among people with diabetes. An increased binding to both native and all oxidation-modified forms of CII was found in participants with CN and diabetic neuropathy. Conversely, for CI, an aspecific increased reactivity was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Our results detected the presence of autoantibodies against oxidative post-translational modified collagen, particularly type 2 collagen, in participants with charcot neuroarthropathy and diabetic neuropathy, suggesting the possible involvement of autoimmunity. Further studies are required to understand the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of charcot neuroarthropathy.

GREAT: a gradient-based color-sampling scheme for Retinex.

Modeling the local color spatial distribution is a crucial step for the algorithms of the Milano Retinex family. Here we present GREAT, a novel, noise-free Milano Retinex implementation based on an image-aware spatial color sampling. For each channel of a color input image, GREAT computes a 2D set of edges whose magnitude exceeds a pre-defined threshold. Then GREAT re-scales the channel intensity of each image pixel, called target, by the average of the intensities of the selected edges weighted by a function of their positions, gradient magnitudes, and intensities relative to the target. In this way, GREAT enhances the input image, adjusting its brightness, contrast and dynamic range. The use of the edges as pixels relevant to color filtering is justified by the importance that edges play in human color sensation. The name GREAT comes from the expression "Gradient RElevAnce for ReTinex," which refers to the threshold-based definition of a gradient relevance map for edge selection and thus for image color filtering.

Patient-reported outcomes of implant placement performed concomitantly with transcrestal sinus floor elevation or entirely in native bone.

AIM: Based on the hypothesis that maxillary sinus floor elevation with a transcrestal approach (tSFE) does not increase the morbidity of implant surgery, the study evaluated the patient-reported outcomes as well as the type and incidence of complications when implants are placed either concomitantly with tSFE (performed according to Trombelli et al. 2008, 2010a,b) or entirely in native bone. METHODS: Data from the record charts of patients undergone implant placement for single-tooth rehabilitation in the posterior maxilla were retrospectively obtained from four clinical centers. Cases for tSFE group were included if they showed an extent of sinus lift ≥4 mm concomitantly to implant placement. Cases for N group were included when implant placement was performed entirely in native bone. Patient-reported outcomes had been assessed using 100-mm visual analog scales (postoperative pain, VASpain ) and visual rating scales (level of discomfort, VRSdiscomfort ; willingness to undergo the same surgery, VRSwillingness ). The dose of analgesics had been self-recorded. RESULTS: A convenience sample of 14 patients and 17 patients (contributing with one implant site each) treated with tSFE and N, respectively, was obtained for this study. Membrane perforation occurred in 1 tSFE case, without compromising the completion of the procedure. VASpain remained low (<12) in both groups. A tendency of VASpain to decrease with time was observed in both groups. The area under the curve for VASpain (AUCpain ), indicating the level of pain experience through the first week following surgery, was 18.0 (IR: 8.5-85.0) and 11.5 (IR: 4.5-18.5) in tSFE and N groups, respectively, with no significant inter-group differences (P = 0.084). The dose of analgesics was similarly low between groups. No significant inter-group difference in VRSdiscomfort and VRSwillingness was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Implant placement performed either concomitantly with tSFE (according to Trombelli et al. 2008, 2010a,b) or entirely in native bone is associated with limited incidence of complications, low postoperative pain and medication and are both well tolerated.

Energy-driven path search for Termite Retinex.

The human color sensation depends on the local and global spatial arrangements of the colors in the scene. Emulating this dependence requires the exploration of the image in search of a white reference. The algorithm Termite Retinex explores the image by a set of paths resembling traces of a swarm of termites. Starting from this approach, we develop a novel spatial exploration scheme where the termite paths are local minimums of an energy function, which depend on the image visual content. The energy is designed to favor the visitation of regions containing information relevant to the color sensation while minimizing the coverage of less essential regions. This exploration method contributes to the investigation of the spatial properties of the color sensation and, to the best of our knowledge, is the first model relying on mathematical global conditions for the Retinex paths. The experiments show that the estimation of the color sensation obtained by means of the proposed spatial sampling is a valid alternative to the one based on Termite Retinex.

A population-based approach to point-sampling spatial color algorithms.

Inspired by the behavior of the human visual system, spatial color algorithms perform image enhancement by correcting the pixel channel lightness based on the spatial distribution of the intensities in the surrounding area. The two visual contrast enhancement algorithms RSR and STRESS belong to this family of models: they rescale the input based on local reference values, which are determined by exploring the image by means of random point samples, called sprays. Due to the use of sampling, they may yield a noisy output. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic formulation of the two models: our algorithms (RSR-P and STRESS-P) rely implicitly on the whole population of possible sprays. For processing larger images, we also provide two approximated algorithms that exploit a suitable target-dependent space quantization. Those spray population-based formulations outperform RSR and STRESS in terms of the processing time required for the production of noiseless outputs. We argue that this population-based approach, which can be extended to other members of the family, complements the sampling-based approach, in that it offers not only a better control in the design of approximated algorithms, but also additional insight into individual models and their relationships. We illustrate the latter point by providing a model of halo artifact formation.

Platelet mean volume, distribution width, and count in type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Platelet activation contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the main complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetic conditions. Mean platelet volume is an easy-to-measure platelet parameter that has been associated with CVD. We sought to assess mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and platelet count in T2DM, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Web-based literature search (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science) of studies published in English through June 2014 was performed to select case-control and cross-sectional studies that reported data on mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, or platelet count in cases (subjects with T2DM, IFG, IGT, or metabolic syndrome) and noncases. Descriptive and quantitative information was extracted, and within-study standardized mean difference was estimated from means and standard deviations. Standardized mean differences across studies were synthesized using a random random-effects model, and subgroup analyses were performed on pre-specified study-level characteristics. RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies were included. Compared with controls, mean platelet volume was significantly higher in T2DM (standardized mean difference, 95% confidence interval: 0.70, 0.50-0.91; N = 24,245), IFG (0.14, 0.02-0.26; N = 17,389) but not in metabolic syndrome (0.15, -0.24 to 0.55; N = 14,990). Platelet distribution width was wider in T2DM (0.93, 0.09-1.76; N = 471). Platelet count resulted higher in IFG (0.18, 0.12-0.24; N = 3960) and metabolic syndrome (0.39, 0.01-0.78; N = 4070). Only two studies included IGT. CONCLUSIONS: Available data suggest that T2DM subjects tend to have higher mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width values, but nondifferent platelet count as compared with subjects without T2DM. Whether and how these morphometric changes contribute to CVD of T2DM or can be used as CVD biomarker awaits further investigation.

Tuning the locality of filtering with a spatially weighted implementation of random spray Retinex.

The human color sensation depends on the spatial distribution of the colors in the viewed scene. This principle is at the basis of the random spray Retinex (RSR) algorithm. In this work, we modify RSR by integrating its approach with a method to weight and tune the locality of spatial image information. This modification allows for spatial control of the local effect of RSR on image color filtering. We study the performances of this spatially weighted version of RSR on a public image dataset by analyzing and comparing several image features of the output image and its local properties.

Paravertebral Analgesia in Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery: A New Hybrid Technique of Catheter Placement for Continuous Anesthetic Infusion.

Advantages of paravertebral analgesia in thoracotomy include the absence of morphine side effects and the lack of contraindications. We introduce a new technique for paravertebral catheter placement during video-assisted thoracic surgery. The catheter is placed in the same intercostal space as the camera port. Anesthetic is injected to reach the parietal pleura. The catheter is inserted through the needle and pushed until the paravertebral space is reached. Postoperative analgesia is performed by a continuous infusion of local anesthetics. Our technique is safe and easy to perform and avoids opioid use. It works differently from intercostal analgesia and paravertebral blocks.

Minimally invasive transcrestal sinus floor elevation with deproteinized bovine bone or ß-tricalcium phosphate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial.

AIMS: To evaluate the outcomes of transcrestal sinus floor elevation (tSFE) performed with a minimally invasive procedure (Smart Lift technique) combined with the additional use of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) or ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP). METHODS: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, 38 sites in 38 patients were treated with the Smart Lift technique in association with DBBM (n = 19) or ß-TCP (n = 19). The extent of the sinus lift (SL) and the height of the graft apical to the implant apex (aGH) were assessed on periapical radiographs taken immediately after surgery and at 6 months following surgery. RESULTS: (i) Substantial aGH and SL were observed immediately after surgery and at 6 months, with no significant differences between DBBM and ß-TCP groups; (ii) a significant graft remodelling was observed from post-surgery to 6-months in the ß-TCP group and (iii) limited incidence of complications as well as limited post-operative pain and discomfort were associated with the use of both graft materials. CONCLUSIONS: The Smart Lift technique in conjunction with the additional use of either DBBM or ß-TCP may provide a substantial elevation of the maxillary sinus floor along with limited post-surgical complications and post-operative pain/discomfort.

QBRIX: a quantile-based approach to retinex.

In this paper, we introduce a novel probabilistic version of retinex. It is based on a probabilistic formalization of the random spray retinex sampling and contributes to the investigation of the spatial properties of the model. Various versions available of the retinex algorithm are characterized by different procedures for exploring the image content (so as to obtain, for each pixel, a reference white value), then used to rescale the pixel lightness. Here we propose an alternative procedure, which computes the reference white value from the percentile values of the pixel population. We formalize two versions of the algorithm: one with global and one with local behavior, characterized by different computational costs.

Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on time to outcome in type 2 diabetes cardiorenal outcome trials.

INTRODUCTION: In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), treatment effects are commonly reported as hazard ratio, a measure often misinterpreted as a relative risk reduction. The acceleration factor (AF) indicates the extent to which a treatment increases/decreases the time before the occurrence of an outcome and gives useful insights in the interpretation of trials' results. METHODS: Using individual time-to-event data reconstructed from Kaplan-Meier plots, we estimated AFs for the primary outcomes (POs) and all-cause mortality in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-is) cardiorenal outcome trials in subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: AFs were estimated from 28 Kaplan-Meier plots of 19 RCTs. Compared to placebo, most GLP1-RAs increased the time before the onset of POs (from 9 % to 59 %) and all-cause mortality (from 8 to 13 %). Similarly, SGLT2-is increased time before the onset of POs (from 19 % to 87 %) and all-cause mortality (from 13 % to 42 %). CONCLUSIONS: The AFs provide a complementary and easier-to-interpret measure of treatment effect that could be useful to improve the shared decision-making.