Automatic, global registration in laparoscopic liver surgery.

PURPOSE: The initial registration of a 3D pre-operative CT model to a 2D laparoscopic video image in augmented reality systems for liver surgery needs to be fast, intuitive to perform and with minimal interruptions to the surgical intervention. Several recent methods have focussed on using easily recognisable landmarks across modalities. However, these methods still need manual annotation or manual alignment. We propose a novel, fully automatic pipeline for 3D-2D global registration in laparoscopic liver interventions. METHODS: Firstly, we train a fully convolutional network for the semantic detection of liver contours in laparoscopic images. Secondly, we propose a novel contour-based global registration algorithm to estimate the camera pose without any manual input during surgery. The contours used are the anterior ridge and the silhouette of the liver. RESULTS: We show excellent generalisation of the semantic contour detection on test data from 8 clinical cases. In quantitative experiments, the proposed contour-based registration can successfully estimate a global alignment with as little as 30% of the liver surface, a visibility ratio which is characteristic of laparoscopic interventions. Moreover, the proposed pipeline showed very promising results in clinical data from 5 laparoscopic interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed automatic global registration could make augmented reality systems more intuitive and usable for surgeons and easier to translate to operating rooms. Yet, as the liver is deformed significantly during surgery, it will be very beneficial to incorporate deformation into our method for more accurate registration.

Global rigid registration of CT to video in laparoscopic liver surgery.

PURPOSE: Image-guidance systems have the potential to aid in laparoscopic interventions by providing sub-surface structure information and tumour localisation. The registration of a preoperative 3D image with the intraoperative laparoscopic video feed is an important component of image guidance, which should be fast, robust and cause minimal disruption to the surgical procedure. Most methods for rigid and non-rigid registration require a good initial alignment. However, in most research systems for abdominal surgery, the user has to manually rotate and translate the models, which is usually difficult to perform quickly and intuitively. METHODS: We propose a fast, global method for the initial rigid alignment between a 3D mesh derived from a preoperative CT of the liver and a surface reconstruction of the intraoperative scene. We formulate the shape matching problem as a quadratic assignment problem which minimises the dissimilarity between feature descriptors while enforcing geometrical consistency between all the feature points. We incorporate a novel constraint based on the liver contours which deals specifically with the challenges introduced by laparoscopic data. RESULTS: We validate our proposed method on synthetic data, on a liver phantom and on retrospective clinical data acquired during a laparoscopic liver resection. We show robustness over reduced partial size and increasing levels of deformation. Our results on the phantom and on the real data show good initial alignment, which can successfully converge to the correct position using fine alignment techniques. Furthermore, since we can pre-process the CT scan before surgery, the proposed method runs faster than current algorithms. CONCLUSION: The proposed shape matching method can provide a fast, global initial registration, which can be further refined by fine alignment methods. This approach will lead to a more usable and intuitive image-guidance system for laparoscopic liver surgery.

A pre-operative planning framework for global registration of laparoscopic ultrasound to CT images.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) enhances the safety of laparoscopic liver resection by enabling real-time imaging of internal structures such as vessels. However, LUS probes can be difficult to use, and many tumours are iso-echoic and hence are not visible. Registration of LUS to a pre-operative CT or MR scan has been proposed as a method of image guidance. However, the field of view of the probe is very small compared to the whole liver, making the registration task challenging and dependent on a very accurate initialisation. METHODS: We propose the use of a subject-specific planning framework that provides information on which anatomical liver regions it is possible to acquire vascular data that is unique enough for a globally optimal initial registration. Vessel-based rigid registration on different areas of the pre-operative CT vascular tree is used in order to evaluate predicted accuracy and reliability. RESULTS: The planning framework is tested on one porcine subject where we have taken 5 independent sweeps of LUS data from different sections of the liver. Target registration error of vessel branching points was used to measure accuracy. Global registration based on vessel centrelines is applied to the 5 datasets. In 3 out of 5 cases registration is successful and in agreement with the planning. Further tests with a CT scan under abdominal insufflation show that the framework can provide valuable information in all of the 5 cases. CONCLUSIONS: We have introduced a planning framework that can guide the surgeon on how much LUS data to collect in order to provide a reliable globally unique registration without the need for an initial manual alignment. This could potentially improve the usability of these methods in clinic.

Intelligent viewpoint selection for efficient CT to video registration in laparoscopic liver surgery.

PURPOSE: Minimally invasive surgery offers advantages over open surgery due to a shorter recovery time, less pain and trauma for the patient. However, inherent challenges such as lack of tactile feedback and difficulty in controlling bleeding lower the percentage of suitable cases. Augmented reality can show a better visualisation of sub-surface structures and tumour locations by fusing pre-operative CT data with real-time laparoscopic video. Such augmented reality visualisation requires a fast and robust video to CT registration that minimises interruption to the surgical procedure. METHODS: We propose to use view planning for efficient rigid registration. Given the trocar position, a set of camera positions are sampled and scored based on the corresponding liver surface properties. We implement a simulation framework to validate the proof of concept using a segmented CT model from a human patient. Furthermore, we apply the proposed method on clinical data acquired during a human liver resection. RESULTS: The first experiment motivates the viewpoint scoring strategy and investigates reliable liver regions for accurate registrations in an intuitive visualisation. The second experiment shows wider basins of convergence for higher scoring viewpoints. The third experiment shows that a comparable registration performance can be achieved by at least two merged high scoring views and four low scoring views. Hence, the focus could change from the acquisition of a large liver surface to a small number of distinctive patches, thereby giving a more explicit protocol for surface reconstruction. We discuss the application of the proposed method on clinical data and show initial results. CONCLUSION: The proposed simulation framework shows promising results to motivate more research into a comprehensive view planning method for efficient registration in laparoscopic liver surgery.