[The formation of bio-films by opportunistic microorganisms isolated from patients with rheumatic diseases].

The study was carried out concerning capability of 194 strains of opportunistic microorganisms to form bio-films. It is established that bacteria ecizing organism of patients with rheumatic diseases have capacity to form microbial bio-films. The formation of bio-films is manifested with the same rate as in agents of inflammatory processes. At that, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and bacteria of genus Proteus isolated under rheumatic diseases have significantly higher capability to form biofilms that matters for development of comorbide infections.

[Adhesive properties of microorganisms colonizing rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients].

AIM: Evaluation of adhesive properties of microorganisms colonizing rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nose mucosa and urinal microflora from 62 rheumatoid patients (32--rheumatoid arthritis and 30--systemic lupus erythematosus patients) was studied. 57 opportunistic microorganisms were isolated: including representatives of Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Morganella, Enterobactergenera. Adhesive properties on erythrocyte model of microorganisms isolated in patients with rheumatoid disease, museum cultures and clinical strains were analyzed by using standard technique. RESULTS: Bacteria isolated in rheumatoid disease patients were characterized by pronounced adhesive potential. Bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family have shown significantly higher adhesive properties. Heterogeneity of adhesive properties levels, and genera and species adhesive potential of bacteria was determined. CONCLUSION: Microorganisms colonizing rheumatoid disease patients have a high adhesive potential that can increase the risk of patient infections.

[Antibacterial antibodies in human immunoglobulins and sera: past and present].

AIM: To measure levels of several types of antibacterial antibodies in preparations of normal human immunoglobulin as well as in samples of donor sera obtained in 1965 and 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five batches of human normal immunoglobulin manufactured in 1965 and five batches manufactured in 2009 as well as 77 and 28 blood serum samples respectively were tested by agglutination assay for the presence of antibodies to enterobacteria, Brucella species, tularemia agent, Rickettsia burnetii, Rickettsia prowazekii, and several species of opportunistic bacteria. RESULTS: Higher antibody titers to Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A and B, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei were revealed in immunoglobulin preparations and donor sera obtained in 1965 compared to that obtained in 2009. There was no difference in antibody titers to Shigella boydii, Salmonella choleraesuis, Escherichia coli O-55, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens and E. coli. Antibodies to Brucella species, tularemia agent, R. burnetii, R. prowazekii were not detected in normal human immunoglobulin. CONCLUSION: Decrease of antibody levels to several pathogenic enterobacteria in human immunoglobulin preparations as well as in sera of donors for 40 years could be linked with decrease of number of immunized persons, changes in circulation of pathogenic bacteria, decrease of rate of asymptomatic infections. Stability of antibody titers to opportunistic bacteria is a rationale to use them for assessment of humoral immunity function.

[Influence of immunodepressors on population level and adhesive characteristics of opportunistic bacteria in large intestine of white mice].

AIM: To assess the effects of cyclophosphamide (CP), methotrexate (MT), and prednisolone (PS) on the levels of staphylococci, enterococci, Escherichia coli (EC) and lactose-negative enterobacteria (LNEB) in feces of white mice as well as to determine adhesive properties of isolated microorganisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Drugs were administered intragastrically during 6 weeks; CP in dose 35.4 mg/kg daily; MT - 2.5 mg/kg over week; PS - 2.5 mg/kg daily; sterile distilled water was administered to controls. Microflora was assessed by common methods; adhesion of microorganisms to group 0 (I) human erythrocytes was determined. RESULTS: Administration of prednisolone leads to increase of isolation rate of staphylococci, CP increased levels of LNEB and EC with suppressed enzymatic activity (P < 0.05). MT decreased isolation rate of typical EC (P < 0.05). MT also decreased degree of adhesion of EC and LNEB, whereas PS enhanced adhesiveness of LNEB, and CP decreased adhesion of staphylococci (P < 0.05). Statistically significant correlation between number and adhesiveness of enterobacteria was established (r = 0.73, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Immunodepressors from different groups have non-similar effects on quantitative characteristics of microflora and adhesiveness of isolated opportunistic microorganisms.

Cell-Free DNA Plasma Levels Differ in Age-Specific Pattern in Healthy Rats and Castrates with Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

The purpose of this work was to study changes in the level of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of young and old rats in the normal state and with induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups-young (3 months), old (20 months), intact, or with testosterone-induced BPH. Groups with BPH were subjected to surgical castration and administration of testosterone esters at a dose of 25 mg/kg for a total of 7 injections for 20 days. In intact animals, the level of cfDNA in old rats (2.00 ± 0.14 ng/µl) was significantly higher than that in the young (1.02 ± 0.30 ng/µl). The body and the prostate weights of old rats were 1.6 and 1.4 times larger than those of the young, without an increase in the prostate index (PI). The testosterone level in the blood of young rats was 1.6 times higher than that of old (6.20 ± 0.93 nmol/l vs. 3.77 ± 0.55 nmol/l; NS). In animals with BPH, the level of cfDNA in old rats (3.14 ± 0.76 ng/µl) was significantly higher than that in young rats (0.80 ± 0.14 ng/µl). The body and the prostate weights in old rats were 1.8 and 2.3 times larger, than those in young rats, with an increase in the PI. The level of testosterone in the blood of young (15.76 ± 0.51 nmol/l) and old (16.99 ± 1.1 nmol/l) rats was not significantly different. Morphological signs of BPH were observed in the prostate of both young and old rats. During the induction of BPH in the experiment, according to the level of cfDNA, cell death processes have not changed significantly in young rats but significantly increased in old rats. A similar trend was observed in the group of intact animals. The obtained data indicate that apoptosis processes are enhanced during the development of BPH despite the growth of tissues in the prostate itself.

[Microflora in patients with systemic connective tissue diseases].

The study of microflora of skin, mucous tunic of nose and mouth, and the quantitative and qualitative structure of the intestinal and urinal microflora in cases of systemic connective tissues diseases, are reproduced. The decrease of the dominant state of typical representatives, and the increase of the role of pseudopathogenic bacteria in various biotypes, were observed. The frequency of S. aureus detection increased in skin, mucous tunic of nose and mouth. Pseudopathogenic microbes acquired greater significance in the forming of microbiocenosis of intestine, while the number of E. coli, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacterium decreased. The frequency of detection of microbes in urine decreased. The comparative analyses of the microflora in patients with systemic lupus erythromatosis and progressive systemic sclerosis demonstrated the common peculiarities for microflora character change.

[Intestinal microecology in some systemic connective tissue diseases].

In patients with systemic connective tissue diseases were studied. The species structure intestinal microflora was characterized by decrease of dominating status of anaerobic bacteria and increase of role of opportunistic bacteria. The number of Lactobacillus decreased significantly. Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides was also decreased in number while their detection rate did not change. Opportunistic bacteria with hemolytic activity acquired greater significance in the forming of patients' intestinal microbiocenosis. Significant increase of Staphylococcus and opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae detection rate and density of intestine colonization was detected. Colonization of the intestine by S. aureus was revealed. Comparative analysis of the qualitative and quantitative structure of the intestinal microflora in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic scleriasis revealed similar patterns. However, colonization of the gut by opportunistic intestinal bacteria, Candida and microorganisms with hemolytic activity was more frequently observed in patients with systemic scleriasis.

[Characteristics of cellular immune reactions in animals vaccinated with smallpox and ADPT vaccines]. / Kharakteristika kletochnykh immunnykh reaktsii u zhivotnykh, privitykh ospennoi i AKDS-vaktsinami.

Immunization with absorbed DPT vaccine in 1 or 3 subcutaneous injections, as well as the intradermal or intracardiac immunization of guinea pigs with smallpox vaccine resulted in the accumulation of 0-positive lymphoyctes, determined by the cytotoxic test, in the lymph nodes. On the 7th day after the intracardiac injection of smallpox vaccine in massive doses a sharp decrease in the content of 0-positive lymphocytes was observed. The number of small lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin receptors detected by immunofluorescence remains unchanged in the animals of all groups at any period of the experiment.

[Immunological study of the occurrence of staphylococci with skin antigens in various experimental animals]. / Immunologicheskoe izuchenie obshchnosti stafilokokka c antigenami kozhi nekotorykh eksperimental'nykh zhivotnykh

Experiments were conducted on rabbits; primary and secondary administration of staphylococcus vaccine was regularly accompanied by the production of antibodies not only to a staphylococcus antigen, but also of antibodies reacting with an extract of homologous kidneys, myocardium and the skin. The presence in the pathogenic staphylococcus of an antigen affiliated to proteins of the skin and kidneys of rabbits and mice was shown by the method of cross sorption of antistaphylococcus and antiskin sera by a suspension of the staphylococcus or skin antigen with the use of the complement fixation test. Indirect hemagglutination and immunofluorescence. Such antigen was absent in nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from the skin extracts.

[Staphylococcal antigens cross-reacting with mammalian tissues and their role in inducing immunopathological processes]. / Perekrestno reagiruiushchie s tkaniami mlekopitaiushchikh antigeny stafilokokka i ikh rol' v induktsii immunopatologicheskikh protsessov.

In the reaction of cross adsorption of immune sera to white mouse skin and staphylococcus with the corresponding antigens, the presence of an antigen related to white mouse skin and kidney antigens has been established in Staphylococcus aureus strain Wood-46 (not producing protein A) by means of the complement fixation test and the passive hemagglutination test. The capacity of staphylococcal antibodies and their fluorochrome-labeled fragments to specifically stain the cells of the epidermis and the renal tubules of mammals has been demonstrated. Staphylococcus epidermidis has proved to be unrelated to mammalian tissues. The significance of the data obtained in this investigation for the practice of the transplantation of organs and tissues, for more accurate determination of the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections and for the development of immunologically safe vaccines in discussed.

[Immunomorphological study of the liver in clinical and experimental postnecrotic cirrhosis]. / Immunomorfologicheskoe izuchenie pecheni pri postnekroticheskom tsirroze i v eksperimente.

Immunomorphological study of the liver was carried out in 5 dead patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver and in 50 white rats with experimental cirrhosis of the liver for the purpose of detection of fixed immunoglobulins localization. Saturation with gamma-globulins of the vessel walls, forming connective-tissue septae and hepatocytes undergoing degeneration was established in rats. In man, gamma-globulins were found in the connective tissue strands, in vessel walls, and in the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells and hepatocytes. The analysis of the results suggests different origin and dissimilar importance of gamma-globulins in different structures of the liver.

[Role of circulating antibodies and cellular factors in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus induced rejection of skin autotransplants]. / O roli tsirkuliruiushchikh antitel i kletochnykh faktorov v patogeneze indutsirovannogo stafilokokkom ottorzheniia autotransplantatov kozhi

It was found that rejection of the skin autotransplant in the staphylococcus-sensitized animals was accompanied by regular changes in the titres of auto- and staphylococcus antibodies indirectly pointing to the antibody fixation on the rejecting transplant or to their neutralization with the antigens of the perishing skin transplant. In experiments with passive reproduction of the state of rejection in the intact syngenous recipients it was shown that the decisive role in this process was played by the cell factors, but not by the blood serum. The mentioned facts pointed to the role played by allergy of delayed type in the pathogenesis of rejection of skin autotransplants induced with staphylococcus.

[Localization of immune complexes in the liver in experimental cirrhosis]. / Lokalizatsiia immunnykh kompleksov v pecheni pri éksperimental'nom ee tsirroze.

The chronic course of viral and toxic hepatitis is associated with the involvement into the pathogenesis of the disease of the immune processes whose mechanisms remain obscure. An attempt was made to elucidate the localization of immune complexes in the liver of rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis of the liver according to the method by Yu. F. Kubitsa. Immune complexes were found in macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrating perivascular spaces and walls of veins undergoing degeneration. This indicates a possible role of cell-mediated reactions in the damage of blood vessels and hepatic parenchyma in cirrhosis. Immune complexes wee also found in the hepatocyte nuclei which suggests a damaging effect of antibody on the hepatic tissue in cases of complement activation.

[Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the course of experimental staphylococcal infection and on the immune status of the animal body]. / Vliianie giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii na techenie ékpserimental'noi stafilokokkovoi infektsii i immunnyi status organizma zhivotnykh.

In guinea pigs infected with staphylococci by subcutaneous injection a decreased content of T-lymphocytes, an increased number of B-lymphocytes and lower levels of lysozyme and complement were observed. When subjected to the action of hyperbaric oxygenation, the animals, both intact or infected with staphylococci, showed the aggravation of staphylococcal infection, a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes and an increase in the content of B-lymphocytes. In the intact animals hyperbaric oxygenation stimulated the production of complement and lysozyme, produced a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes and an increase in the number of B-lymphocytes.

[Role of autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of post-vaccinal lesions of the nervous system]. / O roli autoimmunnykh protsessov v patogeneze postvaktsinal'nykh porazhenii nervnoi sistemy.

Subcutaneous sensitization of guinea pigs with -vaccine, and also an intracardiac injection of smallpox or measles vaccine induced production of brain autoantibodies, whereas subcutaneous or intradermal immunization of the animals with liver viral vaccines was not accompanied by the formation of autoantibodies and development of the pathological processes in the nervous system tissue. tthe greatest changes in the brain tissue in the form of circulatory disturbances and inflammatory-dystrophic phenomena in combination with high autoantibody titres in the blood were noted in intracardiac injection of smallpox vaccine and in subturbancessensitization with AK-Vaccine and the least (short-term circulatory disturbances, transitory signs of serous meningitis and neuron dystrophy against the background of low blood auto anitbody content)--in intracardiac injection of measles vaccine. Administration of live viral vaccines into the circulation of animals against the background of their sensitization with -vaccine led to reduction of blood autoantibody level coinciding in time with the periods of marked pathomorphological changes in the brain tissue.

[An experimental study of auto-allergy evoked by staphylococcus under conditions of primary and secondary immunological response]. / Eksperimenta'noe izuchenie autoallergii, vyzvannoi stafilokokkom, v usloviiakh pervichnogo i vtorichnogo immunologicheskogo otveta

Experiments were conducted on rabbits and albino mice; it was shown that the capacity of the animal organism to reject the skin autotransplant formed 7 to 10 days after the primary immunization and persisted for a period of 45 days. Repeated vaccination of mice 24 hours before the operation aided the take of the skin autotransplants, and 7 days before--promoted their rejection. Intravenous revaccination of the operated animals also intensified the rejection reactions; the process of the transplant rejection was accompanied by a marked fall in the level of staphylococcus- and autoantibodies. In the unoperated animals intravenous revaccination with staphylovaccine caused production of antibodies by the secondary type. Deposits of fixed gamma-globulin were found on the 6th-8th day after the transplantation in the autotransplant and its bed in mice primarily immunized with staphylovaccine. Marked circulatory disturbances, necrobiotic processes, mononuclear infiltration of the derma with neutrophils were revealed pathomorphologically in the rejecting skin transplant.

[Pathomorphological and immunofluorescent studies of smallpox vaccine neurotropism]. / Patomorfologicheskie i immunoliuminestsentnye issledovaniia neîrotropizma neurotropism

Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs sensitized with the AK C-vaccine components. In intracardiac injection with smallpox vaccine there was shown a possibility of development of marked hemodynamic disturbances, of the inflammatory-dystrophic processes of irreversibel character, with a subsequent neuronophagia and demyelinization. Injection of smallpox vaccine into the circulation of intact guinea pigs was accompanied by development in the nervous system of insignificant circulatory disturbances and of the inflammatory dystrophic phenomena of reversible character. A method of immunofluorescence was used and the antigen of the vaccine virus was revealed in the neurons of the brain and the spinal cord of the sensitized and intact animals. Marked hemodynamic and insignificant inflammatory-dystrophic processes were revealed in the nervous system of a child which died of the post-vaccinal encephalitis; an antigen of the smallpox virus was found by the immunofluorescent method in the nerve cells and the vessels in various portions of the nervous system.

[The methods for correcting with specific and nonspecific immunomodulators the immunopathological processes arising from the administration of a staphylococcal vaccine]. / Sposoby korrektsii spetsificheskimi i nespetsificheskimi immunomoduliatorami immunopatologicheskikh protsessov, voznikaiushchikh pri vvedenii stafilokokkovoi vaktsiny.

In mice immunized with staphylococcal vaccine the arresting of graft-versus-host reaction under the influence of small doses of staphylococcal vaccine, hyperimmune antistaphylococcal serum, cyclophosphamide, antilymphocytic serum has been demonstrated. Small doses of staphylococcal vaccine stimulated the production of antibodies to staphylococci and dermal extract in the animals, previously immunized with this vaccine, with the simultaneous suppression of cell-mediated immune reactions to both antigens. Immunosuppressing agents have been found to inhibit humoral and cell-mediated immune response to microbial antigen and dermal extract. No influence of vermox and levamisole on the outcome of the graft-versus-host reaction has been registered; the latter preparation has been found to intensify cell-mediated immune reactions to microbial and tissue antigens.

[Characteristics of the causative agent and of the immunological status of the body in experimental dormant staphylococcal infection]. / Kharakteristika vozbuditelia i immunologicheskogo statusa organizma pri dremliushchei stafilokokkovoi infektsii v ékspekimente.

Pathogenic staphylococci were found to persist in the focus of dormant infection in guinea pigs till day 100 of the experiment without changing their biological properties and sensitivity to antibiotics. The latent period of dormant staphylococcal infection was characterized by the increasing titers of antibodies to staphylococcal autostrains, by the positive results of the intradermal allergic test and the macrophage migration inhibition test with hemolytic staphylococcal allergen, as well as by the suppression of serum lysozyme activity. No changes in the content of complement and the total bactericidal activity of blood serum were detected.

[Venoarterial perfusion without oxygenation as a means of mechanical aid to the heart in acute failure]. / Venoarterial'naia perfuziia bez oksigenatsii kak sposob mekhanicheskoi pomoshchi serdtsu pri ego ostroi nedostatochnosti.

The efficacy of veno-arterial perfusion without oxygenation was established in experiments on dogs with a model of acute cardiac insufficiency. The overall index of circulation and the percentage of the heart participation in it is an important criterion of the effectiveness of shunting of the left ventricle. This criterion made it possible to determine the therapeutic role of veno-arterial perfusion without oxygenation in aiding the diseased ventricle even when the size of the shunt did not exceed 1/3 of the initial cardiac ejection.