Cytotoxicity Activity of Some meso-Dihydroguaiaretic Acid Derivatives and Mode of Action of the Most Active Compound.

The aim of this study was to screen sixteen meso-1 semi-synthetic derivatives bearing ether, esther, carbamate, phosphate or aminoether functional groups against five cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung), HepG2 (liver), HeLa (cervix), and DU145 (prostate) at 25 µM using the MTT assay. Results from the screening showed that two derivatives had the lowest percentage of cell viability at 25 µM, the aminoether derivative meso-11 and the esther derivative meso-20 against A549 (44.15±0.78 %) and MCF-7 (41.60±0.92 %), respectively. Then, it was determined the IC50 value of each compound against their most sensitive cancer cell line. Results showed that aminoether derivative meso-11 showed potent cytotoxicity against A549 (IC50 =17.11±2.11 µM), whereas it resulted more cytotoxic against the LL-47 lung normal cell line (IC50 =9.49±1.19 µM) having a Selective Index (SI) of 0.55. On the other hand, the esther derivative meso-20 exhibited potent activity against MCF-7 (IC50 =18.20±1.98 µM), whereas it displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the MCF-10 breast normal cell line (IC50 =41.22±2.17 µM) with a SI of 2.2. Finally, studies on the mechanism of action of meso-20 indicated disruption of MCF-7 plasma membrane in vitro and the AMPK activation in silico.

Effects of Maturation on Physical Fitness Adaptations to Plyometric Jump Training in Youth Females.

ABSTRACT: Romero, C, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Alvarez, C, Moran, J, Slimani, M, Gonzalez, J, and Banzer, WE. Effects of maturation on physical fitness adaptations to plyometric jump training in youth females. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2870-2877, 2021-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maturation on physical fitness adaptations to plyometric jump training (PJT) in youth females. Jumping, sprinting, change of direction speed, endurance, and maximal strength were measured pre-post 6 weeks of PJT in 7th- and 10th-grade subjects. In the seventh grade, subjects formed a PJT group (Plyo-7, n = 10; age, 12.7 ± 0.6 years; breast maturation stages IV [n = 2], III [n = 7], and II [n = 1]) and an active control group (Con-7, n = 9; age, 12.8 ± 0.6 years; breast maturation stages IV [n = 2], III [n = 6], and II [n = 1]). In the 10th grade, subjects conformed a PJT group (Plyo-10, n = 9; age, 16.3 ± 0.5 years; breast maturation stages V [n = 5] and IV [n = 4]) and an active control group (Con-10, n = 9; age, 16.2 ± 0.5 years; breast maturation stages V [n = 5] and IV [n = 4]). Magnitude-based inferences were used for data analysis, with effect sizes (ESs) interpreted as <0.2 = trivial; 0.2-0.6 = small; 0.6-1.2 = moderate; 1.2-2.0 = large; and 2.0-4.0 = very large. The Plyo-7 and Plyo-10 showed meaningful improvements in all physical fitness measures (ES = 0.21-2.22), while Con-7 and Con-10 showed only trivial changes. The Plyo-7 and Plyo-10 showed meaningful (ES = 0.16-2.22) greater improvements in all physical fitness measures when compared with their control counterparts. The Plyo-10 showed meaningful greater improvements in 20-m sprint, 2-km running time trial, maximal strength, squat jump, and drop jump from 20 cm (ES = 0.21-0.42) when compared with Plyo-7. In conclusion, PJT is effective in improving physical fitness in younger and older female youths. However, greater adaptations were observed in more mature subjects.

Antitumor activity of a hydrogel loaded with lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles on cervical, prostate, and colon human cancer cells.

The objective of this study was to analyze the antitumor activity of a hydrogel loaded with lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles on human cervical, prostate, and colon cancer cell lines. The effect of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles on the viability of cancer cell lines (HeLa, DU145, and HCT-116) and non-cancer lung fibroblasts (HLF; LL 47[MaDo]) was determined with the MTT cell viability assay and compared with known antineoplastic drugs. The biocompatibility at an organismal level was verified in a murine model by histological examination. A lipophilic bismuth nanoparticle hydrogel at 50 µM time-dependently inhibited the growth of the three cancer cell lines, in a time-dependent way. A 1-hour exposure to 250 µM lipophilic bismuth nanoparticle hydrogel, inhibited the growth of the three cancer cell lines. The in-vitro efficacy of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticle was similar to the one of docetaxel and cisplatin, but without inhibiting the growth of non-cancer control cells. Histology confirmed the biocompatibility of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles as there were no signs of cytotoxicity or tissue damage in any of the evaluated organs (kidney, liver, brain, cerebellum, heart, and jejunum). In conclusion, a lipophilic bismuth nanoparticle hydrogel is an innovative, low-cost alternative for the topical treatment of cervicouterine, prostate, and colon human cancers.

Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of an alginate-based membrane loaded with bismuth nanoparticles and cetylpyridinium chloride.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antitumor and antimicrobial properties of an alginate-based membrane (ABM) loaded with bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on clinically isolated bacteria and a pancreatic cancer cell line. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The BisBAL NP-CPC ABM was characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial potential was measured using the disk-diffusion assay, and antibiofilm activity was determined through the live/dead assay and fluorescence microscopy. The antitumor activity was analyzed on the pancreatic cell line (Panc 03.27) using the MTT assay and live/dead assay with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: After a 24-h exposure (37°C, aerobic conditions), 5 µM BisBAL NP reduced the growth of K. pneumoniae by 77.9%, while 2.5 µM BisBAL NP inhibited the growth of Salmonella, E. faecalis and E. faecium by 82.9%, 82.6%, and 78%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The BisBAL NPs-CPC ABM (at a ratio of 10:1; 500 and 50 µM, respectively) inhibited the growth of all isolated bacteria, producing inhibition halos of 9.5, 11.2, 7, and 10.3 mm for K. pneumoniae, Salmonella, E. faecalis, and E. faecium, respectively, in contrast to the 6.5, 9.5, 8.5, and 9.8 mm obtained with 100 µM ceftriaxone (p < 0.0001). The BisBAL NPs-CPC ABM also reduced bacterial biofilms, with 81.4%, 74.5%, 97.1%, and 79.5% inhibition for K. pneumoniae, E. faecium, E. faecalis, and Salmonella, respectively. Furthermore, the BisBAL NPs-CPC ABM decreased Panc 03.27 cell growth by 76%, compared to 18% for drug-free ABM. GEM-ABM reduced tumoral growth by 73%. The live/dead assay confirmed that BisBAL NPs-CPC-ABM and GEM-ABM were cytotoxic for the turmoral Panc 03.27 cells. CONCLUSION: An alginate-based membrane loaded with BisBAL NP and CPC exhibits dual antimicrobial and antitumoral efficacy. Therefore, it could be applied in cancer treatment and to diminish the occurrence of surgical site infections.

Radiofrequency ablation of renal tumours with clinical, radiographical and pathological results.

UNLABELLED: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Radiological imaging is heavily relied on for follow up after renal ablative therapy. We show that while this is largely reliable, there are quantifiable false negative and false positive findings. A non-involuting zone of ablation should be considered for multisite-directed core biopsies even in the absence of detectable enhancement. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our experience with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for renal masses and to report on clinical, radiological and post-RFA biopsy results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study collected clinical, radiological and pathological data from 150 consecutive patients who were treated with RFA of a renal mass between 2002 and 2008 at a tertiary referral centre. Post-ablation biopsies were performed in patients with non-involuting lesions or suspicion of recurrence on imaging. Comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Renal malignancy was found in 72.1% of patients based on the initial diagnostic biopsy. Median tumour size was 2.6 cm, 22.7% of patients had a solitary kidney, and most were central tumours. The mean follow-up period was 40.1 month. There was no recurrence in 96.7% of the entire cohort. Cancer-specific survival for 106 patients with sporadic, localized, biopsy proven renal malignancy was 100% at 38.5 months. Biopsies were obtained in 43 patients for a median of 21 months after RFA. Among 38 patients who had biopsy for non-involuting, non-enhancing zones of ablation, three (7.9%) were positive. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term cancer-specific survival after RFA remains excellent and most cases are successful based on a combination of imaging and post-ablation biopsies performed almost 2 years after treatment. There were four out of 150 (2.7%) patients who had recurrences with tissue confirmation; one of these patients was detected on imaging and three (2%) were radiologically occult. The absence of enhancement in the setting of non-involuting lesions is not always a guarantee of a successful ablation.

Cumulative antitumor effect of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles and cetylpyridinium chloride in inhibiting the growth of lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the combined antitumor effect of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NP) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on human lung tumor cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The human lung tumor cells A549 were exposed to 1-100 µM BisBAL NP or CPC, either separately or in a 1:1 combination. Cell viability was measured with the PrestoBlue assay, the LIVE/DEAD assay, and fluorescence microscopy. The integrity and morphology of cellular microtubules were analyzed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: A 24-h exposure to 1 µM solutions reduced A549 growth with 21.5% for BisBAL NP, 70.5% for CPC, and 92.4% for the combination (p < 0.0001), while a 50 µM BisBAL NP/CPC mixture inhibited cell growth with 99% (p < 0.0001). BisBAL NP-curcumin conjugates were internalized within 30 min of exposure and could be traced within the nucleus of tumor cells within 2 h. BisBAL NP, but not CPC, interfered with microtubule organization, thus interrupting cell replication, similar to the action mechanism of docetaxel. CONCLUSION: The growth inhibition of A549 human tumor cells by BisBAL NP and CPC was cumulative as of 1 µM. The BisBAL NP/CPC combination may constitute an innovative and cost-effective alternative for treating human lung cancer.

Cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits human breast tumor cells growth in a no-selective way.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the antitumor capacity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on human breast tumor cells, and the possible action mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The human breast tumor cells MCF-7 and no-tumor breast cells MCF-10A were exposed to CPC under various condition (concentration and duration). Cell viability was measured with MTT assay, the LIVE/DEAD assay, and fluorescence microscopy. Membrane permeability after CPC exposure was evaluated by Calcein AM assay, mitochondrial morphology with a MitoView staining, and genotoxicity with the comet assay and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: CPC was cytotoxic to both MCF-7 and MCF-10A as of a 24-h exposure to 0.1 µM. Cytotoxicity was dose-dependent and reached 91% for MCF-7 and 78% for MCF-10A after a 24-h exposure to 100 µM CPC, which outperformed the positive control doxorubicin in effectiveness and selectivity. The LD50 of CPC on was 6 µM for MCF-7 and 8 µM for MCF-10A, yielding a selectivity index of 1.41. A time response analysis revealed 64% dead cells after only 5 min of exposure to 100 µM CPC. With respect to the action mechanisms, the comet assay did not reveal genome fragmentation. On the other hand, membrane damage was dose-dependent and may also affect mitochondrial morphology. CONCLUSION: Cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits MCF-7 cell growing in a non-selective way as of 5 min of exposure. The action mechanism of CPC on tumor cells involves cell membrane damage without change neither mitochondrial morphology nor genotoxicity.

Antimicrobial potential of AH Plus supplemented with bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles on E. faecalis isolated from clinical isolates.

The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potential of AH plus supplemented with bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on the growth of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from patients with endodontic infections. BisBAL NPs, synthesized with the colloidal method, were characterized, in its pure form or AH Plus-absorbed, by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated with disc diffusion assays, and antibiofilm activity with fluorescence microscopy. BisBAL NP-supplemented AH Plus had a 4.9 times higher antimicrobial activity than AH Plus alone (p = 0.0001). In contrast to AH Plus alone, AH Plus supplemented with BisBAL NP inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation. The sealing properties of AH plus were not modified by the incorporation of BisBAL NPs, which was demonstrated by a 12-day split-chamber leakage assay with daily inoculation, which was used to evaluate the possible filtration of E. faecalis. Finally, BisBAL NP-supplemented AH plus-BisBAL NPs was not cytotoxic for cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Their viability was 83.7% to 89.9% after a 24-h exposure to AH Plus containing 50 and 10 µM BisBAL NP, respectively. In conclusion, BisBAL NP-supplemented AH Plus constitutes an innovative nanomaterial to prevent re-infection in endodontic patients without cytotoxic effects.

Bismuth Lipophilic Nanoparticles (BisBAL NP) Inhibit the Growth of Tumor Cells in a Mouse Melanoma Model.

AIM: The objective of this study was to analyze the antitumor effect of BisBAL NP in a mouse melanoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antitumor activity of BisBAL NP on murine B16-F10 melanoma cells was determined both in vitro (PrestoBlue cell viability assay and Live/Dead fluorescence) and in vivo, in a mouse model, with the following 15-day treatments: BisBAL NP, negative control (PBS), and cell-death control (docetaxel; DTX). Mouse survival and weight, as well as the tumor volume, were recorded daily during the in vivo study. RESULTS: BisBAL NP were homogeneous in size (mean diameter, 14.7 nm) and bismuth content. In vitro, 0.1 mg/mL BisBAL NP inhibited B16-F10 cell growth stronger (88%) than 0.1 mg/mL DTX (82%) (*p<0.0001). In vivo, tumors in mice treated with BisBAL NP (50 mg/kg/day) or DTX (10 mg/kg/day) were 76% and 85% smaller than the tumors of negative control mice (*p<0.0001). The average weight of mice was 18.1 g and no statistically significant difference was detected among groups during the study. Alopecia was only observed in all DTX-treated mice. The survival rate was 100% for the control and BisBAL NP groups, but one DTX- treated mouse died at the end of the treatment period. The histopathological analysis revealed that exposure to BisBAL NP was cytotoxic for tumor tissue only, without affecting the liver or kidney. CONCLUSION: BisBAL NP decreased the tumor growing in a mouse melanoma model without secondary effects, constituting an innovative low-cost alternative to treat melanoma.

[Total prostatic specific antigen levels among subjects exposed and not exposed to arsenic in drinking water]. / Niveles séricos del antígeno prostático específico en varones expuestos y no expuestos al arsénico en el agua de bebida en Tucumán, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: There is an association between arsenic exposure and prostatic cancer mortality. AIM: To analyze and to compare the serum levels of total prostatic specific antigEn (TPSA) in asymptomatic men of a rural zone, exposed and not exposed to high concentrations of arsenic (As) in drinking water. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 161 men that were subjected to a clinical evaluation, serum TPSA determination and a trans rectal ultrasonography. Exposed and non-exposed subjects were divided in groups GA, GB and GC according to TPSA levels (<4 ng/ml, 4.1-10 ng/ml and >10.1 ng/ml respectively). RESULTS: Exposed and non-exposed subjects had similar TPSA levels. Among exposed subjects, 88.2, 8,8 and 3% were ascribed to groups GA, GB and GC respectively. The figures for non-exposed subjects were 90. 6, 6,3 and 3,1%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for TPSA in exposed and non-exposed subjects was 0.64 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.40-0.9) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.6-0.8) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No differences in TPSA levels between subjects exposed and non-exposed to arsenic were observed in this study.

Prevalence of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a rural population exposed to arsenic in Argentina. / Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población rural expuesta al arsénico en Argentina.

OBJECTIVE.: To determine the prevalence of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in a rural population exposed to arsenic (As) in drinking water in the province of Tucumán, Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: A total of 352 adult inhabitants participated. Consumption of arsenic in drinking water was measured. Blood pressure, smoking, risk and harmful alcohol consumption, salt intake, physical activity, body mass index, glycemia and dyslipidemia were evaluated. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Framingham score. RESULTS.: The population was divided into Exposed Group (EG) n=90 and Non-Exposed Group (NEG) n=262. The prevalence of hypertension was 48.9 and 51.1% in each group, respectively; for smoking it was 31.1 and 39.7%; for risky alcohol consumption, 22.2 and 17.9%; for harmful alcohol consumption, 36.6 and 36.6%; for salt intake, 100 and 100%; for physical activity, 16.7 and 18.7%; for being overweight, 43.3 and 43.9%; for obesity, 25.5 and 25.6%; for diabetes, 24.4 and 32.8%; and for dyslipidemia, 58.9 and 66.4%. The scores for low, moderate, or high-risk were 50; 21.1; and 28.9% in the EG, and 54.6; 19.1 and 26.3% in the NEG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS.: Exposure to As does not affect the prevalence of CRFs. We identified a rural population in a vulnerable condition with high CRFs. The National Risk Factor Survey does not reflect what happens in rural areas. The Framingham scale is consistent with the found CRFs. The implementation of health promotion policies is required to improve the prognosis of suffering cardiovascular events in the short and medium term.

OBJETIVOS.: Determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) en una población rural expuesta al arsénico (As) en el agua de consumo en la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Participaron 352 habitantes adultos. Se midió el consumo de arsénico en agua de bebida y se evaluó la presión arterial, el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol de riesgo y perjudicial, la ingesta de sal, la actividad física, el índice de masa corporal, la glucemia y la dislipidemia. El riesgo cardiovascular fue calculado usando el score de Framingham. RESULTADOS.: Se dividió la población en Grupo Expuesto (GE) n=90 y Grupo No Expuesto (GNE) n=262. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue 48,9 y 51,1%; tabaquismo 31,1 y 39,7%; consumo de alcohol de riesgo 22,2 y 17,9%; perjudicial 36,6 y 36,6%; ingesta de sal 100 y 100%; actividad física 16,7 y 18,7%; sobrepeso 43,3 y 43,9%; obesidad 25,5 y 25,6%; diabetes 24,4 y 32,8%; y dislipidemia 58,9 y 66,4%. El score de riesgo bajo, moderado o alto fue 50; 21,1; y 28,9% para GE, y 54,6; 19,1 y 26,3% para GNE, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES.: La exposición al As no afecta la prevalencia de FRC. Se identifica una población rural en situación de vulnerabilidad con elevados FRC. La Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo no refleja lo que ocurre en zonas rurales. La escala de Framingham concuerda con los FRC encontrados. Se requiere la implementación de políticas de promoción de salud que permita mejorar el pronóstico de sufrir eventos cardiovasculares a corto y mediano plazo.

Radio frequency ablation of renal tumors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We retrospectively evaluated the feasibility, safety and outcomes of radio frequency ablation of primary renal tumors to control local disease while preserving renal parenchyma in a series of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in a single institutional, multidisciplinary setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the records of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who underwent percutaneous radio frequency ablation of a primary renal tumor. Patient demographic and disease characteristics, adjunctive medical and surgical therapies, recurrence and clinical outcomes were studied. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients treated between 2002 and 2008 met study inclusion criteria. There was no incomplete ablation or local recurrence. Ten patients had biopsy proven renal cell carcinoma in the ablated renal mass. Eight patients had a solitary metastasis, 3 had metastasis at 2 sites and 4 had 3 or more metastatic sites. Four patients experienced major complications. Median radiographic and clinical followup in patients at risk for an event was 25.5 and 33.0 months, respectively. The overall survival rate 1, 3 and 5 years after radio frequency ablation was 73.3%, 57.1% and 38.1%, respectively. At last evaluation 4 patients were in complete remission, 4 had no evidence of local recurrence but had evidence of distant disease and 7 had died of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Radio frequency ablation is feasible and safe in highly selected patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, resulting in durable local control as part of multimodality management and achieving renal preservation. Further investigation is required to define the role of radio frequency ablation in this patient population.

Outcomes of simultaneous placement of an inflatable penile prosthesis and a male urethral sling through a single perineal incision.

INTRODUCTION: Synchronous implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) and a bulbourethral sling single via a single perineal is a unique approach in managing erectile dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence. AIM: This article describes our surgical approach and reviews the operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), estimated blood loss (EBL), and cost of synchronous dual prosthetic implantation compared with the implants performed individually. Additionally, we review the short-term outcomes in patients with dual sling and penile prosthesis synchronous implants. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with IPP, 53 slings, and eight simultaneous dual implantations between January 2000 and July 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Operative times, EBL, length of stay, cost, and complications were compared in three groups (group 1, IPP; group 2, slings; group 3, dual implants). Additionally, we reviewed pre- and postoperative Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) scores and pad use in group 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Review of operative times, EBL, LOS, cost, and complications. RESULTS: Dual implantation had similar operative times compared with the total time for the individual procedures (98 +/- 24 minutes for IPP; 86 +/- 24 minutes for sling; 177 +/- 17 minutes for dual implant, P > 0.05). EBL was reduced (57 +/- 30 mL for IPP; 48 +/- 59 mL for sling; 49 +/- 5 mL for group 3). LOS was also reduced (1.2 +/- 0.45 days for IPP, 0.7 +/- 0.48 days for sling; and 1.1 +/- 0.50 days for dual implant). Dual implantation was associated with approximately $9,000 in savings. With a mean follow-up of 13.6 months, group 3 reported SHIM increase from 1.3 +/- 0.5 to 23.5 +/- 0.6 and a decrease in pad use from three pads per day (range 2-6) down to a mean of one pad per day (range 0-2). One sling erosion and one sling infection occurred in group 2. One patient in group 3 had acute urinary retention resolved with 5 days of catheter drainage. CONCLUSION: Dual penile prosthesis and bulbourethral sling implantation through a single perineal incision is safe, efficient, and cost-effective.

Biochemical characterization and in vitro biological activities of the epithelial cell extracts from Hypanus dipterurus spine.

Ocean organisms live in competitive environments that demand the production of poisons and toxins. In some cases, these substances have been used in the pharmaceutical industry for human disease treatments. Most fish poisons generally have potent cytolytic activity, probably through cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects. In the case of marine stingrays, the injuries made by their tail venom apparatus are caused by the mechanical penetration of their sting and a subsequent venom release. This study focused on the evaluation of substances with cytotoxic activity in the epithelium that covers the venom apparatus from the marine stingray Hypanus dipterurus. To demonstrate the above, the hemolytic, proteolytic and cytotoxic capacities of H. dipterurus epithelium substances were determined. Discs impregnated with epithelial extract were used on blood agar plates. The proteolytic activity was analyzed using casein as substrate and for gelatin the liquefaction activity test. To determine the cytotoxicity degree of the extracts, the proliferation and cell viability MTT bioassay was implemented on human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). The results showed that no hemolytic or proteolytic activity existed against casein associated with the epithelial extract, but gelatin hydrolysis and cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line were observed. This study concludes that the substances found in the epithelium covering the H. dipterurus stingray venom apparatus are a mixture of various proteins, among which, glycosylated anionic proteins represent a potential source of molecules with cytotoxic and hydrolytic activity.

Antimicrobial potential of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles embedded into chitosan-based membrane.

The objective of this work was to analyze the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) incorporated into chitosan-based membranes. Chitosan-based membranes were homogeneously embedded with BisBAL NPs, confirming the bismuth presence by scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength of chitosan-based membrane alone or with BisBAL NPs showed similar results as elongation, suggesting that BisBAL NP addition did not affect membrane mechanical properties. Chitosan-based membranes complemented with 100 µM of BisBAL NPs caused a complete inhibition of biofilm formation and a 90-98% growth inhibition of six different oral pathogens. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that 80% of human gingival fibroblasts were viable after a 24-h exposure to the chitosan-based membrane with 100 µM of BisBAL NPs and collagen. Altogether, we conclude that the biological properties of chitosan-based membranes supplemented with BisBAL NPs could be a very interesting option for tissue regeneration.

In vitro evaluation of the antitumor effect of bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on breast cancer cells.

AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of varying concentrations of BisBAL NPs was evaluated on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and on MCF-10A fibrocystic mammary epitheliocytes as noncancer control cells. Cell viability was evaluated with the MTT assay, plasma membrane integrity was analyzed with the calcein AM assay, genotoxicity with the comet assay, and apoptosis with the Annexin V/7-AAD assay. RESULTS: BisBAL NPs were spherical in shape (average diameter, 28 nm) and agglomerated into dense electronic clusters. BisBAL NP induced a dose-dependent growth inhibition. Most importantly, growth inhibition was higher for MCF-7 cells than for MCF-10A cells. At 1 µM BisBAL NP, MCF-7 growth inhibition was 51%, while it was 11% for MCF-10A; at 25 µM BisBAL NP, the growth inhibition was 81% for MCF-7 and 24% for MCF-10A. With respect to mechanisms of action, a 24-hour exposure of 10 and 100 µM BisBAL NP caused loss of cell membrane integrity and fragmentation of tumor cell DNA. BisBAL NPs at 10 µM were genotoxic to and caused apoptosis of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION: BisBAL NP-induced growth inhibition is dose dependent, and breast cancer cells are more vulnerable than noncancer breast cells. The mechanism of action of BisBAL NPs may include loss of plasma membrane integrity and a genotoxic effect on the genomic DNA of breast cancer cells.

Hydroxyapatite decreases cytotoxicity of a glass ionomer cement by calcium fluoride uptake in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are widely used in dentistry because of their remineralizing and cariostatic potential induced by fluoride. In vitro studies have reported cell toxicity triggered by GICs; however, the influence of hydroxyapatite (HAp) must be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HAp in decreasing the cytotoxicity of the GIC 3M Vitrebond in vitro. METHODS: Samples of 3M Vitrebond (powder, liquid and light-cured) were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-Ham's F12 (DMEM-F12) for 24 hours at 37°C. Subsequently, the light-cured medium was treated with 100 mg/mL of HAp overnight. Toxicity of conditioned media diluted 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:20 was analyzed on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) using light microscopy and the fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay. The amounts of calcium fluoride (CaF2) were determined by the alizarin red S method. RESULTS: The exposure of HGFs to light-cured induced cell death and morphological changes such as chromatin condensation, pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic modifications. Exposure to light-cured treated with HAp, significantly increased cell viability leading to mostly spindle-shaped cells (p<0.001). The concentration of CaF2 released by the light-cured was 200 ppm, although, in the light-cured/HAp conditioned medium, this quantity decreased to 88 ppm (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that HAp plays a protective role, decreasing the cytotoxic effect of 3M Vitrebond induced by CaF2.

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of MTA supplemented with bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles.

The objective of this work was to determine the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) supplemented with bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs). The antimicrobial activity of the composite MTA-BisBAL NPs was determined by the disk diffusion assay, while antibiofilm activity was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. The cytotoxicity of MTA-BisBAL NPs was determined on human gingival fibroblasts by optical microscopy and crystal violet staining. MTA-BisBAL NPs inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans and also detached the biofilm of fluorescent E. faecalis after 24 h of treatment. The addition of BisBAL nanoparticles did not significantly modify the physical properties of MTA, and cytotoxicity was not observed when MTA-BisBAL NPs was added on human gingival fibroblasts. Altogether these results suggest that BisBAL nanoparticles provide antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities to MTA while it retained their biophysical properties without cause side effects on human gingival fibroblasts.

Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población rural expuesta al arsénico en Argentina / Prevalence of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a rural population exposed to arsenic in Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) en una población rural expuesta al arsénico (As) en el agua de consumo en la provincia de Tucumán, Argentina. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 352 habitantes adultos. Se midió el consumo de arsénico en agua de bebida y se evaluó la presión arterial, el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol de riesgo y perjudicial, la ingesta de sal, la actividad física, el índice de masa corporal, la glucemia y la dislipidemia. El riesgo cardiovascular fue calculado usando el score de Framingham. Resultados. Se dividió la población en Grupo Expuesto (GE) n=90 y Grupo No Expuesto (GNE) n=262. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue 48,9 y 51,1%; tabaquismo 31,1 y 39,7%; consumo de alcohol de riesgo 22,2 y 17,9%; perjudicial 36,6 y 36,6%; ingesta de sal 100 y 100%; actividad física 16,7 y 18,7%; sobrepeso 43,3 y 43,9%; obesidad 25,5 y 25,6%; diabetes 24,4 y 32,8%; y dislipidemia 58,9 y 66,4%. El score de riesgo bajo, moderado o alto fue 50; 21,1; y 28,9% para GE, y 54,6; 19,1 y 26,3% para GNE, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La exposición al As no afecta la prevalencia de FRC. Se identifica una población rural en situación de vulnerabilidad con elevados FRC. La Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo no refleja lo que ocurre en zonas rurales. La escala de Framingham concuerda con los FRC encontrados. Se requiere la implementación de políticas de promoción de salud que permita mejorar el pronóstico de sufrir eventos cardiovasculares a corto y mediano plazo.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the prevalence of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in a rural population exposed to arsenic (As) in drinking water in the province of Tucumán, Argentina. Materials and methods. A total of 352 adult inhabitants participated. Consumption of arsenic in drinking water was measured. Blood pressure, smoking, risk and harmful alcohol consumption, salt intake, physical activity, body mass index, glycemia and dyslipidemia were evaluated. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Framingham score. Results. The population was divided into Exposed Group (EG) n=90 and Non-Exposed Group (NEG) n=262. The prevalence of hypertension was 48.9 and 51.1% in each group, respectively; for smoking it was 31.1 and 39.7%; for risky alcohol consumption, 22.2 and 17.9%; for harmful alcohol consumption, 36.6 and 36.6%; for salt intake, 100 and 100%; for physical activity, 16.7 and 18.7%; for being overweight, 43.3 and 43.9%; for obesity, 25.5 and 25.6%; for diabetes, 24.4 and 32.8%; and for dyslipidemia, 58.9 and 66.4%. The scores for low, moderate, or high-risk were 50; 21.1; and 28.9% in the EG, and 54.6; 19.1 and 26.3% in the NEG, respectively. Conclusions. Exposure to As does not affect the prevalence of CRFs. We identified a rural population in a vulnerable condition with high CRFs. The National Risk Factor Survey does not reflect what happens in rural areas. The Framingham scale is consistent with the found CRFs. The implementation of health promotion policies is required to improve the prognosis of suffering cardiovascular events in the short and medium term.