Elucidating the role of recovery experiences in the job demands-resources model.

Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, the current study examined the moderating role of recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery experiences, and control over leisure time) on the relationship between one job demand (i.e., role conflict) and work- and health-related outcomes. Results from our sample of 990 employees from Spain showed that psychological detachment from work and relaxation buffered the negative impact of role conflict on some of the proposed outcomes. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find significant results for mastery and control regarding moderating effects. Overall, findings suggest a differential pattern of the recovery experiences in the health impairment process proposed by the JD-R model.

Workplace Bullying, Emotional Exhaustion, and Partner Social Undermining: A Weekly Diary Study.

Workplace bullying is one of the most relevant social stressors at work. Although previous research has shown its negative consequences for health and well-being, scarce evidence about the short-term consequences of workplace bullying and its crossover effects on the home domain is available. Thus, we conducted a multisource weekly diary study. A sample of 124 employees and their spouses filled a general survey (baseline measures) and a weekly online survey for four consecutive weeks (number of occasions = 992). Multilevel analyses showed that workplace bullying is associated with emotional exhaustion (γ = 0.643, SE = 0.215, t = 2.99, p < .05) and behaviors of social undermining toward the partner (γ = 0.751, SE = 0.187, t = 4.01, p < .01). Furthermore, rumination mediated the relationship between workplace bullying and its potential detrimental consequences for both employees' well-being (i.e., emotional exhaustion) and interpersonal connections (i.e., partner social undermining). These results shed some light on the mechanisms that can explain both the short-term effects of workplace bullying on employees' well-being and how such effects go beyond the work setting and can impact the home domain. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Factorial validity of the Job Expectations Questionnaire in a sample of Mexican workers.

The aim of this study was to examine the factorial validity of the Job Expectations Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Expectativas Laborales CEL) in a sample of Mexican workers. Following a cross validation approach, two samples were used in the study. The first sample consisted of 380 professionals who mainly performed administrative work in the Health Services in Puebla-Mexico. The second sample comprised 400 health professionals from the Hospital de la Mujer in Puebla-Mexico. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution, accounting for 51.8% of the variance. The results of confirmatory factorial analysis indicate that the three-factor model provided the best fit with the data (CFI = .96, GFI = .95, NNFI = .95, RMSEA = .04), maintaining the structure with 12 items. The reliability of the questionnaire and the diverse subscales showed high internal consistency. Significant correlations were found between job expectations and autonomy, vigor, dedication, and absorption, providing evidence of its construct validity. The evaluation of the psychometric qualities confirms this questionnaire as a valid and specific instrument to measure job expectations.

[Adaptation of the "Recovery Experience Questionnaire" in a Spanish sample]. / Adaptación del "Cuestionario de Experiencias de Recuperación" a una muestra española.

The aim of this work was to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the "Recovery Experience Questionnaire" developed by Sonnentag and Fritz. The sample was made up of 941 professionals from the security sector. Results from the exploratory factor analysis suggested the possibility of considering a four-factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four-factor model with three correlated items each provided the best fit to the data (CFI=0.97, GFI=0.96, NNFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.05 y AIC=171.76). Therefore, the questionnaire maintains the four recovery experiences -psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery experiences and control over leisure time--but with 12 items instead of 16 items as in the original scale. Reliability analysis showed good internal consistency for this scale with Cronbach alpha coefficients for the factors ranging from .75 to .88. Significant correlations were found between the recovery experiences and various external variables, providing evidence of construct validity. Thus, this Spanish version shows adequate psychometric properties and may help to achieve a better understanding of this topic.

Exploring daily patterns of work engagement among teachers: A Latent growth modeling approach.

BACKGROUND: Starting from the Demands-Resources model, our aims through this diary research were to explore daily diary fluctuations in work engagement in a sample of teachers and to look for the effects of that on affect and satisfaction at home. METHOD: Several Latent Growth Curve (LCGA) models were run on two dimensions of work engagement (vigor and dedication) with an exploratory focus, to look for different grouped oscillation patterns. Then, several repeated measures MANCOVA explored whether those patterns were related to affect and satisfaction at night. RESULTS: Two distinct latent trajectories were found for work engagement dimensions. However, neither of them showed any notable development over time. Furthermore, our latent classes were found to be related to inter-individual differences in positive and negative affect, and the satisfaction at home domain, but no interesting within-subjects (overall time) effects were found. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our expectations, we provide some evidence of the stability of work engagement over the working week. In addition, following previous results, work engagement levels across the working week were found to be related to levels of affect and satisfaction at home, adding evidence to the spillover potential of work engagement on individuals' key personal resources.

Short-term trajectories of workplace bullying and its impact on strain: A latent class growth modeling approach.

The aim of this weekly diary study was (a) to identify trajectories of workplace bullying over time and (b) to examine the association of each cluster with strain indicators (i.e., insomnia and anxiety/depression). A sample of 286 employees during 4 weeks of data was used (N occasions = 1,144). Results of latent class growth modeling showed that 3 trajectories could be identified: a nonbullying trajectory, which comprised 90.9% of the sample; an inverted U trajectory; and a delayed increase bullying trajectory; the latter two each had 4.2% of the participants. We found a significant interaction between time and trajectories when predicting insomnia and anxiety/depression, with each strain showing a differential pattern with each trajectory. It seems that the negative effects on insomnia are long-lasting and remain after bullying has already decreased. In the case of anxiety and depression, when bullying decreases strain indicators also decrease. In this study, by examining trajectories of bullying at work over time and their associations with strain, we provide new insights into the temporal dynamics of workplace bullying. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

[Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING)]. / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Cuestionario de Interacción Trabajo-Familia (SWING).

The aim of this work was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the "Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen" (SWING) developed by S. Geurts and colleagues to evaluate the relationships between work and family. Its psychometric properties were analyzed with data from a sample of 283 emergency professionals. Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the four-factor model, in which both kinds of positive and negative interactions were not correlated, provided the best fit to the data (GFI=0.98, AGFI=0.98, NFI=0.97, RMR=0.03). Thus, this version maintains the original structure of 22 items distributed in four factors: negative work-home interaction, negative home-work interaction, positive work-home interaction and positive home-work interaction. Reliability analysis showed good internal consistency for this Spanish version with Cronbach alpha coefficients for the factors ranging from .77 to .89. Significant correlations were found between the SWING and various scales related to work, family, and well-being, which provided evidence of convergent validity. Thus, this version shows adequate psychometric properties. Guidelines are also provided for the use of the Spanish version of the SWING in future investigations.

Cutoff scores for workplace bullying: The Spanish Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire (S-NAQ).

BACKGROUND: Workplace bullying is considered a major social stressor at work. However, in the Spanish context, there is a lack of measures that allow researchers and practitioners to distinguish between non-targets and targets of workplace bullying. METHOD: This study reports the psychometric properties, factor structure, and cutoff scores for the Short-Negative Acts Questionnaire (S-NAQ) in a Spanish sample (N = 1,409). RESULTS: The S-NAQ demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. Moreover, both Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that a unifactorial model of workplace bullying fit the data best. Two cutoff points for the S-NAQ were formulated using receiver operating characteristic curves to categorize respondents as "not exposed to workplace bullying" (scores below 15), "at risk of being bullied" (scores between 15 and 22), and "targets of workplace bullying" (scores above 22). CONCLUSIONS: These cutoff scores may help researchers and practitioners in diagnosing workplace bullying and designing intervention strategies.

Ripple Effects of Surface Acting: A Diary Study among Dual-Earner Couples.

This study among 80 dual-earner couples examines the ripple effects of emotional labour - on a daily basis. Specifically, we propose that employees who engage in surface acting at work drain their energetic resources, and undermine their own relationship satisfaction. Drawing upon conservation of resources (COR) theory, we predicted that work-related exhaustion would mediate the relationship between surface acting at work and at home. In addition, we hypothesized that employees' emotional energy in the evening would mediate the relationship between surface acting at home and (actor and partner) satisfaction with the relationship. Participants filled in a survey and a diary booklet during five consecutive working days (N = 80 couples, N = 160 participants x 5 days, N = 800 occasions). The hypotheses were tested with multilevel analyses, using the actor-partner interdependence model. Results showed that daily work-related exhaustion partially mediated the relationship between daily surface acting at work and at home. As hypothesized, daily surface acting at home influenced own and partner's daily relationship satisfaction through reduced daily emotional energy. These findings offer support for COR theory, and have important implications for organizations that encourage emotion regulation.

Insomnia and sleep quality among primary care physicians with low and high burnout levels.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess insomnia and sleep quality in primary care physicians with low and high burnout scores. METHODS: A representative sample of 240 physicians was drawn from 70 medical centers in Madrid, Spain. Based on quartile splits of the overall index of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire, 55 participants were allocated to a low-burnout group, and 58 were included in a high-burnout group. The questionnaire also included sociodemographic data, insomnia symptomatology, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: Of the total sample, 18.8% met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for insomnia diagnoses. More individuals with high burnout scores (21.1%) than individuals with low burnout scores (6.9%) fulfilled these criteria. Results of multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that burnout was the only variable related to insomnia diagnoses (odds ratio=7.56; 95% confidence interval=2.38-14.02). Furthermore, the results of multivariate analysis of covariance, after adjustments for sociodemographic variables, indicated that subjects from the high-burnout group scored significantly higher than subjects from the low-burnout group on the global sleep quality index and its components, indicating significantly greater disturbed sleep for the former. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study provide support for a clear relationship between burnout and disturbed sleep, as shown by the high prevalence of insomnia and poor sleep quality among physicians with high levels of burnout.

Sleep and behavioral correlates of napping among young adults: a survey of first-year university students in Madrid, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Between November 2002 and March 2003, the authors assessed the prevalence and correlates of napping among Spanish university students. PARTICIPANTS: The sample comprised 1,276 first-year university students; the mean age was 18.74 +/- 1.24 years, and 35.45% were men. METHODS: The study was cross-sectional, and the students completed self-report, anonymous questionnaires provided during an in-class survey. RESULTS: Almost half (44%) of the sample reported napping (90% did so after lunch for longer than 1 hour). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that experiencing an irregular sleep-wakefulness pattern, having a morning school schedule, and being male were significant predictor variables of napping. Further significant outcome variables related to napping were having excessive daytime sleepiness, missing classes because of tiredness, better ability to concentrate later in the afternoon, and a perception of deeper nighttime sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Habitual napping is common among Spanish university students and associated with an irregular sleep-wakefulness pattern. Taking long postlunch naps seems to be used by students to cope with insufficient sleep and daytime sleepiness.

[Resistance and vulnerability to trauma: the moderator effect of personality variables on secondary traumatic stress]. / Resistencia y vulnerabilidad ante el trauma: el efecto moderador de las variables de personalidad.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of several personality variables (empathy, comprehensibility, challenge and sense of humour) as moderators of the relationship of job demands (traumatic task and overload) with secondary traumatic stress. 175 emergency professionals of the Community of Madrid completed the Secondary Traumatic Stress Measure (STSM). The results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis provide evidence for the moderator role of personality variables in the secondary traumatic stress process. Lastly, the discussion emphasises the need to focus on the interaction between personality and job demand variables in order to advance our understanding of the process of trauma in emergency professionals.

[The effect of workplace byllying on insomnia: the role of psychological detachment and rumination]. / El efecto del acoso psicológico en el insomnio: el papel del distanciamiento psicológico y la rumiación.

A recent number of studies have focused on the relations between psychosocial factors and sleep disturbances. Like other work-related stressors, workplace byllying is associated with several negative consequences. However, few studies have investigated the influence of workplace byllying on disturbed sleep. Insomnia is the most frequent sleep complaint. Several models have highlighted the importance of cognitive factors in the development and maintenance of insomnia. Cognitive styles such as psychological detachment and rumination may be relevant in this process. The aim of the present study is to examine the moderating role of psychological detachment and rumination on the relationship between workplace byllying and insomnia. To minimize the effect of common method variance, we tested our hypothesis using a research design in which we collected data at two points in time separated by 1 month. A total of 523 individuals responded to both phases, with 511 useable surveys. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis provide evidence for the moderating role of psychological detachment and rumination in the workplace byllying process. Thus, these findings are in line with the cognitive models of insomnia.

The influence of personality factors on health-related quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the influence of personality factors on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: A total of 120 individuals, 60 with ulcerative colitis and 60 with Crohn's disease, filled out the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and a scale about difficulty describing feelings to other people. Sociodemographic and clinical information was also collected. RESULTS: Results of hierarchical regression analysis, after controlling for possible confounder effects of demographic and clinical variables, showed the predictive power of the block of personality variables, accounting for significant amounts (13-22%) of variance across the four HRQOL measures. Except for self-esteem, which was the factor most closely related to social functioning, neuroticism seemed to be the most closely related to the four indicators of quality of life. It was also found that greater difficulty in describing feelings was linked to poorer HRQOL. CONCLUSION: In summary, some personality factors are useful for understanding the process of HRQOL in patients with IBD. Recognizing these differences may enrich clinical research and may be crucial when designing interventions aimed at treatment effectiveness.

[Hardy personality as moderator variable of burnout syndrome in firefighters]. / La personalidad resistente como variable moduladora del síndrome de burnout en una muestra de bomberos.

In last years, theorists and researchers have pointed to the relevance of personal factors in resilience and vulnerability on burnout. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of hardy personality as moderator of the relationship between job stressors and burnout. A total of 405 firefighters of the Community of Madrid participated in the study. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the challenge component of hardy personality buffer the influence of job stressors on the occurrence of burnout. Results support the hypothesis that hardy personality may have moderator effects on burnout. Furthermore, commitment appeared as a mediator of the relationships between burnout and its associated symptomatology. Finally, discussion emphasized the need to focus on the interaction between personal and contextual factors in order to make advances in understanding the burnout process.

Reciprocal relations between workplace bullying, anxiety, and vigor: a two-wave longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Workplace bullying has been classified as an extreme social stressor in work contexts and has been repeatedly linked to several negative consequences. However, little research has examined reversed or reciprocal relations of bullying and outcomes. DESIGN: We conducted a two-wave longitudinal study with a time lag of six months. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 348 employees of the Spanish workforce. The present study examined longitudinal relationships between workplace bullying, psychological health, and well-being. On the basis of conservation of resources theory, we hypothesized that we would find reciprocal relations among study variables over time. RESULTS: Results of cross-lagged structural equation modeling analyses supported our hypotheses. Specifically, it was found that Time 1 (T1) workplace bullying was negatively related to Time 2 (T2) vigor and positively related to T2 anxiety. Additionally, T1 anxiety and vigor had an effect on T2 workplace bullying. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings support the validity of the theoretical models postulating a reciprocal bullying-outcome relationship, rather than simple one-way causal pathways approaches.

Development and validation of the Occupational Hardiness Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: One of the most traditional approaches to the positive study of personality has been the research on Hardiness or Hardy Personality. However, studies about this construct have systematically suffered from a lack of sufficient psychometric guarantees of the measures. METHOD: This paper presents the Occupational Hardiness Questionnaire (OHQ), the result of a research line on the subject and its measurement with a total sample of 1,647 participants. RESULTS: Four studies show the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), consistency, temporal reliability and construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that the OHQ has satisfactory psychometric characteristics and can be used in the study of Occupational Health and in the area of Positive Personality.

[Positive occupational health psychology: an introduction]. / Introducción a la psicología de la salud ocupacional positiva.

This article introduces the monographic section on Positive Occupational Health Psychology (POHP), presenting eight theoretical and empirical papers about diverse topics. Traditionally, research on occupational health has mainly been focused on causes of diseases and on identifying and preventing work factors related to worker's impaired health. However, this biased view may not provide a complete understanding of the mechanisms that lead to employee well-being and performance. We discuss the differences of POHP with similar constructs, and review reasons for its importance in the development of this field. Overall, the studies included in the monographic section show the usefulness of focusing on positive constructs, and present ideas and questions that we hope may help to further our progress in the field of POHP.

[The emergence of positive occupational health psychology]. / La emergencia de la psicología de la salud ocupacional positiva.

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the emerging concept of Positive Occupational Health Psychology (POHP). We discuss the usefulness of focusing on positive constructs in order to understand the path to health and well-being at work. We describe research findings on several POHP topics, including engagement, psychological capital, and job crafting. Additionally, we review the first positive interventions in this field and conclude by identifying some specific questions for future research.

The Spanish version of the Insomnia Severity Index: a confirmatory factor analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and to determine its factor structure with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). METHODS: Self-reported information was collected from a sample of 500 adults (mean age 39.13 [standard deviation 15.85]years) drawn from a population of medical students and their social networks. Together with the ISI, a measure of the subjective severity of insomnia, subjects completed the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Profile of Mood States to study concurrent validity of the ISI. CFA was used to test alternative models to ascertain the factorial structure of the ISI. RESULTS: The Spanish version of the ISI showed adequate indices of internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.82). CFA showed that a three-factor structure provided a better fit to the data than one-factor and two-factor structures. The ISI was significantly correlated with poor sleep quality, fatigue, anxiety, and depression, and discriminated between good and poor sleepers. CONCLUSIONS: The ISI is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the subjective severity of insomnia in Spanish-speaking populations. Its three-factor structure (i.e., night-time sleep difficulties, sleep dissatisfaction and daytime impact of insomnia) makes it a psychometrically robust and clinically useful measure.